Building and Environment最新文献

英文中文

Quantifying time-evolving droplet velocities and size: Insights from experimental image analysis

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112739

Lanyue Zhang , Naseeb Ahmed Siddiqui , Steven Tay , Zhengwei Ge , Hongying Li , Elisa Y.M. Ang , Peng Cheng Wang

Respiratory droplets, ranging from 0.1 µm to 1,000 µm in size, are emitted during activities, such as coughing and sneezing, and can travel substantial distances through air currents. Current experimental studies often focus on time-averaged or spatially averaged results, and velocity profiles are typically measured independently from droplet size. Through Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) analyses, this paper aims to address the identified gaps. We quantified temporal and spatial velocity profiles, droplet sizes, and droplet number distributions at various locations downstream relative to the nozzle exit. The results can serve as time-varying boundary conditions and validation datasets for numerical models involving spray dynamics.

Using a commercial spray, the spray dynamics, involving water droplets with a diameter range of 0 to 1200μm and velocity from 0 to about 10m/s, are quantified. PIV and PTV results showed a transition in droplet dispersion behavior from an initial conical-shaped distribution at the nozzle exit to downward motion influenced by gravity. Larger particles settled earlier due to their mass and susceptibility to gravity. Further away from the nozzle, horizontal velocity of the droplets was observed to decrease, while the vertical velocity value increased.

CFD simulations, initialized with time- and space-varying boundary conditions from this work, demonstrated good agreement with experimental velocity distributions and droplet trajectories. The robust PIV and PTV datasets on expelled droplet behavior can enhance the accuracy of predicting droplet behavior. These findings enable a detailed, transient analysis of droplet dynamics during respiratory activities.

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引用次数: 0

Ecological validity of VR experiments for psychological and physiological responses to audio-visual environments

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112767

Yichun Lu, Siu-Kit Lau

Over the past two decades, increasing research has used physiological measurements to assess the audio-visual environment. VR (virtual reality) -based laboratory experiments have been frequently employed to recreate complex audio-visual environments and collect psychological and physiological data. However, there is ongoing debate about whether VR experiments can yield generalizable results applicable to real-world scenarios. To address this concern, the present research investigated the ecological validity—defined as the extent to which laboratory data reflect real-world perceptions—of VR experiments in audio-visual environment research. A 2 × 3 within-subject design experiment was conducted, with two sites and three experiment conditions, including in-situ, room-scale VR environment, and Head-mounted display (HMD). The results indicated that although HMDs were perceived as more immersive than cylindrical VR environments, both types of VR setups were ecologically valid regarding audio-visual perceptive parameters. However, for psychological restoration metrics, neither VR tool could perfectly replicate the in-situ experiment, with cylindrical VR being slightly more accurate than HMDs. Regarding physiological parameters, both HMDs and cylindrical VR showed potential for representing real-world conditions in terms of EEG change metrics or asymmetry features. Nonetheless, HMDs were not valid substitutes for real-world settings concerning EEG time-domain features, whereas cylindrical VR was more accurate on this metric.

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引用次数: 0

Unveiling the microclimate: A comprehensive review of tools, techniques, and future directions for sustainable cities

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112726

Tanushree Basu Roy , Anirban Middey , R.J. Krupadam

Sustainable urban development necessitates a deep understanding of microclimate, the localized atmospheric conditions within a city. This review explores the diverse tools and techniques employed for microclimate assessment, highlighting their strengths and limitations in promoting sustainable cities and environments. This review aims to provide an overview of the various tools and techniques used in microclimate assessment, focusing on their applicability, limitations, and potential for enhancing sustainability in cities. A synopsis of urban microclimate studies post-2010 is included. For the purpose of this review, a total of around 400 academic journals were considered, out of which 137 of the most recent and relevant publications were specifically emphasized and highlighted. It is observed that the number of high-resolution simulation studies focused on microclimates has surged tenfold since 2010. Despite advancements, prevailing approaches to urban microclimates face ongoing challenges elucidated in the literature. The paper proposes several future research directions aimed at enhancing urban planning and design. These include prioritizing Large Eddy Simulation (LES)-based studies for more reliable insights into localized climate patterns, developing hybrid models that combine physics-based and data-driven approaches, integrating detailed remote sensing products into existing urban microclimate models, understanding the impact of air pollution on microclimate conditions, examining rural microclimates, and creating user-friendly tools for city planning. These proposed research directions can significantly advance urban planning and design by fostering innovative approaches to microclimate assessment.

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引用次数: 0

Accuracy, generalizability, and extrapolation ability of physics-based, data-driven, and hybrid models for real-life cooling towers

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112756

Jin Hong Kim , Young Sub Kim , Hyeong Gon Jo , Eiji Urabe , Junghyon Mun , Yukyung Shin , Yongsung Park , Cheol Soo Park

This study compares the five simulation models of real-life cooling towers in terms of model accuracy, generalizability, and extrapolation ability; a physics-based model (#1), a data-driven model (#2), a physics-informed hybrid model (#3), a physics-guided hybrid model (#4), and a transfer-learning (TL) hybrid model (#5). For this purpose, we gathered relevant data from target cooling towers for approximately three years (May 2020 to March 2023) at a sampling time of 1-h. Regarding the model accuracy, the four models (#2–4) exhibited good-enough predictive performance by achieving a cvRMSE of 15.9–18.0 % for predicting the cooling tower heat removal and MAE of 0.6–0.7 °C and R² of 0.96–0.98 for predicting cooling water outlet temperature, while the physics-based model exhibits the lowest accuracy (cvRMSE: 64.2 %, MAE: 2.9 °C, R²: 0.66). As a generalizability test, we applied the five models developed for the target system to a nearby identical system. The four models (#2–4) exhibited the reduced accuracy, close to the required level by ASHRAE Guideline 14 (lower than 30.0 % for hourly prediction). The generalizability study implicates that models #2–5 need to be re-adjusted against the unseen system data. Regarding the extrapolation ability, only the physics-based and TL-hybrid models exhibited physical consistency between the cooling water outlet temperature and on the number of fans. It is noteworthy that the TL-hybrid model (#5) performs best in terms of the model accuracy, generalizability, and extrapolation ability beyond the training data.

{"title":"Accuracy, generalizability, and extrapolation ability of physics-based, data-driven, and hybrid models for real-life cooling towers","authors":"Jin Hong Kim , Young Sub Kim , Hyeong Gon Jo , Eiji Urabe , Junghyon Mun , Yukyung Shin , Yongsung Park , Cheol Soo Park","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study compares the five simulation models of real-life cooling towers in terms of model accuracy, generalizability, and extrapolation ability; a physics-based model (#1), a data-driven model (#2), a physics-informed hybrid model (#3), a physics-guided hybrid model (#4), and a transfer-learning (TL) hybrid model (#5). For this purpose, we gathered relevant data from target cooling towers for approximately three years (May 2020 to March 2023) at a sampling time of 1-h. Regarding the model accuracy, the four models (#2–4) exhibited <em>good-enough</em> predictive performance by achieving a cvRMSE of 15.9–18.0 % for predicting the cooling tower heat removal and MAE of 0.6–0.7 °C and R<sup>2</sup> of 0.96–0.98 for predicting cooling water outlet temperature, while the physics-based model exhibits the lowest accuracy (cvRMSE: 64.2 %, MAE: 2.9 °C, R<sup>2</sup>: 0.66). As a generalizability test, we applied the five models developed for the target system to a nearby identical system. The four models (#2–4) exhibited the reduced accuracy, close to the required level by ASHRAE Guideline 14 (lower than 30.0 % for hourly prediction). The generalizability study implicates that models #2–5 need to be re-adjusted against the unseen system data. Regarding the extrapolation ability, only the physics-based and TL-hybrid models exhibited physical consistency between the cooling water outlet temperature and on the number of fans. It is noteworthy that the TL-hybrid model (#5) performs best in terms of the model accuracy, generalizability, and extrapolation ability beyond the training data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 112756"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How Vietnam can achieve net-zero carbon emissions in construction and built environment by 2050: An integrated AHP and DEMATEL approach

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112752

Nguyen Van Tam, To Thi Huong Quynh, Nguyen Quoc Toan

Achieving net-zero carbon emissions (NZCE) by 2050 is a critical global challenge, with the construction and built environment (CBE) sector playing a significant role. Despite its importance, the strategies for Vietnam to achieve NZCE in this sector have been extensively unexplored. This study addresses this gap by employing an integrated Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach to identify and prioritize key strategies for Vietnam's CBE through data collected from sixteen sustainable experts. The results of the AHP model revealed top priorities for achieving NZCE by 2050, namely, establishing circular economy principles in CBE sector, promoting renewable energy use, encouraging low-carbon materials and sustainable technologies, implementing sustainable design and green building standards, and establishing carbon pricing mechanisms and carbon credit implementation. In addition, the DEMATEL model provided insights into the cause-and-effect relationships between these strategies, revealing a “seemingly counterintuitive characteristic” in an emerging economy context. Theoretically, this study contributes to the body of knowledge by providing a robust framework for assessing and prioritizing strategies for achieving NZCE in the CBE sector based on an integrated AHP-DEMATEL approach. Practically, this paper proposed a roadmap with insightful recommendations to help Vietnam's CBE sector achieve NZCE by 2050, supporting policymakers and stakeholders in transitioning to a sustainable, net-zero carbon future.

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Size-resolved inhalation intake fractions for particles released from human activities in residential indoor environments” [Building and Environment 244 (2023) 110763]

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112719

Dusan Licina , Brandon Boor

引用次数: 0

Perception of window views in VR: Impact of display and type of motion on subjective and physiological responses 在 VR 中感知窗景：显示和运动类型对主观和生理反应的影响

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112757

Yunni Cho , Caroline Karmann , Marilyne Andersen

This study investigates the effect of dynamic and static representations of window views on visual perception in a virtual reality environment. Across two experimental sessions, participants were exposed to fifteen different views-out scenes of passive natural movement, pedestrian activities, and vehicular traffic, presented both as dynamic videos and still images. Participant impressions were collected through numerical ratings and verbal feedback, in addition to measurements of physiological responses and eye movement patterns. The experiment identified three key findings: (1) enhanced visual engagement, reflected in longer fixation duration and higher fixation count, for videos of human and traffic movements; (2) stronger preference for scenes with pedestrian movement compared to passive or traffic movements, where images of human motion elicited greater physiological arousal; and (3) higher perceptual ratings for images of passive movement, despite videos of passive movement being observed for longer durations. These findings highlight the importance of dynamically representing movement and considering diverse types of movements to improve realism and validity in views-out research. The outcome of this study aims to contribute to advancing future building science research by revealing the importance of capturing more dimensions in the visual experience of building occupants.

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引用次数: 0

“A computational approach for integration of greenhouse and “Shanashir” to enhance thermal comfort of occupants, utilizing NSGA-II algorithm”

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112717

Parisa Lotfinejad , Abbas Tarkashvand , Haniyeh Sanaieian

To improve the thermal efficiency of solar greenhouses while enhancing the comfort of building occupants, this study proposes a model that is designed to optimize the characteristics of this passive system. This study focuses on determining the ideal integrated configuration that optimizes the performance of the system for greenhouses and Shanashir during both cold and warm seasons. Facade coverage percentage, depth, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), and lattice panel porosity were selected as independent parameters. The dependent variable was the building's occupants' thermal comfort deviation. The computational method was implemented to generate and evaluate a variety of design alternatives. Colibri was employed as a brute force method, and a genetic algorithm was subsequently employed for optimization. The EnergyPlus engine with Honeybee plugin was used to simulate. 51,150 options were evaluated on the first day of each solar month, the coldest and warmest days, and annually. In Tehran, considering the BSk Koppen climate, 60% facade covering, 0.50–1 meters depth, 40% WWR, 25% south facade panel porosity, and 0% roof porosity would be one of the optimum static configurations. This solution reduced thermal comfort deviations by over 75% annually, eliminating them on the coldest day and reducing them by 45% on the warmest day. Consequently, this system can significantly contribute to the energy conservation of both new and existing buildings. The proposed method can be used for more than just optimization for similar systems in a range of places and times.

{"title":"“A computational approach for integration of greenhouse and “Shanashir” to enhance thermal comfort of occupants, utilizing NSGA-II algorithm”","authors":"Parisa Lotfinejad , Abbas Tarkashvand , Haniyeh Sanaieian","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve the thermal efficiency of solar greenhouses while enhancing the comfort of building occupants, this study proposes a model that is designed to optimize the characteristics of this passive system. This study focuses on determining the ideal integrated configuration that optimizes the performance of the system for greenhouses and Shanashir during both cold and warm seasons. Facade coverage percentage, depth, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), and lattice panel porosity were selected as independent parameters. The dependent variable was the building's occupants' thermal comfort deviation. The computational method was implemented to generate and evaluate a variety of design alternatives. Colibri was employed as a brute force method, and a genetic algorithm was subsequently employed for optimization. The EnergyPlus engine with Honeybee plugin was used to simulate. 51,150 options were evaluated on the first day of each solar month, the coldest and warmest days, and annually. In Tehran, considering the BSk Koppen climate, 60% facade covering, 0.50–1 meters depth, 40% WWR, 25% south facade panel porosity, and 0% roof porosity would be one of the optimum static configurations. This solution reduced thermal comfort deviations by over 75% annually, eliminating them on the coldest day and reducing them by 45% on the warmest day. Consequently, this system can significantly contribute to the energy conservation of both new and existing buildings. The proposed method can be used for more than just optimization for similar systems in a range of places and times.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 112717"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effects of indoor intermittent sweet orange smell on human relaxation

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112755

Qifan Wang , Yiming Wang , Luyang Wang , Louise B. Weschler , Yinping Zhang

To reduce work stress in humans, this study investigates creating an indoor smellscape environment using an intermittent sweet orange odor-based approach. We used a cross-disciplinary analysis to characterize subjective feelings, physiological indicators, and cognitive levels. The results indicated that the intermittent sweet orange smellscape environment significantly improved the subjects' overall mood state and alleviated their total mood disorder (TMD) by 0.53, as well as boosting their preference for this particular environmental odor. Although ratings of symptoms did not differ significantly between control and smellscape conditions, the smellscape environment alleviated nasal discomfort. The intermittent sweet orange smellscape architectural environment increased Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and reduced Heart Rate (HR), suggesting that it reduced sympathetic nervous system activity and thus promoted relaxation. The results of this study indicate that while both continuous and intermittent exposure to the sweet orange smellscape promote relaxation in humans, intermittent exposure mitigates the deleterious effects of TVOCs. Moreover, intermittent odor release appears to also maintain perceived olfactory intensity and relieve olfactory fatigue caused by continuous smellscape environments. This study shows that the intermittent sweet orange smellscape environment is suitable for leisure and relaxation purposes, which provides a methodological foundation for a healthy building and presents a new perspective on using beneficial odors in indoor environments.

{"title":"The effects of indoor intermittent sweet orange smell on human relaxation","authors":"Qifan Wang , Yiming Wang , Luyang Wang , Louise B. Weschler , Yinping Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To reduce work stress in humans, this study investigates creating an indoor smellscape environment using an intermittent sweet orange odor-based approach. We used a cross-disciplinary analysis to characterize subjective feelings, physiological indicators, and cognitive levels. The results indicated that the intermittent sweet orange smellscape environment significantly improved the subjects' overall mood state and alleviated their total mood disorder (TMD) by 0.53, as well as boosting their preference for this particular environmental odor. Although ratings of symptoms did not differ significantly between control and smellscape conditions, the smellscape environment alleviated nasal discomfort. The intermittent sweet orange smellscape architectural environment increased Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and reduced Heart Rate (HR), suggesting that it reduced sympathetic nervous system activity and thus promoted relaxation. The results of this study indicate that while both continuous and intermittent exposure to the sweet orange smellscape promote relaxation in humans, intermittent exposure mitigates the deleterious effects of TVOCs. Moreover, intermittent odor release appears to also maintain perceived olfactory intensity and relieve olfactory fatigue caused by continuous smellscape environments. This study shows that the intermittent sweet orange smellscape environment is suitable for leisure and relaxation purposes, which provides a methodological foundation for a healthy building and presents a new perspective on using beneficial odors in indoor environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 112755"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using large eddy simulation to investigate pollutant dispersion over stepped roofs 利用大涡模拟研究污染物在阶梯式屋顶上的扩散情况

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112704

Han Jiao , Tetsuya Takemi

This study used the LES model PALM to investigate the effects of roof structures on turbulence and pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, focusing on how different roof shapes influence airflow and pollution patterns. The analysis shows that stepped roofs, compared to flat roofs, significantly modify pollutant distribution, with accumulation and dispersion patterns affected by roof geometry. Stepped roofs result in variations in pollutant concentrations at various heights along the canyon sides and in different directions from the pollution source. Unlike flat roofs, stepped roofs primarily transport pollutants into the layer above the urban canopy through turbulence rather than advection, especially in areas distant from the windward wall. The simulation results indicate that a greater number of steps leads to increased pollutant accumulation. Thus, roofs with more steps are less favourable for pollutant dispersion. These findings highlight the critical role of roof shape in influencing urban air quality, particularly its impact on pollutant dispersion and concentration.

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