Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications最新文献

{"title":"Active edible coatings for smart food preservation and sustainability: A review","authors":"Mahmuda Tasnim ,&nbsp;Md. Nahidul Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Active edible coatings have progressed from basic biopolymer layers to advanced multifunctional systems aimed at mitigating food quality deterioration and addressing sustainability challenges. This research investigates the shift from traditional polymers to novel, sustainable materials derived from agro-industrial by-products, emphasizing their significance in advancing circular bioeconomy initiatives and reducing reliance on synthetic plastics. This study contributes by synthesizing recent advancements in innovative and active preservation techniques. The methods encompass antibacterial and antioxidant properties, controlled-release systems, and nano-enhancements that govern gas exchange, moisture transfer, and biochemical degradation. Additionally, novel manufacturing techniques such as electrospraying, electrospinning, and layer-by-layer assembly are assessed for their effectiveness in designing coating microstructures and controlling release kinetics, thus exceeding traditional methods. This review analyzes next-generation active edible coatings that serve as bioactive barriers, prolonging shelf life, preserving sensory qualities, and promoting environmentally sustainable food preservation by integrating sustainability, material innovation, and practical effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101061"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfated modification and biomedical applications of β-glucans: A review","authors":"Zeming Zhang ,&nbsp;Haoyu Wang ,&nbsp;Mengqing Li ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Liu ,&nbsp;Kaiping Wang ,&nbsp;Jinglin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>β-glucans, a type of naturally occurring polysaccharide with β-glycosidic linkages, are widely recognized for their immunomodulatory and therapeutic properties, whereas their inherent properties often restrict their further applications. Sulfated β-glucans have emerged as versatile derivatives of β-glucans with enhanced physicochemical properties, driven by the introduction of sulfate groups onto their backbone. They also exhibit novel or improved bioactivities compared to their unmodified counterparts, owing to their modified molecular structures and strengthened interactions with biological targets. This review summarizes recent advancements in sulfation methods, including the chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method, sulfur trioxide method, and sulfuric acid method, highlighting their mechanisms, advantages, and limitations. Structural characterization techniques and various biomedical applications are discussed to elucidate the sulfation patterns and provide a theoretical basis for further use and development of sulfated β-glucans. Conclusively, sulfation serves as a promising strategy for fine-tuning β-glucan functionalities and expanding their potential in food and pharmaceutical areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101063"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitin and cellulose nanomaterials sulfation by mechanochemistry","authors":"Daniela Duarte-Serrano ,&nbsp;Aurélie Vallin ,&nbsp;Caroline Hadad ,&nbsp;José Miguel González Domínguez ,&nbsp;Maria Emilia Cano ,&nbsp;Arash Jamali ,&nbsp;Stéphanie Guénin ,&nbsp;Anne Wadouachi ,&nbsp;Albert Nguyen Van Nhien","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural sulfated polysaccharides (NSP) are widely used in food, medical, and cosmetic applications. Chemical sulfation is typically required to mimic NSP properties, but it often involves toxic solvents, excess reagents, and long heating times. We report for the first time the sulfation of well-defined cellulose and (oxidized)-chitin nanomaterials by mechanochemistry using a sulfur trioxide–pyridine complex offering a greener alternative. In contrast to their unmodified counterparts, the sulfated compounds S-NanoCel, S-NanoChit, and SO<img>NanoChit exhibited significantly lower turbidity values of 25, 45, and 158 NTU, respectively, confirming their excellent water dispersibility. The presence of covalently bound sulfate groups was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy with characteristic bands near 1250 and 820 cm⁻¹ and 13C NMR. Elemental analysis revealed degrees of substitution (DS) between 0.22 and 0.78, with S-NanoCel showing the highest DS. X-ray diffraction showed that the unmodified nanomaterials had crystallinity values ranging from 80 to 93 %. After sulfation, the crystallinity was reduced and is no longer quantifiable, although the overall crystalline structure remained visible, with lattice arrangements corresponding to the alignment of the polysaccharide chains. Finally, biological evaluation demonstrated that sulfated oxidized chitin exhibited the strongest heparanase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 0.7 µg·mL⁻¹), suggesting its potential as a heparan sulfate analog.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101062"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoclave-assisted green extraction of a hierarchical self-assembling polysaccharide from Flammulina velutipes Mycelium for ultra-efficient cryoprotection of frozen egg yolk","authors":"Lujie Qin ,&nbsp;Lihua Tang ,&nbsp;Ziyue Ling ,&nbsp;Yin Fu ,&nbsp;Yan Cao ,&nbsp;Zhongyi Chang ,&nbsp;Deming Jiang ,&nbsp;Hongliang Gao ,&nbsp;Caifeng Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed a novel autoclave-assisted extraction technology to isolate a cryo-active polysaccharide (FVP-N1) from <em>Flammulina velutipes</em> mycelium and evaluated its potential as a natural cryoprotectant. FVP-N1 demonstrated significant ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity, reducing ice crystal size by 92.38 % compared to the control. Structural analysis identified FVP-N1 as a heteropolysaccharide (MW: 6.76×10⁵ Da) composed of glucose, xylose, and mannose (molar ratio 44.11:36.82:14.93), featuring a backbone of 1,3,4-linked α-<span>d</span>-glucopyranosyl residues interspersed with 1,3-linked α-<span>d</span>-mannopyranosyl units. Critical structural motifs included O4-branched side chains terminated by β-<span>d</span>-xylopyranosyl residues. Morphological studies (SEM/AFM) revealed hierarchical self-assembly into porous lamellar sheets aggregated into spherical clusters interconnected by fibrillar chains, suggesting a dual IRI mechanism involving ice surface adsorption and hydrogen-bond-mediated water ordering. Notably, FVP-N1 at an ultra-low concentration (0.005 % w/v) effectively maintained fluidity, protein solubility, and moisture homogeneity in frozen egg yolk. These findings elucidate the ​​structure-function relationship of FVP-N1 and validate its practical utility as a highly effective, natural cryoprotectant for industrial frozen food applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101047"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-assisted removal of chlorpyrifos using magnetic activated carbon– carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel beads derived from orange peel waste","authors":"Mehdi Barzegarzadeh,&nbsp;Mohammad Sadegh Amini-Fazl","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, has been frequently detected in water resources, raising concerns about environmental and health risks. In this study, hydrogel beads based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were synthesized by incorporating magnetic activated carbon derived from orange peel waste (0–30 wt%). The prepared composites were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, BET, VSM, and other techniques. Adsorption parameters were optimized through the Taguchi method, identifying the optimal conditions at an initial chlorpyrifos concentration of 90 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 2 g/L, contact time of 60 min, and solution pH of 9. The hydrogel containing 30 wt% magnetic activated carbon (CMC/MAC30) exhibited nearly 100 % removal efficiency. Nonlinear fitting revealed that the adsorption process followed the Toth model under ultrasonic irradiation and the Sips model in its absence. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity increased from 162.96 to 211.86 mg/g upon ultrasonic treatment, attributed to enhanced mass transfer via cavitation. Comparative analysis with previously reported adsorbents confirmed the superior adsorption capacity of CMC/MAC30. Moreover, the adsorbent maintained 92 % removal efficiency after eight regeneration cycles. Importantly, CMC/MAC30 was also evaluated in simulated agricultural wastewater containing competing ions, where the removal efficiency decreased from ∼100 % to ∼70 %, yet still demonstrated the strong potential of the adsorbent in realistic complex matrices. These findings highlight CMC/MAC30, especially when assisted by ultrasound, as a promising green adsorbent for the efficient removal of chlorpyrifos from aqueous environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101048"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Starch–Chitosan microcapsules as biopolymeric carriers of halotolerant PGPB: Enhancing safflower‐mediated phytoremediation and salinity tolerance","authors":"Fateme Aghamir ,&nbsp;Ghasem Eghlima ,&nbsp;Zinab Moradi Alvand ,&nbsp;Leila Ordibehesti ,&nbsp;Mohsen Farzaneh ,&nbsp;Hasan Rafati","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil salinity limits agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions where large-scale leaching is impractical. Biopolymer-based microencapsulation for bioinoculant delivery offers a sustainable approach to rehabilitating saline soils and improving crop performance. We evaluated twelve halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPB ) applied as free cells and chitosan–starch microcapsules, with or without organic liquid fertilizer (OLF), to enhance safflower (<em>Carthamus tinctorius</em> L.) growth and soil desalination. Greenhouse factorial trials (three replications) assessed morphological, physiological, and biochemical plant traits, and soil Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and electrical conductivity (EC). Data were analyzed using factorial ANOVA (LSD, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) in SAS v9.4, with multivariate relationships explored by PCA in Python (scikit-learn v1.4.0). Microencapsulation enhanced PGPB viability, colonization, and function. Integrator strains (<em>Rhizobium</em> sp., <em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhizobium radiobacter</em>) reduced EC by up to ∼51%. Specialist strains <em>(Pseudomonas fluorescens, Micrococcus luteus</em>) increased targeted metabolites, while persistent strains (<em>Bacillus licheniformis, Kushneria</em> sp.) maintained remediation. The chitosan–starch carrier provided mechanical protection, enzyme stabilization, and promoted exopolysaccharide-mediated soil aggregation. Combining diverse PGPB types with biopolymer encapsulation and organic amendments offers a scalable, low-impact solution for salinity mitigation. These greenhouse findings demonstrate the potential of microencapsulated halophilic PGPB for sustainable saline soil management, pending further field validation and biosafety assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101055"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ascorbic acid-assisted extraction of bioactive pectin from cocoa and coffee husks with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential","authors":"Sofía Mares-Bou ,&nbsp;Damaris A. Pazmiño-Eugenio ,&nbsp;William Cheung ,&nbsp;Carolina I. Contreras-Monzón ,&nbsp;Andy Hernández-Montoto ,&nbsp;Gloria Gallego-Ferrer ,&nbsp;Joel Girón-Hernández ,&nbsp;Piergiorgio Gentile","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pectin, a multifunctional polysaccharide with food, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, can be sustainably extracted from <em>Theobroma cacao</em> and <em>Coffea arabica</em> pod husk waste. This study optimized an eco-friendly, ascorbic-acid-assisted acid extraction to maximize galacturonic acid (GalA) content, achieving optimal conditions for cocoa (R= 0.02 g/mL, P= 45:55 v/v AA:HCl, T= 65 min) and coffee (R= 0.01 g/mL, P= 100:0 v/v AA, T= 65 min). The extraction yielded pectin with ≥74% GalA, meeting USP/FCC pharmaceutical-grade criteria, with cocoa and coffee husk yields of ∼7% and ∼21%, respectively. Dialysis increased purity, raising molecular weight up to ∼297,000 Da and narrowing dispersity. Extracted pectin exhibited higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents than commercial citrus pectin and showed superior antioxidant capacity (ORAC up to 53.1 mg TE/g; DPPH up to 2420 mg TE/g), supported by metabolomic profiling that identified abundant antioxidant metabolites such as protocatechuic acid, trigonelline and catechol. <em>In vitro</em> assays with human dermal fibroblasts demonstrated cytocompatibility at 0.1 mg/mL, mild ROS-scavenging effects and selective modulation of inflammatory cytokines, with cocoa pectin reducing IL-6 and dialyzed coffee pectin showing strong IL-6 suppression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101058"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticle formation of an antimicrobial peptide induced by sulfated β-cyclodextrin: Application to alkaloid encapsulation","authors":"Zsombor Miskolczy ,&nbsp;Mónika Megyesi ,&nbsp;Beáta Mándityné Huszka ,&nbsp;István Mándity ,&nbsp;László Biczók","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The association of polyanionic β-cyclodextrin (βCD) derivatives with the nonaggregating polycationic antimicrobial peptide Dhvar4 was studied in water at 296 K without a buffer to explore their potential for forming nanoparticles capable of encapsulating bioactive isoquinoline alkaloids. The βCD bearing sulfobutyl ether moieties formed a 1:1 inclusion complex with Dhvar4, exhibiting a binding constant of (1.1 ± 0.3) × 10⁵ M^–1. In contrast, βCD substituted with SO₃⁻ groups (S₁₃βCD) promoted the self-assembly into nanoparticles with a narrow and uniform size distribution. When Dhvar4 was present in large excess relative to S₁₃βCD, positively charged nanoparticles were produced. Conversely, negatively charged nanoparticles were obtained at S₁₃βCD/Dhvar4 charge ratios above 2.5, which maintained their size for at least 30 days. The incorporation of pharmaceutically active isoquinoline alkaloids had minimal impact on the properties of nanoparticles formed in the presence of a &gt;35 molar% excess of S₁₃βCD over Dhvar4. Encapsulation efficiencies of 99 % and 72 % were achieved for coralyne and sanguinarine, respectively. Job plot and isothermal titration calorimetry measurements demonstrated that each S₁₃βCD macrocycle could bind ∼13 molecules of these alkaloids. The present findings lay the groundwork for future biological validation and applications of nanoparticles composed of three types of biomedically important compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101053"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Mechanical, physical, water vapor barrier, and functional properties of carboxymethyl cellulose/anthocyanin/TiO2 films for real-time food quality monitoring” [Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications 11 (2025) 100877]","authors":"Pimonpan Kaewprachu ,&nbsp;Chalalai Jaisan ,&nbsp;Saroat Rawdkuen ,&nbsp;Wirongrong Tongdeesoontorn ,&nbsp;Thomas Karbowiak ,&nbsp;Pascal Degraeve ,&nbsp;Passakorn Kingwascharapong ,&nbsp;Samart Sai-Ut ,&nbsp;Papungkorn Sangsawad","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101043"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charge density-driven IPN formation and recovery in hyaluronic acid/κ-carrageenan hydrogels: Novel insights from echo-DWS microrheology, bulk rheology and FTIR","authors":"Foluso Akin-Ige ,&nbsp;Cindy Rivera ,&nbsp;Valentina de Gennaro ,&nbsp;Yael Faroud Rivera ,&nbsp;Samiul Amin","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates how ion valency and coordination behavior modulate the formation, viscoelasticity, and recovery of hyaluronic acid (HA)/<span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>-carrageenan (<span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>CG) hydrogels. Hydrogels were prepared by combining HA and <span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>CG in the presence of monovalent (K<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>), divalent (Ca^2＋), and trivalent (Al^3＋) ions at concentrations of 15–60 mM. Microrheology, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and bulk oscillatory rheology were employed to correlate molecular interactions with mechanical behavior.</div><div>Frequency sweep measurements revealed that the moduli of the hyaluronic acid/<span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>-carrageenan (HA–<span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>CG) blend increased by nearly two orders of magnitude relative to HA alone, confirming synergistic network reinforcement. Among ion-enriched systems, Ca^2＋ produced the highest <span><math><msubsup><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>plateau</mtext></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></span> (<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>20 kPa) and lowest modulus loss between 25 <span><math><mrow><mo>°</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span> and 37 <span><math><mrow><mo>°</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span> (<span><math><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>10</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span>), while Al^3＋ induced intermediate moduli. Recovery tests demonstrated that Ca^2＋-enriched hydrogels recovered <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>55% of their initial elasticity within 15 min, compared to <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>30% for K<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> and <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>40% for Al^3＋ systems. Microrheology confirmed corresponding trends in probe confinement, with subdiffusive exponents (<span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>) ranging from 0.18 (K<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>) to 0.32 (Ca^2＋).</div><div>FTIR analysis revealed that while K<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> primarily stabilized <span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>CG helices, Ca^2＋ reinforced sulfate junction zones, and Al^3＋ introduced additional HA–carboxylate coordination. Collectively, these results demonstrate that both ion charge and concentration govern the balance between elasticity and deformability in HA–<span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>CG systems, defining whether true interpenetrating or semi-interpenetrating networks emerge. These insights establish design guidelines for improvement of mechanical performance in chemically unmodified HA-based hydrogels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101042"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}