Composites Part B: Engineering最新文献_第9页

Atomistic decoding of multifaceted crack-initiated degradation mechanisms in high-temperature solder interconnects for AI-powered microelectronics 人工智能驱动微电子高温焊料互连中多方面裂纹引发退化机制的原子解码

IF 14.2 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2025-12-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113362

Jinhong Liu , Taotao Chen , Junfu Liu , Ziyue Peng , Shuye Zhang , Peng He

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) computing power demands interconnect technologies capable of enduring extreme thermal conditions in high-power electronic packaging. This study presents a comprehensive atomic-scale investigation of degradation mechanisms in high-temperature solder joints on AlN HTCC substrates for AI hardware infrastructure. Through Aberration-corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, we systematically characterized three distinct failure modes: (1) Interfacial delamination at Sn–Pb phase boundaries through thermal stress accumulation due to CTE mismatch, leading to progressive creep deformation and crack initiation. Short-range Sn diffusion was also witnessed which exhibited dependence on both local stress state and limited solubility of Sn in Pb. (2) Interlayer fracture between (Ni_xAu_1-x)₃Sn₄ and (Ni_yAu_1-y)₃Sn₄ multi-stacked IMC architectures driven by synergistic effects of (i) CTE mismatch which induced interfacial thermal stress, and (ii) modulus and hardness disparities which created localized stress intensification factors. The actual thermal stress reached 37.781 MPa according to quantitative calculation. At the atomic scale, crack initiation proceeds via progressive lattice distortion driven by accumulated atomic displacements, which intensifies and ultimately evolves into lattice disruption once the local stability threshold is exceeded. (3) Intralayer grain-boundary cracking of IMC crystallites due to step formation under the combined effect of Au segregation and crystallographic growth misorientation, with Crack II induced deformation and lattice disruption at weakened triple junction serving as preferential nucleation sites that accelerated propagation. These insights bridge the gap between nanoscale material behavior and macroscale reliability requirements in next-generation computing systems, provide a fundamental framework for developing robust interconnect systems.

人工智能（AI）计算能力的快速扩展需要能够在高功率电子封装中承受极端热条件的互连技术。本研究对用于人工智能硬件基础设施的AlN HTCC衬底高温焊点的降解机制进行了全面的原子尺度研究。通过像差校正扫描透射电子显微镜，我们系统地表征了三种不同的破坏模式：(1)由于CTE失配引起的热应力积累导致Sn-Pb相界面分层，导致渐进性蠕变变形和裂纹萌生。Sn的短程扩散与局部应力状态和Sn在Pb中的有限溶解度有关。(2) (niyau1 -x)3Sn4和（NiyAu1-y）3Sn4多层IMC结构的层间断裂是由(i) CTE失配引起的界面热应力和（ii）模量和硬度差异造成的局部应力加剧因素的协同效应驱动的。经定量计算，实际热应力达到37.781 MPa。在原子尺度上，裂纹的萌生是通过累积原子位移驱动的渐进晶格畸变进行的，一旦超过局部稳定阈值，这种畸变就会加剧，最终演变为晶格破坏。(3)在Au偏析和晶体生长取向错误的共同作用下，IMC晶体的层内晶界发生了断裂，裂纹II引起的变形和弱三重结的晶格破坏是加速扩展的优先形核位点。这些见解弥合了下一代计算系统中纳米尺度材料性能和宏观尺度可靠性要求之间的差距，为开发健壮的互连系统提供了基本框架。

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引用次数: 0

Adaptive tomographic radar thermography: A novel approach for multi-origin defects imaging in hybrid fiber-metal and carbon-fiber laminates 自适应层析雷达热成像：金属纤维和碳纤维复合材料层合板多源缺陷成像的新方法

IF 14.2 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113392

Rongcheng Li , Fei Wang , Feng Yang , Yusheng Peng , Stefano Sfarra , V.S. Ghali , R. Mulaveesala , Andreas Mandelis , Honghao Yue , Junyan Liu

Active infrared thermography is widely adopted for non-destructive evaluation of composites, yet faces challenges including thermal diffusion-induced defect boundary blurring, excitation signal modulation effects on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and limited 3D defect morphology reconstruction accuracy. To address these limitations, an adaptive tomographic radar thermography (ATRT) method is proposed. ATRT introduces pixel-level membership to distinctly separate defect and healthy areas, achieving precise lateral boundary definition. The large time-bandwidth product pulse radar modulation is employed to ensure high-SNR excitation, while surface temperature differential-depth correlations is established for accurate depth inversion and complete 3D defect reconstruction. Frist, the defect detection process is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem, solved through the integration of genetic and simulated annealing algorithms. Secondly, the relationship between defect depth and maximum temperature difference is derived from thermal conduction principles. Next, two complementary probability of detection models ATPE-POD and ERE-POD are formulated using asymptotic theory and resampling techniques, respectively, to evaluate diameter-to-depth ratio effects on detection capability. Finally, experimental validation on composite laminates reveals ATRT's capability. Results demonstrate that ATRT shows 90 % detection probability for defects with diameter-to-depth ratios exceeding 1.11, while achieving 2–4 times higher SNR than traditional methods. The technique maintains under 10 % radial size error in 3D reconstruction. Depth reconstruction accuracy exhibits a quasi-linear dependence on defect lateral dimensions, showing error reduction from 20 % at 1.25 mm diameter to 8 % at 7.0 mm diameter, while maintaining submillimeter depth resolution. ATRT provides an effective solution for structural health monitoring of composite materials, significantly advancing defect characterization capabilities.

主动红外热成像技术被广泛应用于复合材料的无损评价，但它面临着热扩散引起的缺陷边界模糊、激励信号调制对信噪比（SNR）的影响以及三维缺陷形态重建精度有限等挑战。为了解决这些局限性，提出了一种自适应层析雷达热成像（ATRT）方法。ATRT引入了像素级的隶属度来区分缺陷和健康区域，实现精确的横向边界定义。采用大时间带宽积脉冲雷达调制，保证高信噪比激励，建立地表温差-深度相关性，实现精确深度反演和完整三维缺陷重建。首先，将缺陷检测过程表述为一个非线性优化问题，通过遗传算法和模拟退火算法的结合进行求解。其次，根据热传导原理推导出缺陷深度与最大温差之间的关系。其次，利用渐近理论和重采样技术分别建立了两个互补的探测概率模型ATPE-POD和ERE-POD，以评估径深比对探测能力的影响。最后，对复合材料层压板进行了实验验证，验证了ATRT的性能。结果表明，对于直径深度比超过1.11的缺陷，ATRT的检测概率为90%，信噪比为传统方法的2-4倍。该技术在三维重建中保持在10%以下的径向尺寸误差。深度重建精度与缺陷横向尺寸呈准线性关系，显示误差从1.25 mm直径的20%减少到7.0 mm直径的8%，同时保持亚毫米深度分辨率。ATRT为复合材料结构健康监测提供了有效的解决方案，显著提高了缺陷表征能力。

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引用次数: 0

Management strategies for uncured thermoset and thermoplastic prepreg waste: A Review 未固化热固性和热塑性预浸料废弃物的处理策略综述

IF 14.2 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113402

Alessandro Milite , Roberto Frassine , Narongkorn Krajangsawasdi , Marco L. Longana

The prepregs life-cycle generates a substantial amount of waste, primary in the form of offcuts. The predominant disposal method, landfilling, is both environmentally and economically unsustainable. Despite the existence of thermal, chemical and mechanical recycling methods, the uncured state of the waste allows for direct reformatting into a new material form, constituted by regular prepreg patches, therefore termed “Prepreg Patch-Based Material” (PPBM). This potentially brings to the advantages of lower environmental burdens and higher properties retention.

This review explores the suitability of the PBM format to thermoset and thermoplastics prepreg offcuts (PPOs). Firstly, the technologies for PPBMs production and processing are presented, distinguishing random and engineered formats. Then, the meso-structure of each PBM form is extensively discussed and its link with the resulting material properties is unveiled. A discussion of the stress transfer mechanics in PBMs is provided for both engineered and random systems, highlighting the role of the different variables into play. Subsequently, the review presents the complication of establishing a circular framework using PPOs as secondary raw material, including materials aging, cutting and backing paper removal. The potential environmental benefits are assessed through LCA methodology. Finally, the benefits and limitations of engineered and random PPBMs are critically discussed in comparison to recycled fibers systems, and the main technological gaps for the implementation of reformatting are uncovered.

预浸料的生命周期产生大量的废物，主要是边角料的形式。主要的处理方法是堆填，这在环境和经济上都是不可持续的。尽管存在热、化学和机械回收方法，但未固化的废物状态允许直接重新格式化为新的材料形式，由常规预浸料贴片组成，因此称为“预浸料贴片基材料”（PPBM）。这可能带来更低的环境负担和更高的物业保留的优势。本综述探讨了PBM格式对热固性和热塑性预浸料边边料（PPOs）的适用性。首先，介绍了ppbm的生产和加工技术，区分了随机格式和工程格式。然后，对每一种PBM形式的细观结构进行了广泛的讨论，并揭示了其与材料性能的联系。讨论了工程系统和随机系统中pbm的应力传递机制，强调了不同变量在其中所起的作用。随后，回顾介绍了使用PPOs作为次要原材料建立循环框架的复杂性，包括材料老化，切割和去除底纸。通过LCA方法评估潜在的环境效益。最后，与再生纤维系统相比，对工程和随机ppbm的优点和局限性进行了批判性讨论，并揭示了实现再格式化的主要技术差距。

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引用次数: 0

French-fry-shaped carbon composites co-doped with S, N, and Br for ultra-wideband electromagnetic wave absorption 与S， N和Br共掺杂的薯条形碳复合材料用于超宽带电磁波吸收

IF 14.2 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113386

Jian Yang , Junchao Yin , Wenjian Dong , Zheng Wang , Jiayi Gao , Xiaohui Jiang , Liangmin Yu

Structural modulation and element doping are well-established strategies for tailoring impedance matching in the development of high-performance electromagnetic-wave (EMW) absorbers. Nevertheless, the efficient synthesis of carbon absorbers with controlled morphologies and multi-element-doping remains a formidable challenge. In this study, novel S/N/Br multi-doped EMW absorbers featuring distinctive three-dimensional architectures were synthesized via a monomer-polymerization strategy. Specifically, S/N-containing ABHMA monomers via Friedel–Crafts alkylation and Br-containing PDM monomers via esterification reaction were synthesized for the first time, the radical copolymerization of these monomers at different ratios afforded three distinct precursors. Subsequent pyrolysis at 700 °C under N₂ yielded porous carbon materials with ball-like (P-A@P-CB-700), french-fry-like (P-A@P-CF-700), and popcorn-like (P-A@P-CP-700) morphologies. Among them, the french-fry-shaped P-A@P-CF-700 with a large specific surface area (550.81 m² g⁻¹) and unique pore structure exhibits outstanding EMW absorption performance, achieving an ultralow minimum reflection loss (RL_min) of −56.74 dB at a thickness of 3.5 mm, and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.62 GHz at 2.5 mm. Moreover, a maximum radar cross section (RCS) reduction of 49.36 dBm² was attained, underscoring its potential for practical stealth applications. The combination of the unique morphology with S/N/Br doping synergistically enhanced the cooperative effects of polarization loss, conductive loss, and multiple-scattering attenuation. This work not only provides an innovative pathway for precise morphology and composition control but also establishes a new paradigm for designing advanced EMW absorption materials.

结构调制和元素掺杂是开发高性能电磁波吸收器的有效方法。然而，有效合成具有可控形态和多元素掺杂的碳吸收剂仍然是一个艰巨的挑战。在本研究中，通过单体聚合策略合成了具有独特三维结构的新型S/N/Br多掺杂EMW吸收剂。其中，首次通过Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应合成了含S/ n的ABHMA单体，通过酯化反应合成了含br的PDM单体，这些单体在不同比例下的自由基共聚得到了三种不同的前驱体。随后在700°C N2下热解得到球状（P-A@P-CB-700）、薯条状（P-A@P-CF-700）和爆米花状（P-A@P-CP-700）的多孔碳材料。其中，炸薯条形状的P-A@P-CF-700具有较大的比表面积（550.81 m2 g−1）和独特的孔隙结构，具有出色的EMW吸收性能，在3.5 mm厚度处实现了- 56.74 dB的超低最小反射损耗（RLmin），在2.5 mm厚度处实现了6.62 GHz的有效吸收带宽（EAB）。此外，最大雷达横截面（RCS）减少达到49.36 dBm2，强调了其实际隐身应用的潜力。独特的形貌与S/N/Br掺杂的结合协同增强了极化损耗、导电损耗和多次散射衰减的协同效应。这项工作不仅为精确的形貌和成分控制提供了创新的途径，而且为设计先进的EMW吸收材料建立了新的范例。

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引用次数: 0

Sliding crosslinks enable polyurethane composites with greatly enhanced mechanical robustness and wear resistance 滑动交联使聚氨酯复合材料具有大大增强的机械坚固性和耐磨性

IF 14.2 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113367

Zhewei Zhou , Guitao Li , Le Zhang , Yuexia Guo , Qinglun Che , Huimin Qi , Ga Zhang

High-performance polymeric coatings are crucial for extending the service life of high-end equipment and enabling advanced surface functionalities. In this study, graphene oxide-capped polyrotaxanes (GO-PRs) were grafted onto polyurethane chains, incorporating sliding crosslinks into the polymer network through the translational motion of cyclodextrin rings along the polyrotaxane axle. This unique architecture endows the modified polyurethane composites with a remarkable tensile strength of 56.2 MPa and a fracture elongation of 1347.5 %, corresponding to improvements of 531.5 % and 438.6 %, respectively, compared to the pure PU. At the same time, the coefficient of friction and wear volume were reduced by 75.7 % and 71.1 %. Cyclic mechanical analysis indicates that the sliding crosslinks enable efficient stress dissipation under tensile or shear deformation, thereby mitigating material damage. This work presents an effective strategy for designing novel polyurethane composites that achieve simultaneous enhancements in mechanical strength and tribological performance.

高性能聚合物涂层对于延长高端设备的使用寿命和实现先进的表面功能至关重要。在这项研究中，将氧化石墨烯覆盖的聚轮烷（go - pr）接枝到聚氨酯链上，通过环糊精环沿着聚轮烷轴的平移运动，将滑动交联纳入聚合物网络中。这种独特的结构使得改性聚氨酯复合材料的抗拉强度达到56.2 MPa，断裂伸长率达到1347.5%，与纯PU相比分别提高了531.5%和438.6%。同时，摩擦系数和磨损体积分别降低了75.7%和71.1%。循环力学分析表明，滑动交联能够有效地在拉伸或剪切变形下消散应力，从而减轻材料损伤。这项工作提出了一种设计新型聚氨酯复合材料的有效策略，可以同时增强机械强度和摩擦学性能。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating the impact of adhesive thickness and bond area on failure pressure in bonded composite patch repairs for leaking pipelines: An experimental and numerical study 泄漏管道粘接复合修补中粘接厚度和粘接面积对失效压力的影响：实验与数值研究

IF 14.2 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113353

Vishwas Chandra Khan , Nitheesh Kumar , Puneet Mahajan , G. Balaganesan , Jayakumar K.

This study explores the impact of adhesive thickness and bonding area on the failure pressure of repairing through-thickness leaking defects in pipelines using adhesive paste and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite patches. 27 experiments were carried out using a pressurized flat panel test setup as a potential alternative to traditional pipe-level hydrostatic tests. This approach optimizes adhesive paste thickness and bonding area for varying defect diameters. The results are validated through Finite Element Analysis (FEA) carried out for thick adhesives where competitive damage modes of interfacial debonding as well as bulk of adhesive cracking are observed, demonstrating a strong correlation with the experimental data. The study reveals that the thickness of the adhesive and the area of the bond significantly influence the failure pressure, with optimized bonding areas and adhesive thicknesses leading to higher burst pressures. Furthermore, this work introduces a factorial-based regression model to quantify the effects of input parameters on the response variable, i.e., failure burst pressure and provides an improved way to calculate the fracture energy release rates at the bonded interface. The findings contribute to developing more efficient composite repair systems for pipelines, ensuring compliance with ISO 24817 and ASME PCC-2 standards, and providing practical solutions for addressing live leaking defects in pipelines.

本研究探讨了粘接浆料和玻璃钢复合材料修补管道透厚泄漏缺陷时，粘接厚度和粘接面积对失效压力的影响。27个实验使用了加压平板测试装置，作为传统管道级流体静力测试的潜在替代方案。该方法优化了不同缺陷直径的粘接浆料厚度和粘接面积。结果通过对厚粘接剂进行的有限元分析（FEA）进行验证，其中观察到界面脱粘和粘接剂开裂的竞争损伤模式，表明与实验数据有很强的相关性。研究表明，粘结剂厚度和粘结面积对破坏压力有显著影响，优化的粘结面积和粘结剂厚度导致更高的破裂压力。此外，本文还引入了一种基于因子的回归模型，以量化输入参数对响应变量（即破坏破裂压力）的影响，并提供了一种改进的方法来计算粘结界面处的断裂能释放率。研究结果有助于开发更有效的管道复合修复系统，确保符合ISO 24817和ASME PCC-2标准，并为解决管道带电泄漏缺陷提供实用的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Dual-scale basalt fiber-reinforced AA6061 composites fabricated by additive friction stir deposition 添加搅拌摩擦沉积制备双尺度玄武岩纤维增强AA6061复合材料

IF 14.2 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113377

Gui Wei , Qingbo Yang , Yizhou Shen , Zhihong Jia , Jiawei Jiang , Chenglong Zhao , Wancheng Lyu , Xunzhong Guo

In this work, a dual-scale (micro- and nano-sized) basalt fiber (BF)-reinforced AA6061 composite was fabricated via additive friction stir deposition (AFSD) with a pre-deposited layer strategy. This method promotes uniform in effective fragmentation and dispersion of short-cut BFs within the Al matrix, forming a crack-free, diffusion-bonded BF/Al interface with a ∼7 nm transition layer. This transition layer overcomes the poor bonding and uncontrolled reactions of conventional techniques, providing an important interface basis for the storage of dislocations during the AFSD process. The synergistic interaction of dual-scale BFs establishes complementary dislocation management pathways-geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) generation at BF/Al interfaces, mobile dislocation trapping and pinning-enhancing overall dislocation storage, while micro-BFs compensate for spatial heterogeneities in nano-BFs and Mg-Si clusters to promote a uniform dislocation distribution. The micro- and nano-BFs cooperatively activate grain refinement, particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN), dislocation storage, and Orowan strengthening, leading to a synergistic enhancement of both strength and ductility. The resulting composite achieves a yield strength of 139 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 287 MPa, and elongation of 27 %, demonstrating the power of dual-scale fiber design and interfacial engineering in AFSD for high-performance structural materials.

本文采用预沉积策略，通过添加搅拌摩擦沉积（AFSD）制备了玄武岩纤维（BF）增强的双尺度（微纳米级）AA6061复合材料。该方法促进了Al基体中捷径BF的有效破碎和分散的均匀性，形成了无裂纹的扩散结合BF/Al界面，并具有~ 7 nm的过渡层。该过渡层克服了传统技术的键合不良和反应失控的问题，为AFSD过程中位错的储存提供了重要的界面基础。双尺度BFs的协同作用建立了互补的位错管理路径——在BF/Al界面产生几何必要位错（GNDs），移动位错捕获和钉住增强整体位错存储，而微BFs补偿了纳米BFs和Mg-Si簇中的空间异质性，以促进均匀的位错分布。微观和纳米bfs协同激活晶粒细化、粒子激发形核（PSN）、位错储存和Orowan强化，从而协同提高强度和延展性。该复合材料的屈服强度为139mpa，极限抗拉强度为287mpa，伸长率为27%，证明了双尺度纤维设计和界面工程在高性能结构材料AFSD中的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Multifactor-constrained path planning method for high-quality additive manufacturing of continuous fiber-reinforced composites thin-walled structures 连续纤维增强复合材料薄壁结构高质量增材制造多因素约束路径规划方法

IF 14.2 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113388

Zhixin Chen , Zhen Ouyang , Lei Yang , Jun Shi , Lei Zhou , Wenbo Wang , Chunze Yan , Yusheng Shi

Continuous fiber-reinforced composites (CFRCs) have emerged as a research focus in the field of additive manufacturing due to their excellent mechanical properties and lightweight characteristics. However, due to the high forming difficulty of CFRCs, traditional path planning methods are not easily applicable to the additive manufacturing process. In this study, a multifactor-constrained (MFC) path planning method that achieves high-quality additive manufacturing of CFRCs is proposed. The three constraints, including continuous printing path, optimizing turning angle to improve accuracy, and enhancing joint quality by interlayer hybrid path fabrication (IHPF), are integrated into the MFC path planning method to realize high-quality and low-error printing. The effectiveness of the algorithms and the manufacturability of the paths were validated using Hexagon and Triangle models. Two typical structures, an octagonal porous structure (OPS) and a rhombic-filled sandwich structure (RSS), were printed using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique to analyze the forming quality and mechanical properties. The geometric accuracy, surface quality and internal morphology of the specimens were observed using a super depth of field (SDF) microscope and computed tomography (CT), characterizing the improvement of CFRC thin-walled structures’ forming quality by this method. Additionally, in-plane compression tests were conducted on OPS and RSS specimens printed using both unoptimized and optimized paths. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide CFRC structures with higher mechanical properties. This approach provides effective support for the additive manufacturing of complex thin-walled CFRC structures.

连续纤维增强复合材料（CFRCs）以其优异的力学性能和轻量化特性成为增材制造领域的研究热点。然而，由于碳纤维复合材料的高成形难度，传统的路径规划方法不容易适用于增材制造工艺。本文提出了一种多因素约束（MFC）路径规划方法，实现了碳纤维复合材料的高质量增材制造。将连续打印路径、优化转角以提高精度、层间混合路径制造（IHPF）提高关节质量三个约束条件集成到MFC路径规划方法中，实现高质量、低误差的打印。通过六边形和三角形模型验证了算法的有效性和路径的可制造性。采用熔融长丝制造技术（FFF）打印了两种典型结构，即八角形多孔结构（OPS）和菱形填充夹层结构（RSS），分析了其成形质量和力学性能。利用超景深显微镜（SDF）和计算机断层扫描（CT）对试样的几何精度、表面质量和内部形貌进行了观察，表征了该方法对CFRC薄壁结构成形质量的改善。此外，采用未优化路径和优化路径分别对打印的OPS和RSS试件进行平面内压缩试验。结果表明，该方法能提高CFRC结构的力学性能。该方法为复杂薄壁CFRC结构的增材制造提供了有效支持。

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引用次数: 0

Monomer and fiber recovery from prepreg via chemical solvolysis 用化学溶剂解法从预浸料中回收单体和纤维

IF 14.2 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113345

Zehan Yu , Andrew R. Rander , E. Aaron Martinez , Ding-Yuan Lim , Travis J. Williams , Steven R. Nutt

Chemical recycling offers a valorization pathway for expired prepregs with the potential to recover both monomers and well-preserved fiber fabrics, yet this approach has been largely overlooked. Here, we present the first chemical recycling protocol capable of realizing this potential, recovering both fine chemical monomers and intact, re-manufacturable fiber fabrics from expired amine/epoxy prepregs. From bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA)/3,3′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (3,3′-DDS) prepregs, an organic solvent wash in ethyl acetate at 75 °C and ambient pressure enabled isolation of 3,3′-DDS in high yield (up to 90 %) and high purity through liquid–liquid extraction and recrystallization. DGEBA-derived species were also isolated and subsequently converted to bisphenol A (BPA) with high purity and yield (up to 72 %) under hydrothermal conditions developed in this work. Carbon fiber (CF) fabrics were further cleaned under depolymerization conditions, retaining >92 % tensile strength and >98 % modulus, while preserving fabric architecture. The recovered CF fabrics were remanufactured into prepregs to produce second-generation composites that were well consolidated and exhibited short beam shear (SBS) strength comparable to virgin composites. Diamine hardener, 3,3′-DDS, was derivatized under the depolymerization conditions and then restored to the parent diamine through hydrogenolysis. Collectively, this work establishes the first closed-loop chemical recycling pathway that valorizes resin, hardener, and fiber fabric from expired prepreg.

化学回收为过期预浸料提供了一种增值途径，有可能回收单体和保存完好的纤维织物，但这种方法在很大程度上被忽视了。在这里，我们提出了第一个能够实现这一潜力的化学回收方案，从过期的胺/环氧预浸料中回收精细化学单体和完整的、可再制造的纤维织物。从双酚A二缩水甘油醚(DGEBA)/3,3 ' -二氨基二苯砜（3,3 ' -DDS）预浸料中，用有机溶剂在75°C和环境压力下在乙酸乙酯中洗涤，通过液-液萃取和重结晶，以高收率（高达90%）和高纯度分离3,3 ' -DDS。本研究还分离了dgeba衍生物种，并在水热条件下以高纯度和高收率（高达72%）转化为双酚A （BPA）。在解聚条件下对碳纤维（CF）织物进行进一步清洗，在保留织物结构的同时，保持了92%的拉伸强度和98%的模量。回收的CF织物被重新制造成预浸料，以生产第二代复合材料，该复合材料具有良好的固结性，并具有与原始复合材料相当的短梁剪切（SBS）强度。二胺固化剂3,3 ' -DDS在解聚条件下衍生，然后通过氢解还原为母体二胺。总的来说，这项工作建立了第一个闭环化学回收途径，从过期的预浸料中回收树脂、硬化剂和纤维织物。

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引用次数: 0

Biaxial mechanical response of plain-woven CFRP tubes under combined tension–torsion based on acoustic-optical measurements 基于声光测量的CFRP平编织管在拉扭联合作用下的双轴力学响应

IF 14.2 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113436

Zhen Liu , Yifan Yue , Heng Han , Zhenqiang Zhao , Bo Wang , Yulong Li

Multiaxial loading experiments and damage characterization of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are of significant importance for their operation under complex service conditions. In this paper, the mechanical properties, damage evolution, and failure mechanisms of plain-woven CFRP tubes under combined tension–torsion loads are quantitatively investigated by integrating three-dimensional digital image correlation and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. The results indicate that the distributions of strain fields within the woven structure of the composite tube exhibit distinct differences under different load conditions. Shear loading influences the average axial tensile strain, while tension loading significantly enhances the shear strength and shear modulus of the tube. Improved schemes for failure criteria are proposed that are based on the shear strengthening effect of the tension–shear stress plane, and the AE signal characteristics were analyzed to categorize the damage types based on peak frequencies. As the normalized cumulative acoustic energy can serve as a damage factor for the quantification of both damage evolution and damage envelope flow, it assisted in further establishing a stress state–dependent damage assessment model. A combined analysis of the multiscale fracture characteristics of the CFRP tubes demonstrates that various types of damage exhibit distinct initiation and propagation mechanisms under different dominant stress types, and the damage patterns for the same damage type also vary across different locations within the woven structure. These variations ultimately influence the direction of crack propagation.

碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）复合材料的多轴加载试验和损伤表征对其在复杂使用条件下的运行具有重要意义。本文采用三维数字图像相关和声发射（AE）技术，定量研究了碳纤维布平纹编织管在拉扭复合载荷作用下的力学性能、损伤演化及破坏机制。结果表明：在不同载荷条件下，复合材料管材编织结构内部的应变场分布存在明显差异。剪切加载影响钢管的平均轴向拉伸应变，而拉伸加载显著提高钢管的抗剪强度和剪切模量。提出了基于拉-剪应力面剪切强化效应的破坏准则改进方案，并分析了声发射信号特征，基于峰值频率对损伤类型进行了分类。由于归一化的累积声能可以作为损伤因子来量化损伤演化和损伤包络流，有助于进一步建立依赖于应力状态的损伤评估模型。综合分析碳纤维布筒的多尺度断裂特征表明，在不同的主应力类型下，不同类型的损伤表现出不同的起裂和扩展机制，同一类型损伤在编织结构内不同位置的损伤模式也存在差异。这些变化最终影响裂纹扩展的方向。

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