Polypropylene (PP) is widely used for food and beverage storage, yet its propensity to release microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) under routine use conditions remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate MP/NP release from PP infant feeding bottles and water bottles under controlled thermal and mechanical stresses. Using Raman spectroscopy, FE-SEM, high-resolution TEM, and AFM, we identified particles down to ∼ 60 nm, extending the detectable size range beyond most previous studies. Release rates correlated strongly with temperature and frequency of use, ranging from 3.9 × 106 to 10.3 × 106 L-1 for baby bottles and 5.3 × 106 to 9.1 × 106 L-1 for water bottles respectively. Particles were predominantly flake-like and irregular, with crystalline–amorphous transitions and multilayer breakdown observed. Baby bottles released more MPs under thermal stress, whereas surface and mechanical stresses predominated in water bottles. These results provide new mechanistic insights into PP degradation pathways and highlight the importance of advanced, multi-modal analytical approaches for future evaluation of nanoscale plastic release.
{"title":"Understanding the multiple characteristics of microplastics generated from polypropylene bottles","authors":"Rumana Hossain, Ayub Ali, Montajar Sarkar, Veena Sahajwalla","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polypropylene (PP) is widely used for food and beverage storage, yet its propensity to release microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) under routine use conditions remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate MP/NP release from PP infant feeding bottles and water bottles under controlled thermal and mechanical stresses. Using Raman spectroscopy, FE-SEM, high-resolution TEM, and AFM, we identified particles down to ∼ 60 nm, extending the detectable size range beyond most previous studies. Release rates correlated strongly with temperature and frequency of use, ranging from 3.9 × 10<sup>6</sup> to 10.3 × 10<sup>6</sup> L<sup>-1</sup> for baby bottles and 5.3 × 10<sup>6</sup> to 9.1 × 10<sup>6</sup> L<sup>-1</sup> for water bottles respectively. Particles were predominantly flake-like and irregular, with crystalline–amorphous transitions and multilayer breakdown observed. Baby bottles released more MPs under thermal stress, whereas surface and mechanical stresses predominated in water bottles. These results provide new mechanistic insights into PP degradation pathways and highlight the importance of advanced, multi-modal analytical approaches for future evaluation of nanoscale plastic release.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-07-25DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101090
Alimin Alimin , Sri Juari Santosa , Akrajas Ali Umar , Rahmayanti Rahmayanti , Alham Alham
A green conductive magnetic nanocomposite paper that has been synthesized by decorating carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4/CNFs) and mixed with sago pulp as phenol adsorbents has been investigated. The paper was synthesized using sago pulp waste from the sago farmer’s community. To produce cellulose paper, Sago pulp was treated mechanically and chemically through dehemicellulose and delignification techniques. Fe3O4 was synthesized by ultrasonication of iron sand in NaOH solution (8 M) for 120 min at 70 °C. The nanocomposite of Fe3O4/CNFs was prepared by ultrasonication Fe3O4 and CNFs in water. The nanocomposite paper was finally prepared by mixing sago’s cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with ultrasonication, followed by solvent casting drying. The phase crystallinity of the paper was evaluated via X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The phenol’s sensing and adsorption kinetic properties over the magnetic paper were examined using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 269 nm. The result showed that the phenol was efficiently adsorbed on magnetic paper under an optimum pH of 7 at a contact time of 90 min. The adsorption followed Ho-McKay pseudo-second-order kinetics with adsorption capacity at an equilibrium of 3.15 mg/g. The magnetic and conductive paper of Fe3O4/CNFs should be extensively used in the adsorption of phenolic compounds in the environment.
研究了用Fe3O4纳米粒子（Fe3O4/CNFs）修饰碳纳米纤维（CNFs），以西米浆为吸附剂制备绿色导电磁性纳米复合纸。该纸是利用西米农民社区的西米纸浆废料合成的。为了生产纤维素纸，对西米纸浆进行了机械和化学处理，采用脱半纤维素和脱木质素技术。采用超声法将铁砂在8 M NaOH溶液中，在70℃条件下反应120 min合成Fe3O4。采用超声法在水中制备了Fe3O4/CNFs纳米复合材料。以西米纤维素和聚乙烯醇（PVA）为原料，经超声混合，再经溶剂铸造干燥制备纳米复合纸。通过x射线衍射（XRD）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对纸的相结晶度进行了评价。用紫外可见分光光度计在最大波长269 nm处考察了苯酚在磁性纸上的传感和吸附动力学性质。结果表明，在最佳pH = 7、接触时间为90 min的条件下，苯酚在磁性纸上的吸附符合Ho-McKay准二级吸附动力学，吸附量为3.15 mg/g。Fe3O4/CNFs磁性导电纸在吸附环境中酚类化合物方面具有广泛的应用前景。
{"title":"Green conductive paper derived from sago pulp of Southeast Sulawesi based on magnetic nanocomposite of Fe3O4/carbon nanofibers for phenol adsorption","authors":"Alimin Alimin , Sri Juari Santosa , Akrajas Ali Umar , Rahmayanti Rahmayanti , Alham Alham","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A green conductive magnetic nanocomposite paper that has been synthesized by decorating carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/CNFs) and mixed with sago pulp as phenol adsorbents has been investigated. The paper was synthesized using sago pulp waste from the sago farmer’s community. To produce cellulose paper, Sago pulp was treated mechanically and chemically through dehemicellulose and delignification techniques. Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> was synthesized by ultrasonication of iron sand in NaOH solution (8 M) for 120 min at 70 °C. The nanocomposite of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/CNFs was prepared by ultrasonication Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and CNFs in water. The nanocomposite paper was finally prepared by mixing sago’s cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with ultrasonication, followed by solvent casting drying. The phase crystallinity of the paper was evaluated via X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The phenol’s sensing and adsorption kinetic properties over the magnetic paper were examined using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 269 nm. The result showed that the phenol was efficiently adsorbed on magnetic paper under an optimum pH of 7 at a contact time of 90 min. The adsorption followed Ho-McKay pseudo-second-order kinetics with adsorption capacity at an equilibrium of 3.15 mg/g. The magnetic and conductive paper of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/CNFs should be extensively used in the adsorption of phenolic compounds in the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144723920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-08-15DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101095
Km Sapna , Vartika Sharma , Kamlendra Awasthi , Divesh N. Srivastava , Manoj Kumar , Vaibhav Kulshrestha
A facile and miniaturized Bi2O3/plastic chip electrode (PCE) was designed for concurrent electrochemical identification of Cd2+ and Pb2+. The identification was carried out through the potentiostatic electrodeposition of bismuth onto a PCE. The synthesized Bi2O3/PCE was analyzed employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to assess their morphology, crystal structure, and elemental composition, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed to explore electrochemical characteristics of synthesized electrodes. Under optimal experimental conditions, Bi2O3/PCE demonstrated significant electro-catalytic performance for Cd2+ and Pb2+ at lower pH, with augmented square wave-anodic stripping peak currents compared to unmodified PCE. Bi2O3/PCE exhibits an exceptionally high sensitivity of 12 μA L cm−2 μg−1 for Cd2+ and 20 μA L cm−2 μg−1 for Pb2+ with low detection limit of 0.09 μg L−1 for Cd2+ and 0.07 μg L−1 for Pb2+. The developed sensor shows highly reproducible and repeatable performance with an extensive linear range 0.2–––300 μg L−1 for Cd2+ and 0.1–––250 μg L−1 for Pb2+ and also exhibits good selectivity, even when accompanied by common interfering ions.
{"title":"Highly sensitive and selective detection of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in aqueous system using miniaturized Bi2O3/plastic chip electrode based electrochemical sensor","authors":"Km Sapna , Vartika Sharma , Kamlendra Awasthi , Divesh N. Srivastava , Manoj Kumar , Vaibhav Kulshrestha","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A facile and miniaturized Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/plastic chip electrode (PCE) was designed for concurrent electrochemical identification of Cd<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup>. The identification was carried out through the potentiostatic electrodeposition of bismuth onto a PCE. The synthesized Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/PCE was analyzed employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to assess their morphology, crystal structure, and elemental composition, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed to explore electrochemical characteristics of synthesized electrodes. Under optimal experimental conditions, Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/PCE demonstrated significant electro-catalytic performance for Cd<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup> at lower pH, with augmented square wave-anodic stripping peak currents compared to unmodified PCE. Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/PCE exhibits an exceptionally high sensitivity of 12 μA L cm<sup>−2</sup> μg<sup>−1</sup> for Cd<sup>2+</sup> and 20 μA L cm<sup>−2</sup> μg<sup>−1</sup> for Pb<sup>2+</sup> with low detection limit of 0.09 μg L<sup>−1</sup> for Cd<sup>2+</sup> and 0.07 μg L<sup>−1</sup> for Pb<sup>2+</sup>. The developed sensor shows highly reproducible and repeatable performance with an extensive linear range 0.2–––300 μg L<sup>−1</sup> for Cd<sup>2+</sup> and 0.1–––250 μg L<sup>−1</sup> for Pb<sup>2+</sup> and also exhibits good selectivity, even when accompanied by common interfering ions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study demonstrates an eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using chloroform extract of Nigella sativa seeds (CENSS) for combating bacterial infections and accelerating wound repair. The work highlights the dual therapeutic potential of CENSS-AgNPs through rigorous physicochemical, biological, and mechanistic analyses. The stable AgNPs was formed because of the transformation of silver ions by the CENSS. These NPs were thoroughly characterized using various physiochemical parameters. The biosynthesized CENSS-AgNPs demonstrated substantial antibacterial activity as indicated by the prominent inhibition areas observed on the agar plates. These are prominent bacteria which play significant roles in both human health and disease. Cytotoxicity assessment on human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) revealed dose-dependent effects, with CENSS-AgNPs demonstrating feasible in wound healing by hastening scratch closure and enhancing cell migration. Furthermore, the protein expression analysis explored that CENSS-AgNPs stimulated the expression levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which are crucial for wound repair. Over all, this study underscores the therapeutic promise of CENSS-mediated AgNPs in combating infections and promoting tissue regeneration, suggesting their prospective utility in advanced wound care and biomedical fields. Further exploration of their biological mechanisms and clinical applications is warranted to harness their full therapeutic potential.
{"title":"Green synthesis of Nigella sativa-mediated silver nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial activity and wound healing: Mechanistic insights and biomedical applications","authors":"Chella Perumal Palanisamy , Sirilux Poompradub , Kanokwan Sansanaphongpricha , Selvaraj Jayaraman , Karthik Subramani , Faridah Sonsudin","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study demonstrates an eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using chloroform extract of <em>Nigella sativa</em> seeds (CENSS) for combating bacterial infections and accelerating wound repair. The work highlights the dual therapeutic potential of CENSS-AgNPs through rigorous physicochemical, biological, and mechanistic analyses. The stable AgNPs was formed because of the transformation of silver ions by the CENSS. These NPs were thoroughly characterized using various physiochemical parameters. The biosynthesized CENSS-AgNPs demonstrated substantial antibacterial activity as indicated by the prominent inhibition areas observed on the agar plates. These are prominent bacteria which play significant roles in both human health and disease. Cytotoxicity assessment on human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) revealed dose-dependent effects, with CENSS-AgNPs demonstrating feasible in wound healing by hastening scratch closure and enhancing cell migration. Furthermore, the protein expression analysis explored that CENSS-AgNPs stimulated the expression levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which are crucial for wound repair. Over all, this study underscores the therapeutic promise of CENSS-mediated AgNPs in combating infections and promoting tissue regeneration, suggesting their prospective utility in advanced wound care and biomedical fields. Further exploration of their biological mechanisms and clinical applications is warranted to harness their full therapeutic potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101085"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101097
Samuel Pérez- Rodríguez , J. Tabla-Hernández , A.G. Hernández–Ramírez , S.B. Sujitha , M.P. Jonathan , Marco Moreno-Ibarra
The present study assessed the contamination of potentially toxic elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in urban wastewaters from Mexico City, Mexico, using atomic absorption spectroscopy for risk assessment. A total of thirty-two water samples were systematically collected from the River de los Remedios (n = 17), River Tlalnepantla (n = 4), and River San Javier (n = 11) in the northern part of the metropolitan area. Results showed that average elemental concentrations, in mg L-1, followed the order: Mn (0.39) < Pb (0.17) < Fe (0.12) < Cu, Ni, Zn (0.06) < Co, Cd (0.02), reflecting the impact of raw industrial and domestic discharges from the highly urbanized region. Concentrations of Pb and Cd surpassed the legal limits of 0.03 and 0.004 mg L-1, respectively, for wastewater discharge. Statistical analysis of physicochemical parameters and element levels indicated that industrial activities are the main sources of PTEs. The level of pollution was assessed using the heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), contamination factor (CF), and Nemerow pollution index (NPI); results indicated moderate contamination by Pb and overall slight pollution. Human risk assessment calculated for the inhalation and dermal exposure pathways in adults and children indicated that Cd and Pb were the most critical elements that could pose adverse health effects to the local population. Dermal contact was identified as the potential exposure pathway that could pose potential risks to human health. The findings of this study indicate a deteriorating status of the aquatic system in Mexico City, primarily due to the persistent discharge of untreated wastewater, which poses a significant risk to environmental integrity and human health within the urban area.
{"title":"Distribution and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in urban wastewaters of Mexico City","authors":"Samuel Pérez- Rodríguez , J. Tabla-Hernández , A.G. Hernández–Ramírez , S.B. Sujitha , M.P. Jonathan , Marco Moreno-Ibarra","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study assessed the contamination of potentially toxic elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in urban wastewaters from Mexico City, Mexico, using atomic absorption spectroscopy for risk assessment. A total of thirty-two water samples were systematically collected from the River de los Remedios (n = 17), River Tlalnepantla (n = 4), and River San Javier (n = 11) in the northern part of the metropolitan area. Results showed that average elemental concentrations, in mg L<sup>-1</sup>, followed the order: Mn (0.39) < Pb (0.17) < Fe (0.12) < Cu, Ni, Zn (0.06) < Co, Cd (0.02), reflecting the impact of raw industrial and domestic discharges from the highly urbanized region. Concentrations of Pb and Cd surpassed the legal limits of 0.03 and 0.004 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, for wastewater discharge. Statistical analysis of physicochemical parameters and element levels indicated that industrial activities are the main sources of PTEs. The level of pollution was assessed using the heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), contamination factor (CF), and Nemerow pollution index (NPI); results indicated moderate contamination by Pb and overall slight pollution. Human risk assessment calculated for the inhalation and dermal exposure pathways in adults and children indicated that Cd and Pb were the most critical elements that could pose adverse health effects to the local population. Dermal contact was identified as the potential exposure pathway that could pose potential risks to human health. The findings of this study indicate a deteriorating status of the aquatic system in Mexico City, primarily due to the persistent discharge of untreated wastewater, which poses a significant risk to environmental integrity and human health within the urban area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current research work focuses on the environmentally friendly synthesis of stable copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) using aqueous extract of Spirogyra species as a natural reducing and capping agent. Copper (II) sulphate (CuSO4) was used as the precursor, and the concentration of Spirogyra extract was evaluated from 5 % to 30 % (v/v), to identify the optimal condition for nanoparticles synthesis. The formation of CuO-NPs was confirmed using UV–visible spectrophotometry, based on the characteristic of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) within the 200–800 nm range. Moreover, particle size analysis performed through differential scanning calorimetry indicated that nanoparticles synthesized using 20 % Spirogyra extract had an average size of 12.86 nm. Additionally, functional group and structural characterization were performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively. Moreover, thermal analysis of CuO-NPs was performed by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the biosynthesized CuO-NPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity with inhibition zones of 20.8 mm against Listeria monocytogenes, 19.95 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 19.8 mm against Streptococcus lactis, 19.5 mm against Salmonella typhimurium, 19.0 mm against Shigella dysenteriae, and 18.9 mm against Escherichia coli. Additionally, these nanoparticles demonstrated significant adsorptive removal efficiency (80–85 %) of toxic heavy metals, including Pb, As, Hg, and Cd. Photocatalytic performance tests demonstrated excellent degradation efficiencies of methylene blue and crystal violet of 90.31 % and 89.89 %, respectively, under UV irradiation in 80 min. These results indicate the potential use of Spirogyra-assisted CuO-NPs in antimicrobial applications, heavy metal remediation, and photodegradation of synthetic dyes relevant to food safety and environmental sustainability.
{"title":"Spirogyra derived CuO-NPs with antibacterial, heavy metal adsorption, and photocatalytic dye degradation: A sustainable approach in environmental remediation","authors":"Samriti Guleria , Aparajita Bhasin , Prince Chawla , Vinay Kumar Dhiman , Prashant Anil Pawase , Halis Simsek","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current research work focuses on the environmentally friendly synthesis of stable copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) using aqueous extract of <em>Spirogyra</em> species as a natural reducing and capping agent. Copper (II) sulphate (CuSO<sub>4</sub>) was used as the precursor, and the concentration of <em>Spirogyra</em> extract was evaluated from 5 % to 30 % (v/v), to identify the optimal condition for nanoparticles synthesis. The formation of CuO-NPs was confirmed using UV–visible spectrophotometry, based on the characteristic of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) within the 200–800 nm range. Moreover, particle size analysis performed through differential scanning calorimetry indicated that nanoparticles synthesized using 20 % Spirogyra extract had an average size of 12.86 nm. Additionally, functional group and structural characterization were performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively. Moreover, thermal analysis of CuO-NPs was performed by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the biosynthesized CuO-NPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity with inhibition zones of 20.8 mm against <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>, 19.95 mm against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, 19.8 mm against <em>Streptococcus lactis</em>, 19.5 mm against <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em>, 19.0 mm against <em>Shigella dysenteriae</em>, and 18.9 mm against <em>Escherichia coli</em>. Additionally, these nanoparticles demonstrated significant adsorptive removal efficiency (80–85 %) of toxic heavy metals, including Pb, As, Hg, and Cd. Photocatalytic performance tests demonstrated excellent degradation efficiencies of methylene blue and crystal violet of 90.31 % and 89.89 %, respectively, under UV irradiation in 80 min. These results indicate the potential use of <em>Spirogyra-assisted</em> CuO-NPs in antimicrobial applications, heavy metal remediation, and photodegradation of synthetic dyes relevant to food safety and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mercury (Hg) is a globally accepted highly toxic heavy metal pollutant and despite several important developments in the field, the determination of Hg2+ ions attrace levels in real-world samples is a challenge. Herein, the silver nanoparticles modified with three-dimensional graphene (AgNPs/3D-graphene) nanocomposite has been synthesised through a simple, cost-efficient, one-step freeze-casting routethat has been applied for highlysensitive determination of Hg2+. The 3D cellular network structure with continuous micrometersize open pores and uniformly decorated Ag nanoparticles with an average size of 30 nm has been suggested by the morphologies and structures of the as-prepared AgNPs/3D-Graphene nanocomposite. The AgNPs/3D-graphene nanocomposite-modifiedGCE (AgNPs/3D-graphene/GCE) exhibited a good linear relationship with Hg2+ concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 40 μg L−1. The results showed that the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.08 μg L−1 (S/N = 3), which is significantly less than the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended threshold. The method validation has been carried out using certified reference material (CRM). The sensitivity and stability from the composite has been achieved from the well scaffolded AgNPs all along the 3D-graphene network, which has made the method novel and stand out from othere reported. The suggested electrochemical sensor performed well in detecting Hg2+ in soil and borewell water samples as well as in clinical samples, which is crucial in safeguarding human health.
汞（Hg）是全球公认的高毒性重金属污染物，尽管在该领域取得了一些重要进展，但实际样品中Hg2+离子吸引水平的测定仍然是一个挑战。本文通过一种简单、经济、一步的冷冻铸造方法合成了三维石墨烯修饰的银纳米颗粒（AgNPs/ 3d -石墨烯），该方法已被用于高灵敏度的Hg2+测定。制备的AgNPs/3D-石墨烯纳米复合材料的形貌和结构表明其具有连续微米大小的开放孔和均匀装饰的平均尺寸为30 nm的银纳米颗粒的三维细胞网络结构。AgNPs/ 3d -石墨烯纳米复合材料修饰的GCE （AgNPs/ 3d -石墨烯/GCE）与Hg2+浓度在0.1 ~ 40 μg L−1范围内呈良好的线性关系。结果表明，该方法的检出限（LOD）为0.08 μ L−1 (S/N = 3)，显著低于世界卫生组织（WHO）推荐阈值。采用标准物质（CRM）对方法进行了验证。这种复合材料的灵敏度和稳定性是通过3d -石墨烯网络上支架良好的AgNPs实现的，这使得该方法新颖，从其他报道中脱颖而出。该电化学传感器能很好地检测土壤和井水样品以及临床样品中的Hg2+，对保障人体健康具有重要意义。
{"title":"Rationale of AgNPsmodified 3-dimensional grapheneas electrochemical sensor for the ultra-tracedetermination of mercury ions","authors":"Prasanta Kumar Sahoo , Srikant Sahoo , Rajendra Prasad Pandey , Ashis Kumar Satpati","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mercury (Hg) is a globally accepted highly toxic heavy metal pollutant and despite several important developments in the field, the determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup> ions attrace levels in real-world samples is a challenge. Herein, the silver nanoparticles modified with three-dimensional graphene (AgNPs/3D-graphene) nanocomposite has been synthesised through a simple, cost-efficient, one-step freeze-casting routethat has been applied for highlysensitive determination of Hg<sup>2+</sup>. The 3D cellular network structure with continuous micrometersize open pores and uniformly decorated Ag nanoparticles with an average size of 30 nm has been suggested by the morphologies and structures of the as-prepared AgNPs/3D-Graphene nanocomposite. The AgNPs/3D-graphene nanocomposite-modifiedGCE (AgNPs/3D-graphene/GCE) exhibited a good linear relationship with Hg<sup>2+</sup> concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 40 μg L<sup>−1</sup>. The results showed that the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.08 μg L<sup>−1</sup> (S/N = 3), which is significantly less than the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended threshold. The method validation has been carried out using certified reference material (CRM). The sensitivity and stability from the composite has been achieved from the well scaffolded AgNPs all along the 3D-graphene network, which has made the method novel and stand out from othere reported. The suggested electrochemical sensor performed well in detecting Hg<sup>2+</sup> in soil and borewell water samples as well as in clinical samples, which is crucial in safeguarding human health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-20DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101102
Ever Estrada-Cabrera , Alejandra Castro-Carranza , Jairo C. Nolasco , Jürgen Gutowski , Cynthia Armendariz-Arnez
At present, environmental damage caused by the production and use of hazardous and toxic agrochemicals remains a global concern. These compounds have contributed to the contamination of water, soil, and air worldwide. Their chronic impacts on the environment and human health are still not fully understood and are often difficult to quantify. Accordingly, it is essential to identify and quantify these phytosanitary products in the environment to reduce their occurrence and mitigate cumulative effects. A viable option for their adsorption and detection can be achieved using natural and sustainable raw materials, such as zeolites. In particular, natural zeolites are promising nanostructures for use in functional and sustainable detectors, and they may serve as low-cost adsorbent materials for hazardous agrochemical monitoring. This review compiles reported applications of natural, synthetic, and composite zeolites to improve the understanding of their potential for adsorption, and thus, detection of hazardous pesticides. Information is provided on their characteristics, and factors defining its adsorption properties with the main objective of evaluating their reliability for the development of sustainable electronic sensors. The reported sensor devices developed with natural zeolites, and their detection mechanisms are discussed.
{"title":"Zeolites for use in environmentally sustainable sensors for hazardous pesticides: A review on reliability and potential perspectives in nanotechnology","authors":"Ever Estrada-Cabrera , Alejandra Castro-Carranza , Jairo C. Nolasco , Jürgen Gutowski , Cynthia Armendariz-Arnez","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At present, environmental damage caused by the production and use of hazardous and toxic agrochemicals remains a global concern. These compounds have contributed to the contamination of water, soil, and air worldwide. Their chronic impacts on the environment and human health are still not fully understood and are often difficult to quantify. Accordingly, it is essential to identify and quantify these phytosanitary products in the environment to reduce their occurrence and mitigate cumulative effects. A viable option for their adsorption and detection can be achieved using natural and sustainable raw materials, such as zeolites. In particular, natural zeolites are promising nanostructures for use in functional and sustainable detectors, and they may serve as low-cost adsorbent materials for hazardous agrochemical monitoring. This review compiles reported applications of natural, synthetic, and composite zeolites to improve the understanding of their potential for adsorption, and thus, detection of hazardous pesticides. Information is provided on their characteristics, and factors defining its adsorption properties with the main objective of evaluating their reliability for the development of sustainable electronic sensors. The reported sensor devices developed with natural zeolites, and their detection mechanisms are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101105
Victoria Bolos-Sánchez, Sergi Gregorio-Lozano, Lubertus Bijlsma, Elena Pitarch
Reclaimed wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation is promoted by policymakers to battle water scarcity. But persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) substances are often not effectively removed by current wastewater treatments and may end up in soil, drainage water and even receiving aquatic environment. This work forms a part of a broader project on using contaminated water for irrigation of escarole crops. An analytical methodology based on mixed-mode liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for the determination of eight PMTs (benzophenone-3, clarithromycin, imazalil, metformin, sulpiride, terbutryn, tiapride and tramadol) in soil and drainage water samples. Moreover, it has been considered of interest to validate the methodology for environmental water i.e., groundwater and surface water. Soil samples were treated using QuEChERS approach, while water samples were injected directly into the LC-MS/MS system. Isotopically labelled internal standards were used for matrix effect correction and extraction losses. The two methods have been validated satisfactorily (recoveries between 70–120 % and RSD < 20 %). The limits of quantification for all compounds were 5 ng·g−1 and 50 ng·L−1 in soil and water, respectively. Finally, the methodology has been applied to soil and drainage water samples collected from escarole crops irrigated with tap water fortified at 5 μg·L−1. In addition, the methodology was applied to real surface and groundwater samples to demonstrate its applicability. This fully validated methodology is a robust tool for determining the selected PMTs and may provide valuable insights into the environmental fate when performing future irrigation programs.
{"title":"Analytical approach for the determination of persistent, mobile and toxic substances in environmental soil and water samples","authors":"Victoria Bolos-Sánchez, Sergi Gregorio-Lozano, Lubertus Bijlsma, Elena Pitarch","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reclaimed wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation is promoted by policymakers to battle water scarcity. But persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) substances are often not effectively removed by current wastewater treatments and may end up in soil, drainage water and even receiving aquatic environment. This work forms a part of a broader project on using contaminated water for irrigation of escarole crops. An analytical methodology based on mixed-mode liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for the determination of eight PMTs (benzophenone-3, clarithromycin, imazalil, metformin, sulpiride, terbutryn, tiapride and tramadol) in soil and drainage water samples. Moreover, it has been considered of interest to validate the methodology for environmental water <em>i.e.</em>, groundwater and surface water. Soil samples were treated using QuEChERS approach, while water samples were injected directly into the LC-MS/MS system. Isotopically labelled internal standards were used for matrix effect correction and extraction losses. The two methods have been validated satisfactorily (recoveries between 70–120 % and RSD < 20 %). The limits of quantification for all compounds were 5 ng·g<sup>−1</sup> and 50 ng·L<sup>−1</sup> in soil and water, respectively. Finally, the methodology has been applied to soil and drainage water samples collected from escarole crops irrigated with tap water fortified at 5 μg·L<sup>−1</sup>. In addition, the methodology was applied to real surface and groundwater samples to demonstrate its applicability. This fully validated methodology is a robust tool for determining the selected PMTs and may provide valuable insights into the environmental fate when performing future irrigation programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The occurrence, sources, and spatial distribution of phthalate esters (PAEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and faecal stanols were simultaneously investigated in surface sediments from Manasbal Lake, NW Himalayas. The concentrations of Σ4PAEs ranged from 9.08 μg/g to 194.42 μg/g, while Σ16PAHs varied from non-detectable (n.d.) to 250.1 μg/g. Sewage markers such as coprostanol and epi-coprostanol were detected, with concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.4 µg/g (mean = 0.17 µg/g) and 0.05 to 1.18 µg/g (mean = 0.26 µg/g), respectively, indicating significant faecal pollution. Detected PAEs included diethyl phthalate, di-isobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate isomers, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The primary sources of PAEs in the sediments were domestic waste from nearby villages, garbage disposal from residential areas, and built-up regions. Three-factor modeling using positive matrix factorization identified fuel combustion as the most significant source of PAHs, contributing 40.4 % of the pollution, followed by biomass combustion, which accounted for approximately 33.1 %. The highest concentrations of Σ16PAEs, Σ4PAEs, and stanols compounds were observed in the eastern part near the inlet, suggesting that their distribution is strongly influenced by proximity to pollution sources. Conversely, there was no significant relationship between these organic contaminants and sediment characteristics (grain size and TOC content) or water depth. The significant correlation between Σ4PAEs and microplastic abundance indicates that PAEs can serve as effective markers for identifying plastic pollution in sediments. This study enhances the baseline characterization of emerging contaminants in Himalayan freshwater systems and contributes to a better understanding of the potential sources and controls on their distribution in aquatic systems globally.
{"title":"Occurrence, sources, and controlling factors of emerging organic pollutants in a freshwater lake system in the NW Himalayas","authors":"Sunil Kumar , Mehta Bulbul , Diptimayee Behera , Arshid Jehangir , Ambili Anoop","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The occurrence, sources, and spatial distribution of phthalate esters (PAEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and faecal stanols were simultaneously investigated in surface sediments from Manasbal Lake, NW Himalayas. The concentrations of Σ<sub>4</sub>PAEs ranged from 9.08 μg/g to 194.42 μg/g, while Σ<sub>16</sub>PAHs varied from non-detectable (n.d.) to 250.1 μg/g. Sewage markers such as coprostanol and epi-coprostanol were detected, with concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.4 µg/g (mean = 0.17 µg/g) and 0.05 to 1.18 µg/g (mean = 0.26 µg/g), respectively, indicating significant faecal pollution. Detected PAEs included diethyl phthalate, di-isobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate isomers, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The primary sources of PAEs in the sediments were domestic waste from nearby villages, garbage disposal from residential areas, and built-up regions. Three-factor modeling using positive matrix factorization identified fuel combustion as the most significant source of PAHs, contributing 40.4 % of the pollution, followed by biomass combustion, which accounted for approximately 33.1 %. The highest concentrations of Σ<sub>16</sub>PAEs, Σ<sub>4</sub>PAEs, and stanols compounds were observed in the eastern part near the inlet, suggesting that their distribution is strongly influenced by proximity to pollution sources. Conversely, there was no significant relationship between these organic contaminants and sediment characteristics (grain size and TOC content) or water depth. The significant correlation between Σ<sub>4</sub>PAEs and microplastic abundance indicates that PAEs can serve as effective markers for identifying plastic pollution in sediments. This study enhances the baseline characterization of emerging contaminants in Himalayan freshwater systems and contributes to a better understanding of the potential sources and controls on their distribution in aquatic systems globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101099"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145117852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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