Building and Environment最新文献_第8页

A generalized thermal comfort model using thermographic images and compact convolutional transformers: Towards scalable and adaptive occupant comfort optimization 使用热成像图像和紧凑型卷积变换器的通用热舒适模型：实现可扩展和自适应的居住舒适度优化

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112118

Thermal comfort models that account for individual thermal sensations are crucial for optimizing environmental control while maintaining occupant comfort. However, the current approach of developing occupant-specific models is not scalable for new occupants whose data were not used for training, making it impractical for multi-occupant spaces and burdensome for management. To address this, we propose a thermal comfort model based on a subject-independent evaluation approach, capable of generalizing to new individuals not included during model training. This model accurately predicts thermal sensations without the need for occupant-specific models, allowing scalability and adaptability to new occupants. Furthermore, this study considers occupants with face masks, which is essential in environments where masks are required for their wellbeing and performance. The model was developed using Compact Convolutional Transformers which combines convolutional layers and transformer layers, allowing the model to capture both fine-grained local features and broader contextual relationships, making it effective for predicting thermal comfort from thermal images. The model was trained using the Leave-One-Subject-Out (LOSO) and Leave-One-Group-Out (LOGO) training approaches. The LOSO approach achieved high accuracies of 98.04 %, 98.93 %, and 98.88 % for dataset A (participants without face masks), dataset B (participants with face masks), and dataset C (a combination of both), respectively. The LOGO approach achieved accuracies of 99.92 %, 99.40 %, and 99.85 % for datasets A, B, and C, respectively, showing a slightly better prediction performance. The approach presented in this study offers a promising solution for designing accurate generalized models for real-time environmental control to meet the thermal comfort needs of occupants.

考虑到个人热感觉的热舒适模型对于优化环境控制，同时保持居住舒适度至关重要。然而，目前开发针对特定居住者的模型的方法无法扩展到新居住者，因为新居住者的数据没有用于训练，这使得这种方法对于多居住者空间不切实际，并且给管理带来负担。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种基于独立于受试者的评估方法的热舒适度模型，能够推广到模型训练过程中未包括的新受试者。该模型可准确预测热感觉，而无需针对特定居住者的模型，因此具有可扩展性和对新居住者的适应性。此外，这项研究还考虑到了佩戴口罩的人员，这对于需要佩戴口罩以保证健康和工作表现的环境来说至关重要。该模型采用紧凑型卷积变换器（Compact Convolutional Transformers）开发，它结合了卷积层和变换层，使模型既能捕捉细粒度的局部特征，又能捕捉更广泛的上下文关系，从而使其能有效地从热图像中预测热舒适度。该模型的训练采用了 "抛开一个对象"（LOSO）和 "抛开一个组"（LOGO）的训练方法。在数据集 A（不戴面罩的参与者）、数据集 B（戴面罩的参与者）和数据集 C（两者的组合）中，LOSO 方法的准确率分别达到 98.04%、98.93% 和 98.88%。LOGO 方法在数据集 A、B 和 C 中的准确率分别为 99.92 %、99.40 % 和 99.85 %，显示出略胜一筹的预测性能。本研究提出的方法为设计用于实时环境控制的精确广义模型以满足居住者的热舒适需求提供了一种很有前景的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Bioinspired all-day adaptive radiative cooler with high-power cooling and efficient suppressing overcooling 受生物启发的全天候自适应辐射冷却器，具有大功率冷却和有效抑制过冷的功能

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112119

This research presents a design in the bionic on-off switch layer and thermal insulation layer, crucial for the cooling power adjustment of the radiative cooler. The design features a change in the upper surface area of the on-off switch layer, inspired by the unfolding and folding behaviors of pinto peanut leaves in day and night, which enables high-power cooling during the day and suppresses overcooling at night. The introduction of a bulge-pit structure in the thermal insulation layer reduces the heat exchange between the cooler and the outside. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of a bionic design, an innovative bulge-pit structure, and an optimized polyacrylonitrile spinning layer on the surface of green balsa wood. The study examines the cooling properties of the cooler under simulated day and night conditions. Key findings reveal that day subambient radiative cooling of 6.6 °C, which is slightly better than a passive radiative cooler. At night, it elevates the ambient temperature by 3.4 °C compared to a passive radiative cooler. The total energy savings applied in a specified area for all day are estimated to reach up to 770 kJ. This design marks a significant advancement in the radiative cooling field.

这项研究提出了仿生开关层和隔热层的设计，这对辐射冷却器的冷却功率调节至关重要。该设计的特点是改变开关层的上表面积，其灵感来源于松花生叶子在白天和夜晚的展开和折叠行为，从而在白天实现高功率冷却，在夜晚抑制过冷。隔热层中引入的凸坑结构减少了冷却器与外部的热交换。这项研究的新颖之处在于将仿生设计、创新的凸坑结构和优化的聚丙烯腈纺丝层整合在绿色轻木表面。研究考察了冷却器在模拟日夜条件下的冷却性能。主要研究结果表明，日间亚环境辐射冷却温度为 6.6 °C，略高于被动辐射冷却器。在夜间，与被动辐射冷却器相比，它能将环境温度提高 3.4 °C。据估计，在指定区域内全天的总节能可达 770 千焦。这一设计标志着辐射冷却领域的重大进步。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative analysis of hydrogel-based thermotropic glazing and fixed horizontal overhangs in building performance 基于水凝胶的各向同性热玻璃和固定水平悬挑在建筑性能方面的比较分析

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112116

Thermotropic (TT) glazing is able to achieve energy-saving capabilities similar to external shading devices by dynamically regulating solar heat gain transmitted through windows in response to ambient climatic conditions. However, the building performance of TT glazing compared to traditional shading devices remains underexplored. This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by comparing the building performance of hydrogel-based TT glazing and fixed horizontal external shading devices in terms of building energy consumption, daylighting performance, and thermal comfort. Experimental tests were conducted over a continuous ten-day period, focusing on the indoor temperature and illumination distribution within experimental rooms equipped with either TT glazing or fixed horizontal external shading device. Building performance models were developed using EnergyPlus and validated with experimental data. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was then conducted to evaluate the impact of TT glazings and fixed horizontal external shading devices on building energy consumption, daylighting performance, and thermal comfort across five typical climate conditions in China. The findings indicated that: (1) In five climate zones, TT provided the greatest energy savings in West-facing orientations, followed by East-facing orientations. (2) TT can replace fixed horizontal external shading device with a certain length to achieve similar building energy efficiency and indoor thermal comfort performance. (3) In regard to daylighting performance, TT achieved the desired values of sUDI_<100lx,50 % and sUDI_{300–3000lx,50 %} across all four orientations in the five climates. (4) In terms of thermal comfort, TT improved thermal comfort by reducing the annual daytime average PPD_overheating across all orientations in the five climate zones.

各向同性（TT）玻璃能够根据环境气候条件动态调节透过窗户的太阳辐射热量，从而实现与外部遮阳设备类似的节能功能。然而，与传统遮阳设备相比，各向同性玻璃的建筑性能仍未得到充分探索。本研究旨在通过比较水凝胶热转印玻璃和固定水平外遮阳设备在建筑能耗、日照性能和热舒适度方面的建筑性能，弥补这一知识空白。实验测试连续进行了十天，重点是安装了水凝胶热转印玻璃或固定水平外遮阳装置的实验房间内的室内温度和光照分布。使用 EnergyPlus 开发了建筑性能模型，并通过实验数据进行了验证。随后，进行了对比分析，评估了 TT 玻璃和固定水平外遮阳装置在中国五种典型气候条件下对建筑能耗、采光性能和热舒适度的影响。研究结果表明(1) 在五个气候区中，西晒玻璃的节能效果最好，东晒玻璃次之。(2) TT 可以替代一定长度的固定水平外遮阳装置，达到类似的建筑节能和室内热舒适性能。(3) 在日照性能方面，TT 在五种气候条件下的所有四个朝向都达到了 sUDI<100lx,50 % 和 sUDI300-3000lx,50 % 的理想值。(4) 在热舒适度方面，TT 改善了热舒适度，降低了五个气候区所有朝向的年日平均过热 PPD。

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引用次数: 0

Health risk assessment of residential overheating under the heat waves in Guangzhou 广州热浪下住宅过热的健康风险评估

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112089

During extreme heatwave events, indoor overheating caused by power outages poses a significant threat to human health, especially for low-income groups exposed to hot and humid conditions for extended periods. However, currently, the definition and quantification standards for indoor overheating are not well-defined, and relying solely on thermal comfort indicators is insufficient to accurately assess the health risks associated with indoor overheating. This study proposes the use of maximum heat index (HI_max) and heat index hazard hours when the heat index exceeds the caution level (HIHH_Caution) to assess the health risk of indoor overheating. Taking various types of residential buildings in Guangzhou as examples, the study employs field surveys, simulation analysis, and statistical regression to analyze the impact of power outages during heatwaves on the indoor thermal environment and key human thermal physiological parameters, thereby establishing the basis for measuring indoor overheating and reference thresholds for assessing heat health risks. The results indicate that for young adults and the elderly, HIHH_Caution exceeding 1174 °C·h and 850 °C·h respectively, or HI_max nearing 55 °C, are likely to result in heat-related illnesses. In Guangzhou, most urban village housing with poor insulation cannot withstand the risk of power outages lasting more than a day during heatwaves, while old housing and commodity housing that meets the energy-efficiency standards of different periods still face varying degrees of indoor overheating risk. The findings enhance understanding of indoor overheating health risks and provide a scientific basis for strategies to improve living environments during heatwaves.

在极端热浪事件中，停电造成的室内过热对人类健康构成重大威胁，尤其是对长期暴露在高温潮湿环境中的低收入群体而言。然而，目前室内过热的定义和量化标准并不明确，仅仅依靠热舒适度指标不足以准确评估室内过热带来的健康风险。本研究提出利用最高热指数（HImax）和热指数超过警戒线时的热指数危害小时数（HIHHCaution）来评估室内过热的健康风险。研究以广州市各类居住建筑为例，采用实地调查、模拟分析和统计回归等方法，分析热浪期间停电对室内热环境和人体主要热生理参数的影响，从而建立室内过热的测量基础和热健康风险评估的参考阈值。结果表明，对于青壮年和老年人来说，HIHHCaution 分别超过 1174 ℃-h 和 850 ℃-h，或 HImax 接近 55 ℃，都可能导致热相关疾病。在广州，大部分隔热性能较差的城中村住房无法抵御热浪期间超过一天的停电风险，而符合不同时期节能标准的旧房和商品房仍面临不同程度的室内过热风险。研究结果加深了人们对室内过热健康风险的认识，为热浪期间改善居住环境的策略提供了科学依据。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental studies on the operating characteristics of air-layer-integrated radiant cooling units 空气层集成辐射冷却装置运行特性的实验研究

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112110

Radiant cooling is widely acknowledged as an energy-efficient approach to indoor thermal environment regulation. It offers an improved environment in terms of thermal comfort, compared to traditional air-cooling methods, but suffers from condensation risk and insufficient cooling power in hot and humid climates. To overcome these limitations, an Air-Layer-Integrated Radiant Cooling Unit (AIRCU) was developed, which seals a layer of dry air between an infrared transparent membrane and the radiant cooling surface. This innovative approach allows the use of lower radiant cooling temperatures to increase cooling power while concurrently maintaining the membrane at a higher temperature to minimize the risk of condensation. In our previous studies, the heat transfer model of AIRCUs was established, and the feasibility of the concept was verified. However, there is a lack of research on the operating characteristics of AIRCUs. In this paper, both experimental and numerical studies are conducted to investigate the operating characteristics of the AIRCUs under diverse cooling temperatures, chilled water flow rates, and cooling loads. Results indicated that the thermal environment created by the AIRCUs was uniform, and it can be characterized by uncooled surface temperature and radiant cooling surface temperature. Under different load conditions, the chilled water supply temperature was suggested as the control variable to adjust the thermal environment. To satisfy the thermal comfort, the operative temperature should be controlled within 23.6

°C

∼26.4

°C

. This study provides valuable guidance on operating variable settings and environmental control of the AIRCU and promotes its application.

辐照冷却被公认为是一种高效节能的室内热环境调节方法。与传统的空气冷却方法相比，它能提供更好的热舒适环境，但在炎热潮湿的气候条件下存在冷凝风险和冷却能力不足的问题。为了克服这些局限性，我们开发了空气层集成辐射冷却装置（AIRCU），它在红外线透明膜和辐射冷却表面之间密封了一层干燥空气。这种创新方法允许使用较低的辐射冷却温度来提高冷却功率，同时将膜保持在较高温度，以最大限度地降低冷凝风险。在之前的研究中，我们建立了 AIRCU 的传热模型，并验证了这一概念的可行性。然而，目前还缺乏对 AIRCU 运行特性的研究。本文通过实验和数值研究，探讨了 AIRCU 在不同冷却温度、冷冻水流量和冷却负荷下的运行特性。结果表明，AIRCU 创造的热环境是均匀的，可以用非冷却表面温度和辐射冷却表面温度来表征。在不同的负荷条件下，建议将冷冻水供应温度作为调节热环境的控制变量。为满足热舒适度，运行温度应控制在 23.6 °C ∼ 26.4°C。这项研究为 AIRCU 的运行变量设置和环境控制提供了宝贵的指导，并促进了其应用。

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引用次数: 0

A novel heat recovery VRF system: Principle and cooling performance analysis 新型热回收 VRF 系统：原理和冷却性能分析

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112105

Faced with an increasingly severe energy problem and increased demand for indoor comfort, heat recovery VRF systems have demonstrated remarkable potential for energy conservation. However, traditional heat recovery VRF systems need more suboptimal energy efficiency in terms of cooling and dehumidification and fail to guarantee precise temperature and humidity control in specific environments. In this study, a novel heat recovery VRF system that can achieve highly efficient cooling while ensuring precise humidity control is proposed. It can realize four primary operation modes by changing the function of indoor heat exchangers. The results showed that the optimal volume ratio of the two compressor cylinders was 1.4, which was used as the design parameter for the system. Compared to the single-evaporation temperature system, the proposed double-evaporation temperature system has better energy efficiency and dehumidification capacity in the cooling mode. The cooling coefficient of performance (COP) can be increased by 3.18 %–6.05 %, the compressor energy consumption can be reduced by 3.07 %–7.03 %, and the moisture extraction rate and latent heat ratio of the system can be increased by 5.6 %–33.3 %.

面对日益严峻的能源问题和日益增长的室内舒适度需求，热回收 VRF 系统在节能方面表现出了巨大的潜力。然而，传统的热回收 VRF 系统在制冷和除湿方面需要更低的能效，并且无法保证特定环境下的精确温湿度控制。本研究提出了一种新型热回收 VRF 系统，可实现高效制冷，同时确保精确的湿度控制。它可以通过改变室内热交换器的功能实现四种主要运行模式。结果表明，两个压缩机气缸的最佳容积比为 1.4，并以此作为系统的设计参数。与单蒸发温度系统相比，所提出的双蒸发温度系统在制冷模式下具有更好的能效和除湿能力。制冷性能系数（COP）可提高 3.18 %-6.05 %，压缩机能耗可降低 3.07 %-7.03 %，系统的排湿率和潜热比可提高 5.6 %-33.3 %。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing interaction in virtual-real architectural environments: A comparative analysis of generative AI-driven reality approaches 增强虚拟现实建筑环境中的互动：生成式人工智能驱动的现实方法比较分析

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112113

The architectural environment is expanding into digital, virtual, and informational dimensions, introducing challenges in virtual-real space interaction. Traditional design methods struggle with real-time interaction, integration with existing workflows, and rapid space modification. To address these issues, we present a generative design method that enables symbiotic interaction between virtual and real spaces using Mixed Reality (MR) and Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies. We developed two approaches: one using the Rhino modeling platform and the other based on the Unity3D game engine, tailored to different application needs. User experience testing in exhibition, leisure, and residential spaces evaluated our method's effectiveness. Results showed significant improvements in design flexibility, interactive efficiency, and user satisfaction. In the exhibition scenario, the Unity3D-based method excelled in rapid design modifications and immersive experiences. Questionnaire data indicated that MR offers good visual comfort and higher immersion than VR, effectively supporting architects in interface and scale design. Clustering analysis of participants' position and gaze data revealed diverse behavioral patterns in the virtual-physical exhibition space, providing insights for optimizing spatial layouts and interaction methods. Our findings suggest that the generative AI-driven MR method simplifies traditional design processes by enabling real-time modification and interaction with spatial interfaces through simple verbal and motion interactions. This approach streamlines workflows by reducing steps like measuring, modeling, and rendering, while enhancing user engagement and creativity. Overall, this method offers new possibilities for experiential exhibition and architectural design, contributing to future environments where virtual and real spaces coexist seamlessly.

建筑环境正在向数字化、虚拟化和信息化维度扩展，给虚拟-现实空间互动带来了挑战。传统的设计方法在实时交互、与现有工作流程的整合以及快速空间改造方面举步维艰。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一种生成式设计方法，利用混合现实（MR）和生成式人工智能（AI）技术实现虚拟空间和现实空间之间的共生互动。我们开发了两种方法：一种使用 Rhino 建模平台，另一种基于 Unity3D 游戏引擎，可满足不同的应用需求。在展览、休闲和住宅空间进行的用户体验测试评估了我们方法的有效性。结果表明，我们在设计灵活性、互动效率和用户满意度方面都取得了重大改进。在展览场景中，基于 Unity3D 的方法在快速设计修改和沉浸式体验方面表现出色。问卷调查数据表明，磁共振技术比虚拟现实技术提供了良好的视觉舒适度和更高的沉浸感，为建筑师进行界面和规模设计提供了有效支持。对参与者位置和注视数据的聚类分析揭示了虚拟-物理展示空间中的各种行为模式，为优化空间布局和交互方法提供了启示。我们的研究结果表明，生成式人工智能驱动的磁共振方法通过简单的语言和动作交互实现了空间界面的实时修改和交互，从而简化了传统的设计流程。这种方法减少了测量、建模和渲染等步骤，从而简化了工作流程，同时提高了用户参与度和创造力。总之，这种方法为体验式展览和建筑设计提供了新的可能性，为未来虚拟与现实空间完美共存的环境做出了贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing personal comfort: Short-term personalized heating impact on sanitation workers' thermo-physiological responses 优化个人舒适度：短期个性化供暖对环卫工人热生理反应的影响

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112112

The potential of Personal Comfort Systems (PCS) in outdoor applications, particularly their short-term efficacy in cold environments, is pivotal for enhancing thermo-physiological safety among sanitation workers. Our study evaluated four heating modalities—Continuous Heating (CH), Continuous Heating under Windproof Tent (CHW), Intermittent Heating (IH), and Intermittent Heating under Windproof Tent (IHW)—to determine their impact on thermal-physiological responses in winter conditions. We constructed initial temperature response models to refine PCS performance, yielding four key insights: 1) Thermal sensation vote (TSV), Thermal comfort vote (TCV), and Local thermal sensation vote (LTSV) varied across heating modes, with CH and CHW eliciting greater increases than IH and IHW. 2) Chest skin temperature rose consistently during personalized heating, whereas upper arm and lower calf skin temperatures were influenced by the integrated thermal environment. 3) Personalized adjustments led to optimal heating states, with CHW achieving the highest mean final heating temperature at waist, buttocks, and thighs, and CH at the upper back. 4) Machine learning algorithms, particularly Random Forest Regression models, were instrumental in developing predictive models, demonstrating high accuracy (R² > 0.9) for initial temperature optimization.

个人舒适系统（PCS）在户外应用中的潜力，尤其是其在寒冷环境中的短期功效，对于提高环卫工人的体温生理安全至关重要。我们的研究评估了四种加热模式--连续加热（CH）、防风帐篷下连续加热（CHW）、间歇加热（IH）和防风帐篷下间歇加热（IHW）--以确定它们在冬季条件下对热生理反应的影响。我们构建了初步的温度反应模型，以完善 PCS 性能，并得出了四个重要结论：1）不同加热模式下的热感投票（TSV）、热舒适度投票（TCV）和局部热感投票（LTSV）各不相同，CH 和 CHW 比 IH 和 IHW 引起的升温幅度更大。2）在个性化加热过程中，胸部皮肤温度持续上升，而上臂和小腿下部皮肤温度则受到综合热环境的影响。3) 个性化调整导致最佳加热状态，CHW 在腰部、臀部和大腿处达到最高的平均最终加热温度，CH 在上背部达到最高的平均最终加热温度。4) 机器学习算法，特别是随机森林回归模型，在开发预测模型方面发挥了重要作用，在初始温度优化方面表现出很高的准确性（R2 > 0.9）。

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引用次数: 0

Determinants of indoor air quality in Korean households: A nationwide study using the Eighth KNHANES 韩国家庭室内空气质量的决定因素：利用第八次韩国全国住户健康调查（KNHANES）开展的全国性研究

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112111

This study aimed to elucidate the determinants of indoor air quality in Korean households, analyzing data from the Eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Measurements focused on Particulate Matter 2.5, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde (HCHO), and total volatile organic compounds. We analyzed the impact of household characteristics and lifestyle factors on indoor air pollutant levels. Key factors such as household composition, the floor of residence, floor area, and living room floor material were significantly associated with pollutant concentrations. Additionally, lifestyle choices including type of cooking fuel, ventilation habits, cleaning frequency, usage of air fresheners, presence of smokers, use of humidifiers, and air purifiers were linked to variations in air quality. These findings highlight the importance of both architectural modifications and lifestyle adjustments in mitigating indoor air pollution. This study contributes to the existing knowledge on indoor air quality determinants, offering pivotal insights for public health strategies aimed at reducing exposure to indoor air pollutants.

本研究旨在通过分析第八次韩国国民健康与营养调查的数据，阐明韩国家庭室内空气质量的决定因素。测量的重点是颗粒物质 2.5、二氧化碳、甲醛（HCHO）和总挥发性有机化合物。我们分析了家庭特征和生活方式因素对室内空气污染物水平的影响。家庭组成、居住楼层、地板面积和客厅地板材料等关键因素与污染物浓度有显著关联。此外，生活方式选择（包括烹饪燃料类型、通风习惯、清洁频率、空气清新剂的使用、吸烟者的存在、加湿器和空气净化器的使用）也与空气质量的变化有关。这些发现强调了建筑改造和生活方式调整对减轻室内空气污染的重要性。这项研究为现有的室内空气质量决定因素知识做出了贡献，为旨在减少室内空气污染物暴露的公共卫生策略提供了重要的启示。

引用次数: 0

Correlating surface mold contamination with airborne pollution under mild indoor air disturbance: A case study of Aspergillus niger 轻度室内空气干扰下的表面霉菌污染与空气污染之间的关联：黑曲霉案例研究

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112107

Surface mold on building materials constitutes a major indoor pollution source. Indoor airflow disturbances can aerosolize the mold, posing health risks like asthma. However, while studies have explored higher airflow rates typical of air ducts, the relationship between surface mold release and the more common mild indoor airflow conditions (≤1.0 m/s) has not been well established, hindering the understanding of surface-induced mold aerosols. This study addresses this gap by experimentally examining the release dynamics of surface mold under various mild airflow conditions, using Aspergillus niger-contaminated plaster surfaces as examples. The experiments focused on the release intensity (RI) and suspension proportion (SP) of mold across different airflow rates, temperatures, humidity levels, and impact angles. Based on 375 experimental tests, two empirical formulas and two models were established using a hierarchical modeling method to predict the concentration of airborne mold released per disturbance airflow and surface mold-induced indoor air pollution. Results indicate that a substantial amount of surface mold was aerosolized within 0.18 s under mild airflow disturbance, with source concentrations ranging from 1.1 × 10⁵ to 1.5 × 10⁵ CFU/m³ per disturbing airflow, and 30.4 %–85.2 % of the mold remained suspended for 10 min. The empirical formulas were verified to achieve high accuracy, with ±6 % for RI and ±10 % for SP. The predictive models were also validated through new experiments, achieving an accuracy of 5 % for predicting surface mold-induced indoor air pollution levels and the source concentration of airborne mold. This work offers a foundation for predicting indoor mold pollution.

建筑材料表面的霉菌是一个主要的室内污染源。室内气流紊乱会使霉菌气溶胶化，从而带来哮喘等健康风险。然而，虽然已有研究探讨了风道中典型的较高气流速率，但表面霉菌释放与更常见的温和室内气流条件（≤1.0 m/s）之间的关系尚未得到很好的确定，这阻碍了人们对表面引起的霉菌气溶胶的理解。本研究以黑曲霉污染的石膏表面为例，通过实验研究了各种温和气流条件下表面霉菌的释放动力学，从而弥补了这一空白。实验的重点是不同气流速度、温度、湿度和撞击角度下霉菌的释放强度（RI）和悬浮比例（SP）。在 375 项实验测试的基础上，采用分层建模法建立了两个经验公式和两个模型，用于预测每次扰动气流释放的空气中霉菌的浓度和表面霉菌引起的室内空气污染。结果表明，在轻度气流扰动下，大量表面霉菌在 0.18 秒内气溶胶化，每股扰动气流的源浓度在 1.1 × 105 至 1.5 × 105 CFU/m3 之间，30.4%-85.2%的霉菌在 10 分钟内保持悬浮状态。经过验证，经验公式的准确度很高，RI 为 ±6 %，SP 为 ±10%。预测模型还通过新的实验进行了验证，在预测表面霉菌引起的室内空气污染水平和空气中霉菌的来源浓度方面达到了 5% 的准确率。这项工作为预测室内霉菌污染奠定了基础。

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