Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management最新文献

{"title":"Fabrication of CNC-AC bionanosorbents from the residual mass of Magnolia champaca l. Bark after methanol extraction for wastewater treatment: Continuous column adsorption study","authors":"Md. Mahmudur Rahman ,&nbsp;Md. Ismail Hossain ,&nbsp;Bijoy Chandra Ghos ,&nbsp;Md. Abdul Gafur ,&nbsp;Md.Ashraful Alam ,&nbsp;Md. Jasim Uddin ,&nbsp;Mst. Sarmina Yeasmin ,&nbsp;Mehedi Hasan ,&nbsp;Tahmina Akter Chowdhury ,&nbsp;G.M. Masud Rana ,&nbsp;Adity Karmakar ,&nbsp;Jaytirmoy Barmon","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this current study, a new class of multifunctional biobased ecofriendly nanosorbents namely crystalline nanocellulose-activated char (CNC-AC) nanosorbents were fabricated by employing a much more innovative and beneficial solvent evaporation induced phase separation (EIPS) technique. While the crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) were extracted from a very much new, innovative, and beneficial agrowaste source namely banana tree (<em>M. oranta</em>) rachis fibers by conducting a series of chemical treatments like scouring, alkali treatment, bleaching, and acid hydrolysis reactions. Additionally, the biochar were synthesized from the residual mass of <em>Magnolia champaca</em> L. barks after methanol extraction and functionalized by 30 % H₃PO₄ to improve their overall properties. Besides these the fixed-bed continuous column adsorption study were carried out by optimizing the various influential factors such as preliminary concentration and flow rates of the inlet wastewater solution, along with the nanosorbent bed heights into the applied column. For better understanding the overall physicochemical, thermomechanical, and morphostructural behavior of the newly fabricated polyfunctional CNC-AC bionanosorbents the samples were characterized by conducting FTIR-ATR, FESEM, BET, XRD, TGA analysis. Meanwhile the treated and nontreated water specimens were examined by conducting AAS and UV–vis-NIR techniques. The obtained results recommended that the newly produced CNC-AC nanosorbents have contained a quite number of active edges/binding sites along with substantial sp. surface area (around 316.95 m²/g). Additionally, they possessed a crystallinity index about 59.98 ± 0.027 %, greater thermal steadiness up to 600 °C, and outstanding 2D honeycomb-like mesoporous peripheral surface microstructure with a promising spherical shapes and smaller size nearly 5–10 nm. The highest removal capacity were found at <strong>538.91</strong> mg/g and <strong>455.70</strong> mg/g for Pb²⁺ and CR respectively. Additionally, for better understanding the experimental breakthrough curves (BTC) were evaluated by several well established column models while the maximum R² value was found around <strong>0.999</strong> for the Thomas model and reduced chi squire (χ²) value was around <strong>0.0001</strong>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101015"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disinfection of synthetic human urine by mixed metal oxide anode through photo/electrochemical oxidation","authors":"Jayishnu Singla ,&nbsp;Poulomi Chandra ,&nbsp;Palak Bansal ,&nbsp;Anoop Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the electrooxidation treatment of synthetic urine (SU) using quaternary mixed metal oxide (d-MMO) anodes in both batch and continuous modes. We combine photocatalysis (PC) and electrooxidation (EO) to enhance pollutant degradation. The impact of treatment time, pH, Na/Cl ratio, and current density on COD removal and the specific energy consumption is examined. Optimized parameters for batch EO treatment yield a desirability value (D) of 0.941, with COD removal of 90.55 % and energy consumption of 20.851 kWh/kg of COD removed. Treatment time is reduced from 10.05 h to 6.5 h with PEC (Photoelectrocatalysis) incorporation. The stability and durability of anodes are confirmed through XRD and FE-SEM/EDS analysis, even after 500 recycling cycles. This research stands out for utilizing innovative d-MMO anodes for EO and PEC, capturing molecular hydrogen gas during scale-up trials for SU. Through this study, we are proposing for the first time, the novel composition of d-MMO (Ti/IrO₂/Ta₂O₅/SnO₂/Sb₂O₅) for the treatment of SU on a pilot-scale in continuous mode with solar panels, thus making the process cost effective with less energy consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101017"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption of ciprofloxacin on sugarcane bagasse modified with carbon nanotubes: Influence of parameters and sorption mechanism","authors":"Marlon Castillo ,&nbsp;Eulalia Vanegas ,&nbsp;Christian Cruzat ,&nbsp;Néstor Novoa ,&nbsp;Ramón Arrué","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing occurrence of emergent pollutants in water bodies, such as ciprofloxacin (CIP), underscores the interest in the study of remediation processes. In this context, adsorption emerges as a widely utilized method, employing both economically viable biowaste and highly efficient specialized materials as adsorbents. The main objective of this research was to prepare a composite from sugarcane bagasse (SB) and carbon nanotubes to study its applicability as an adsorbent in the removal of CIP. The composite was prepared by ultrasonic dispersion of alkalinized sugarcane bagasse fibers and oxidized carbon nanotubes. The uptake of CIP was tested by a series of batch experiments with parameter variations. Surface properties were characterized by using SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis. The composite had a pH_PZC = 6.46 with a proportion of active acid sites of 61.67 % and a phenolic groups predominance. The addition of oxidized carbon nanotubes increased the sorption capacity up to 20 % compared with SB. The study revealed enhanced sorption in the slightly acidic zone at pH values close to pH_PZC. Indeed, mechanisms favorable to sorption were π-π interaction and low CIP solubility. Process kinetics followed pseudo the second order and Weber and Morris models. Finally, experimental data seemed to fit the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity (q_m) of 16.835 mg·g⁻¹ at 30 °C, without disregarding the Freundlich mechanism since the regression factor R² is similar for both.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101014"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bismuth chalcogenide assisted Nanomaterials: A versatile platform against harmful bacteria and toxic organic moieties","authors":"Jyoti Rai ,&nbsp;Mukesh Kumar Verma ,&nbsp;Munish Sharma ,&nbsp;Raj Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water pollution caused by toxic organic compounds (Dyes, agrochemicals, antibiotics, etc.) and waterborne bacteria presents significant global challenges that demand innovative solutions. Nanomaterials have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional water treatment methods due to their unique properties, such as antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities, as well as superior adsorption capabilities. Among these, bismuth chalcogenides (Bi₂S₃, Bi₂O₃, Bi₂Se₃) have attracted considerable interest for their low toxicity, suitable band gaps in the visible spectrum, and potent antimicrobial properties. This review examines the significant role of bismuth chalcogenide-based single and multiphase nanostructures in addressing water pollution through photocatalytic degradation, adsorption, and antimicrobial processes. Despite excellent photocatalytic activity of single phase bismuth chalcogenides nanomaterials, it also enhances visible light absorption capacity of UV active materials (TiO₂, ZnO etc.) in combine state. It delves into the antimicrobial mechanisms of bismuth chalcogenides and explores their enhanced efficacy when combined with loaded drugs, natural bioactive compounds, and doped metals such as silver (Ag) and gold (Au). The review also provides an in-depth discussion on the challenges associated with synthesizing bismuth chalcogenide nanomaterials and their potential applications in water purification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101010"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of Vaccinium corymbosum waste from the extraction of bioactive compounds: Nanoparticles synthesis and applications","authors":"Cristina Espinoza-Tongo ,&nbsp;David Asmat-Campos ,&nbsp;Heber Robles-Castillo ,&nbsp;Noemi Raquel-Checca","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) using <em>V. corymbosum</em> extracts as a reducing agent, varying the ultrasound extraction times (t1 = 20 min, t2 = 15 min, t3 = 10 min). Ag NPs exhibited an antimicrobial efficiency of 98.2 %, being most effective with t2 due to their smaller size. ZnO NPs demonstrated the best thermal stability with t1, and FeO NPs showed optimal magnetic properties with t3. The reduction of methylene blue by ZnO and FeO NPs was significant, with ZnO-t1 and FeO-t3 standing out. The nanoparticles exhibited distinctive optical characteristics and adequate morphology, depending on the extraction time. This work highlights the feasibility of using natural extracts to synthesize nanoparticles, promoting sustainable methods in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Future research should focus on the functionalization of NPs to expand their applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101011"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algae as a source of bionanofactory for the synthesis of ecofriendly nanoparticles","authors":"K. Riazunnisa ,&nbsp;C. Madhuri ,&nbsp;A. Swarna Latha ,&nbsp;N. Rajesh ,&nbsp;Habeeb Khadri ,&nbsp;T. Chandrasekhar ,&nbsp;V. Anu Prasanna ,&nbsp;M. Subhosh Chandra","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanoparticle synthesis using biological systems has become increasingly popular because of its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. Nanoparticles have unique properties and are hence being increasingly explored for various applications, including medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, and bioremediation. In particular, the use of algae for the production of nanoparticles has recently drawn increased amounts of attention because of the possible advantages of this process over conventional methods. The current review aims to document, update, and uncover all the details pertaining to algal nanoparticle synthesis, characterization and applications. Algae have substantial economic value for large-scale manufacturing of various components. It has been used to synthesize a variety of nanoparticles, such as iron, zinc, copper, gold, and silver. Several algal metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have been shown to exhibit anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antiplasmodial, antioxidant, and catalytic properties. Although there has been some success in obtaining nanoparticle production from algal species, there are still some unexplored facts that need to be uncovered to improve production. Therefore, this article reviews the recent advances in synthesizing and characterizing nanoparticles from algae and their potential applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101012"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics in ecological system: Their prevalence, health effects, and remediation","authors":"Aris Ismanto ,&nbsp;Tony Hadibarata ,&nbsp;Risky Ayu Kristanti ,&nbsp;Muhammad Zainuri ,&nbsp;Denny Nugroho Sugianto ,&nbsp;Wulan Kusumastuti ,&nbsp;Malya Asoka Anindita","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water is a fundamental component of human physiological processes, playing a crucial role in functions such as nutrient assimilation and metabolic activities. Furthermore, it plays a crucial role in guaranteeing a plentiful food supply for all organisms. In addition to its duty in providing nutrition, water serves as a home for many life forms and plays a vital part in establishing a conducive living environment. However, the introduction of plastic materials has led to the occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments, which has become a global issue that has attracted significant interest from both the scientific community and the general public. The increasing worldwide demand for plastics can be ascribed to its multifunctionality in commercial and industrial contexts, combined with its cost-effectiveness. Members of Parliament have been identified through multiple sources, including but not limited to cosmetic products, industrial wastes, and fishing operations. The primary aim of this research is to conduct a thorough examination of the consequences resulting from the widespread presence of MPs on both terrestrial and marine ecosystems, as well as the impact on human welfare. Therefore, it is crucial to develop efficient mitigation measures in order to remove MPs from water reservoirs, protect ecological integrity, and provide a safer environment for future generations. Furthermore, this work evaluates the benefits and limitations of utilized methodologies, elucidating the inherent difficulties in MPs research that require resolution in order to achieve a thorough comprehension of these particles. International collaboration plays a crucial role in efficiently resolving concerns related to marine pollutants, as they have the ability to disperse by wind and sea currents, leading to possible repercussions that are difficult to predict.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101007"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of gaseous toluene in an anoxic hybrid bioreactor: Optimization using response surface methodology","authors":"Pallavi Chaudhary ,&nbsp;Susant Kumar Padhi ,&nbsp;Lopa Pattanaik","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on treating gaseous toluene emissions from chemical and petrochemical industries using an anoxic hybrid bioreactor (AnHBR) and optimizing the process using response surface methodology (RSM). By varying the gas flow rate (0.05–0.25 LPM) of toluene, the gas residence time (GRT) within the AnHBR ranged from 0.53 to 2.67 h, resulting in an inlet loading rate (ILR) between 0.36 to 14.33 g/m³ h. Simultaneously, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the liquid feed was varied from 24 to 72 h in the AnHBR. The operating parameters were varied to determine the optimal combination to achieve the maximum toluene removal, which remained above 96% throughout the operation. At the optimized combinations (flow rate: 0.15 LPM, GRT: 0.89 h, and HRT: 48 h) in AnHBR, toluene removal reached ∼99%, with end products generated consisting of 1.8% CO₂ and 92.9% N₂ gas. Metagenomics analysis revealed a dominance of toluene degraders (∼38%), highlighting their potential to degrade toluene in the AnHBR. The RSM enhanced toluene treatment in the AnHBR, demonstrating robustness in handling high pollutant loads and its potential for industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101006"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green biosynthesis of Ag-doped hetero-metallic oxide nanocomposite for efficient sunlight-driven photo-adsorptive degradation of carcinogenic naphthalene and phenanthrene","authors":"Sudha Choudhary ,&nbsp;Manviri Rani ,&nbsp;Uma Shanker","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the most significant issues facing the world today is environmental contamination due to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs release of reactive chemicals into the environment. Here, a green technology was used to synthesis the Ag doped Bi₂O₃@Co₃O₄ nanocomposite utilizing an extract from Azadirachta indica leaves. The morphological and structural examination of Ag doped Co₃O₄@Bi₂O₃ revealed an image in the form of a hollow spherical or flake adsorbed on a Ag surface with an increase surface area. New peaks in the FT-IR spectra of Ag–O and Co–O–Bi at 678 cm⁻¹ and 1130 cm⁻¹, respectively, show the coupling of Ag. Following this, under various reaction conditions (pollutant: 10–30 mg/L; catalyst: 10–30 mg; pH: 3–11, dark sunlight) the doped nanocomposite was assessed for the efficient removal of NAP and PHE. Ag doped Co₃O₄@Bi₂O₃ displayed maximum degradation of NAP (96 %) and PHE (94 %) at 10 mg/L conc. of each PAH with a 25 mg catalytic dose at neutral pH in the presence of direct sunlight. First-order kinetics followed by initial Langmuir adsorption constituted the degradation process. Predominant reactive species and safer metabolite formation in the photocatalysis process of PAHs were studied by scavenger and GC–MS analysis. The green nano photocatalyst that was created demonstrated excellent stability, sensitivity, and reusability (up to 8th cycles) during the degrading process, which likely qualified it for use in industrial uses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101008"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of low-cost metal-loaded adsorbent using post-consumer waste plastics: Experimental and modelling studies","authors":"Sreeja Sarkar,&nbsp;Naba Kumar Mondal","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluoride contamination in drinking water is a world-wide problem which causes dangerous irreversible diseases called fluorosis. The present study highlighted the efficacy of metals (Al and Zn) impregnated thermally degraded products of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) towards the removal of fluoride from the solution. Synthesized metal impregnated carbonaceous materials was characterised by pHzpc, proximate analysis, SEM, EDX and FTIR studies. A batch adsorption study with operating variables such as initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature and agitation speed were undertaken. Then an optimization study was performed through Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results revealed that the adsorption isotherm and kinetics followed Langmuir Isotherm model (R² = 0.968) and pseudo-second order kinetics (R² = 0.995), respectively with adsorption capacity 6.793 mg/g. The thermodynamics of fluoride adsorption reveal that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The RSM results demonstrated the optimization of operating parameters such as initial concentration (9.95 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.01 g/50 mL), contact time (11.42 min) and temperature (331 K). The result from perturbation plot indicate that the most influential parameters are initial concentration followed by temperature and adsorbent dose and the least influential parameter is contact time. Finally, it can be concluded that waste PET plastics could be a valuable adsorbent for decontamination of pollutants from aqueous medium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101009"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142324079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}