Pub Date : 2025-04-28DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3564823
Luxin Diao;Mingjun Wang;Jialin Zhang;Wei Wang;Chengguang Ma
Bessel-Gaussian (BG) vortex beams are non-diffracting beams carrying orbital angular momentum, which have potential applications against ocean turbulence and are expected to solve the bottleneck problem of long-distance and high-rate transmission of light underwater. In this paper, an experimental link for underwater vortex optical communication is constructed, and the underwater transmission and communication characteristics of Gaussian beams and BG vortex beams with different orders are investigated under the seawater channel conditions of air bubbles, sediment, and turbulence. The light intensity images, beam drift, and scintillation indices are analyzed, the bit error rate (BER) during communication is calculated, and the self-healing characteristics of the BG vortex beams in underwater channel environments with obstacles are investigated. The results show that the BG vortex beam has lower beam drift, optical intensity scintillation, and more stable underwater data transmission performance compared with the Gaussian beam under various simulated ocean channel conditions, and the higher-order BG beam has better transmission performance than the zero-order BG beam. This research provides a robust and useful alternative to withstand ocean turbulence and improve the reliability and capacity of optical communication systems.
{"title":"Self-Healing, Transmission, and Communication Properties of Bessel-Gaussian Vortex Beam in the Underwater Environment","authors":"Luxin Diao;Mingjun Wang;Jialin Zhang;Wei Wang;Chengguang Ma","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3564823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3564823","url":null,"abstract":"Bessel-Gaussian (BG) vortex beams are non-diffracting beams carrying orbital angular momentum, which have potential applications against ocean turbulence and are expected to solve the bottleneck problem of long-distance and high-rate transmission of light underwater. In this paper, an experimental link for underwater vortex optical communication is constructed, and the underwater transmission and communication characteristics of Gaussian beams and BG vortex beams with different orders are investigated under the seawater channel conditions of air bubbles, sediment, and turbulence. The light intensity images, beam drift, and scintillation indices are analyzed, the bit error rate (BER) during communication is calculated, and the self-healing characteristics of the BG vortex beams in underwater channel environments with obstacles are investigated. The results show that the BG vortex beam has lower beam drift, optical intensity scintillation, and more stable underwater data transmission performance compared with the Gaussian beam under various simulated ocean channel conditions, and the higher-order BG beam has better transmission performance than the zero-order BG beam. This research provides a robust and useful alternative to withstand ocean turbulence and improve the reliability and capacity of optical communication systems.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 5","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3562814
Ivan V. Oreshko;Sergey O. Slipchenko;Vasily V. Zolotarev;Alena E. Kazakova;Nikita A. Pikhtin
A semi-analytical 3D model has been developed to describe the modal structures of an infinite two-dimensional photonic crystal formed in a semiconductor laser waveguide heterostructure. Within the framework of the proposed simulation model, the relationship between the efficiency of laser mode light output through the surface and the geometric characteristics of the photonic crystal has been studied. As an example, we performed calculations and analysis of optical output losses in a waveguide heterostructure based on the AlGaAs/InGaAs material system. The study focused on square symmetry photonic crystals with simple geometric shapes, including circles and triangles. The results demonstrate that surface-emitting lasers designed in planar structures using photonic crystals based on circular holes have low radiation output efficiency. Efficient light output can be achieved by using triangular hole shapes with a fill factor greater than 0.1-0.2, while the symmetry of the triangular hole significantly influences the output efficiency. The fill factor also determines the mode discrimination and the conditions for single-mode or multi-mode operation. Structures incorporating regular triangular photonic crystals exhibit the highest output losses, while enhancing the mode overlap between the planar waveguide and the photonic crystal leads to an increase in output losses from 2 to 10 cm${}^{mathrm {-1}}$ .
建立了一种半解析三维模型来描述在半导体激光波导异质结构中形成的无限二维光子晶体的模态结构。在提出的仿真模型框架内，研究了激光模式光通过表面输出的效率与光子晶体几何特性之间的关系。作为一个例子，我们对基于AlGaAs/InGaAs材料体系的波导异质结构的光输出损耗进行了计算和分析。该研究的重点是具有简单几何形状的方形对称光子晶体，包括圆形和三角形。结果表明，利用圆孔光子晶体设计平面结构的表面发射激光器具有较低的辐射输出效率。采用填充系数大于0.1-0.2的三角形孔形状可以实现高效的光输出，而三角形孔的对称性对输出效率有显著影响。填充系数还决定了模式判别和单模或多模操作的条件。包含规则三角形光子晶体的结构显示出最高的输出损耗，而增强平面波导和光子晶体之间的模式重叠导致输出损耗从2增加到10 cm ${}^{ mathm{-1}}$。
{"title":"Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals for Planar IR Laser Cavities With Vertical Beam Output","authors":"Ivan V. Oreshko;Sergey O. Slipchenko;Vasily V. Zolotarev;Alena E. Kazakova;Nikita A. Pikhtin","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3562814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3562814","url":null,"abstract":"A semi-analytical 3D model has been developed to describe the modal structures of an infinite two-dimensional photonic crystal formed in a semiconductor laser waveguide heterostructure. Within the framework of the proposed simulation model, the relationship between the efficiency of laser mode light output through the surface and the geometric characteristics of the photonic crystal has been studied. As an example, we performed calculations and analysis of optical output losses in a waveguide heterostructure based on the AlGaAs/InGaAs material system. The study focused on square symmetry photonic crystals with simple geometric shapes, including circles and triangles. The results demonstrate that surface-emitting lasers designed in planar structures using photonic crystals based on circular holes have low radiation output efficiency. Efficient light output can be achieved by using triangular hole shapes with a fill factor greater than 0.1-0.2, while the symmetry of the triangular hole significantly influences the output efficiency. The fill factor also determines the mode discrimination and the conditions for single-mode or multi-mode operation. Structures incorporating regular triangular photonic crystals exhibit the highest output losses, while enhancing the mode overlap between the planar waveguide and the photonic crystal leads to an increase in output losses from 2 to 10 cm<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{mathrm {-1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 3","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3560527
Jue Su;Tingting Chen;Junjie Ma;Jingbin Lan;Xin Zhou;Lu Huang;Hongzhen Dai;Zhengqian Luo
We report $1.7~boldsymbol {mu }$ m high-efficiency, high-power continuous-wave (CW) and gain-switched thulium-doped all-fiber lasers with master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration. The $1.7~boldsymbol {mu }$ m seed source comprises a homemade 1566 nm fiber laser as pump source, a femtosecond direct-written fiber Bragg grating pair, and a low-dopant Tm3+ gain fiber. By changing the operating mode (CW/pulsed) of the 1566 nm pump source, CW/gain-switched output of the $1.7~boldsymbol {mu }$ m seed source can be achieved, respectively. The CW MOPA achieves a maximum output power of 10 W with a slope efficiency of 68%, representing the highest power level from a $1.7~boldsymbol {mu }$ m Tm-doped CW laser in all-fiber format. Moreover, the amplified average output power of the demonstrated gain-switched operation is 2.28 W with the amplification slope efficiency, pulse energy, and peak power of 76.8%, $152~boldsymbol {mu }$ J, and 2.054 kW, respectively. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest single pulse energy and amplification efficiency of a Tm-doped gain-switched all-fiber laser. This work provides a new path to achieve high power and large energy of $1.7~boldsymbol {mu }$ m all-fiber laser for applications in bio-imaging and long-distance sensing technology.
{"title":"10 W-Level High-Efficiency Continuous-Wave and Gain-Switched All-Fiber Laser at 1.7 μm","authors":"Jue Su;Tingting Chen;Junjie Ma;Jingbin Lan;Xin Zhou;Lu Huang;Hongzhen Dai;Zhengqian Luo","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3560527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3560527","url":null,"abstract":"We report <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.7~boldsymbol {mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>m high-efficiency, high-power continuous-wave (CW) and gain-switched thulium-doped all-fiber lasers with master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration. The <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.7~boldsymbol {mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>m seed source comprises a homemade 1566 nm fiber laser as pump source, a femtosecond direct-written fiber Bragg grating pair, and a low-dopant Tm3+ gain fiber. By changing the operating mode (CW/pulsed) of the 1566 nm pump source, CW/gain-switched output of the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.7~boldsymbol {mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>m seed source can be achieved, respectively. The CW MOPA achieves a maximum output power of 10 W with a slope efficiency of 68%, representing the highest power level from a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.7~boldsymbol {mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>m Tm-doped CW laser in all-fiber format. Moreover, the amplified average output power of the demonstrated gain-switched operation is 2.28 W with the amplification slope efficiency, pulse energy, and peak power of 76.8%, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$152~boldsymbol {mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>J, and 2.054 kW, respectively. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest single pulse energy and amplification efficiency of a Tm-doped gain-switched all-fiber laser. This work provides a new path to achieve high power and large energy of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.7~boldsymbol {mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>m all-fiber laser for applications in bio-imaging and long-distance sensing technology.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 2","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3560528
H. Ahmad;B. Nizamani;A. Bencheikh
This work reports higher order LP11 modes in ultrafast mode-locked fiber laser at the O-band regime. The mode-locking was achieved by using bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) as an optical modulator in a praseodymium-doped fluoride fiber (PDFF) laser which operates at 1300.5 nm. Bi2Te3 was prepared by liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) process and then it was drop-casted onto the arc-shaped fiber, which behaves as an optical modulator. The mode-locking was obtained within the pump power range of 106.8 to 133.2 mW. The pulse repetition rate was at 0.407 MHz with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 53.4 dB. The ultrafast pulses of 890 fs duration with a pulse energy of 2.4 nJ were achieved. At the output, by using the offset splice spot (OSS) technique the higher-order modes were excited in the two-mode fiber (TMF). These higher-order modes were LP11 modes with a two-lobe structure visualized using the Thorlabs beam profiler.
{"title":"LP11 Mode All-Fiber Ultrafast Laser at 1.3 μm by Using Bismuth Telluride as an Optical Modulator","authors":"H. Ahmad;B. Nizamani;A. Bencheikh","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3560528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3560528","url":null,"abstract":"This work reports higher order LP11 modes in ultrafast mode-locked fiber laser at the O-band regime. The mode-locking was achieved by using bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) as an optical modulator in a praseodymium-doped fluoride fiber (PDFF) laser which operates at 1300.5 nm. Bi2Te3 was prepared by liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) process and then it was drop-casted onto the arc-shaped fiber, which behaves as an optical modulator. The mode-locking was obtained within the pump power range of 106.8 to 133.2 mW. The pulse repetition rate was at 0.407 MHz with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 53.4 dB. The ultrafast pulses of 890 fs duration with a pulse energy of 2.4 nJ were achieved. At the output, by using the offset splice spot (OSS) technique the higher-order modes were excited in the two-mode fiber (TMF). These higher-order modes were LP11 modes with a two-lobe structure visualized using the Thorlabs beam profiler.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 2","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-08DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3558769
Jeonghun Lee;Dongwook Park
Transient characteristics of optical injection-locked (OIL) solid-state lasers are analyzed using rate equations, with a focus on how the lock-time, which is defined as the time required for the slave laser to lock onto the master laser’s frequency, is affected by the injection strength, detuning frequency, and cavity field’s initial phase. In particular, mean lock-time, the lock-time averaged over a random initial phase difference between the two laser signals, is systematically investigated. The study, aided by asymptotic stability and phase-space trajectory analyses, shows that the dynamics of OIL lasers is quite complex as well as diverse in its behavior. Findings involving the mean lock-time indicate that it is fairly insensitive to frequency detuning except near the locking edge, wherein extremely large variations can occur, ranging from a very small to a very large value in a narrow interval. It is also found that there is a trend reversal of the mean lock-time with respect to the injection strength; after initially undergoing a decrease with increasing injection level, the lock-time starts to increase once again beyond a certain injection strength. There are also some interesting features predicted, such as instantaneous locking and pseudo-stable behavior. The transient process following switching off of the injected light is also briefly investigated and compared to the injection-locking process. The results of this research should provide useful insight when exploring the feasibility, limitations, and design guidelines of various potential OIL applications in which the response speed is of importance.
{"title":"Lock-Time Analysis of Injection-Locked Lasers","authors":"Jeonghun Lee;Dongwook Park","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3558769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3558769","url":null,"abstract":"Transient characteristics of optical injection-locked (OIL) solid-state lasers are analyzed using rate equations, with a focus on how the lock-time, which is defined as the time required for the slave laser to lock onto the master laser’s frequency, is affected by the injection strength, detuning frequency, and cavity field’s initial phase. In particular, mean lock-time, the lock-time averaged over a random initial phase difference between the two laser signals, is systematically investigated. The study, aided by asymptotic stability and phase-space trajectory analyses, shows that the dynamics of OIL lasers is quite complex as well as diverse in its behavior. Findings involving the mean lock-time indicate that it is fairly insensitive to frequency detuning except near the locking edge, wherein extremely large variations can occur, ranging from a very small to a very large value in a narrow interval. It is also found that there is a trend reversal of the mean lock-time with respect to the injection strength; after initially undergoing a decrease with increasing injection level, the lock-time starts to increase once again beyond a certain injection strength. There are also some interesting features predicted, such as instantaneous locking and pseudo-stable behavior. The transient process following switching off of the injected light is also briefly investigated and compared to the injection-locking process. The results of this research should provide useful insight when exploring the feasibility, limitations, and design guidelines of various potential OIL applications in which the response speed is of importance.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 3","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3558190
Arkady G. Yastremskii;Sofia A. Yampolskaya;Yuri N. Panchenko
Based on the Cohen distribution function and physical spectrum concept, a new algorithm for numerical analysis of the time-frequency distribution of photon flux density of a chirped laser beam has been developed. This made it possible to use the well-known photon transport equation for modeling the evolution of not only spatial and energy, but also spectral characteristics of radiation in high-power laser systems. This approach allows us to solve the problem of “negative probability” arising when using the Wigner distribution function for non-Gaussian laser beams. Comparison of the obtained data with the results of experiments and numerical modeling of amplification of chirped laser beams in the XeF(C-A) gas amplifier of the THL-100 laser system proved applicability of the model.
{"title":"Application of Cohen Distribution Functions for Time-Frequency Analysis of Chirped Laser Beams","authors":"Arkady G. Yastremskii;Sofia A. Yampolskaya;Yuri N. Panchenko","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3558190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3558190","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the Cohen distribution function and physical spectrum concept, a new algorithm for numerical analysis of the time-frequency distribution of photon flux density of a chirped laser beam has been developed. This made it possible to use the well-known photon transport equation for modeling the evolution of not only spatial and energy, but also spectral characteristics of radiation in high-power laser systems. This approach allows us to solve the problem of “negative probability” arising when using the Wigner distribution function for non-Gaussian laser beams. Comparison of the obtained data with the results of experiments and numerical modeling of amplification of chirped laser beams in the XeF(C-A) gas amplifier of the THL-100 laser system proved applicability of the model.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 2","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-31DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3556574
Swati Rajput;Tithi Saha;Ajay Agarwal
In this study, we propose a high-extinction-ratio, low-voltage optical modulator with wide optical bandwidth operation in an engineered Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide (HPW) utilizing Aluminum-doped Zinc Oxide (AZO). Incorporating a thin AZO layer into the HPW enables vertical and lateral plasmonic mode confinement. By inducing carrier changes electrically in AZO, we achieve the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) state, facilitating efficient intensity and phase modulation across a wavelength range of 1500 nm to 1650nm. Optimized device geometry ensures proficient electro-optic coupling between the dielectric waveguide mode and the surface plasmon mode, resulting in lower losses compared to conventional HPWs. The extinction ratio (ER) ranges from 13 dB/$mu $ m to 45 dB/$mu $ m at a low voltage of 1 V, with modulation efficiency spanning from 2.75 V-$mu $ m to 2.90 V-$mu $ m for wavelengths between 1500 nm and 1650 nm. We conduct a comparative analysis with another popular ENZ material, Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), demonstrating that the AZO-based modulator, with its high carrier mobility, outperforms the ITO-based modulator. AZO, as an ENZ material, holds transformative potential for optical modulation due to its unique electro-optical properties and compatibility with HPWs, offering significant advantages for high-speed, efficient, and compact optical modulators. Our proposed modulation scheme is poised to play a crucial role in advancing optical communication, quantum computing, and quantum sensing technologies.
{"title":"Enhanced Optical Modulation in AZO-Based Engineered Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide: High Extinction Ratio and Low Voltage Operation","authors":"Swati Rajput;Tithi Saha;Ajay Agarwal","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3556574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3556574","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we propose a high-extinction-ratio, low-voltage optical modulator with wide optical bandwidth operation in an engineered Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide (HPW) utilizing Aluminum-doped Zinc Oxide (AZO). Incorporating a thin AZO layer into the HPW enables vertical and lateral plasmonic mode confinement. By inducing carrier changes electrically in AZO, we achieve the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) state, facilitating efficient intensity and phase modulation across a wavelength range of 1500 nm to 1650nm. Optimized device geometry ensures proficient electro-optic coupling between the dielectric waveguide mode and the surface plasmon mode, resulting in lower losses compared to conventional HPWs. The extinction ratio (ER) ranges from 13 dB/<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m to 45 dB/<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m at a low voltage of 1 V, with modulation efficiency spanning from 2.75 V-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m to 2.90 V-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m for wavelengths between 1500 nm and 1650 nm. We conduct a comparative analysis with another popular ENZ material, Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), demonstrating that the AZO-based modulator, with its high carrier mobility, outperforms the ITO-based modulator. AZO, as an ENZ material, holds transformative potential for optical modulation due to its unique electro-optical properties and compatibility with HPWs, offering significant advantages for high-speed, efficient, and compact optical modulators. Our proposed modulation scheme is poised to play a crucial role in advancing optical communication, quantum computing, and quantum sensing technologies.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 3","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-29DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3574132
H. Ahmad;J. W. Chiam;M. Z. Samion;M. F. Ismail;S. Mutlu;V. Filiz;S. Savaskan Yılmaz;N. Arsu;M. K. A. Zaini;K. Thambiratnam;L. Bayang;S. Sun;B. Ortaç
In this work, we investigated unprecedented laser-induced rapid synthesis (LIRS) cobalt-based metal-organic framework (Co-MOF) saturable absorber (SA) to generate a conventional soliton pulse in a thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL). The Co-MOF was drop-casted onto a side-polished fiber (SPF) to prepare the saturable absorber (SA). It exhibited a high modulation depth of 14% and a saturation intensity of 20.7MW/cm2. The pulse produced had a pulse width and center wavelength of 1.34 ps and 1974.2 nm, respectively. The repetition rate of the output was 13.09 MHz, which gives a pulse interval of about 76.4 ps. The beam output reached an average power of 6.56 mW and pulse energy of about 501 pJ before breaking, achieving a maximum peak power of 374 W.
{"title":"Usage of Novel Co-MOF for Mode-Locked Pulse Generation Near 2 μm","authors":"H. Ahmad;J. W. Chiam;M. Z. Samion;M. F. Ismail;S. Mutlu;V. Filiz;S. Savaskan Yılmaz;N. Arsu;M. K. A. Zaini;K. Thambiratnam;L. Bayang;S. Sun;B. Ortaç","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3574132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3574132","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we investigated unprecedented laser-induced rapid synthesis (LIRS) cobalt-based metal-organic framework (Co-MOF) saturable absorber (SA) to generate a conventional soliton pulse in a thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL). The Co-MOF was drop-casted onto a side-polished fiber (SPF) to prepare the saturable absorber (SA). It exhibited a high modulation depth of 14% and a saturation intensity of 20.7MW/cm2. The pulse produced had a pulse width and center wavelength of 1.34 ps and 1974.2 nm, respectively. The repetition rate of the output was 13.09 MHz, which gives a pulse interval of about 76.4 ps. The beam output reached an average power of 6.56 mW and pulse energy of about 501 pJ before breaking, achieving a maximum peak power of 374 W.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 3","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we develop advanced numerical models to comprehensively investigate the static and dynamic performances for GaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) with optimized current injection efficiency. We propose using indium tin oxide (ITO) instead of SiO2 as the current confinement layer. The ITO/p-GaN forms a resistive junction, which improves hole injection efficiency and suppresses the hole leakage out of the aperture for GaN-based VCSELs. The ITO/p-GaN design eliminates the capacitance arising from the SiO2, and the VCSELs can be stabilized within a reduced time upon being turned on. We have also found that the defects on the recessed p-GaN region have significant impact on the static and dynamic characteristics for the proposed VCSELs, such that the surface defects generate charging/discharging processes. This may cause very significant laser power oscillation before the device is stabilized. As a result, we investigate the impact of defect density and defect energy levels on the device performances. We find that, besides decreasing the defect density, defects with shallow energy level may also have strong impact on delaying the device stabilization process. In order to suppress the defect-induced capturing effect for injected holes, we then design u-AlGaN/p-GaN/u-AlGaN/p-GaN so that the hetero-junctions can spread the current into the aperture center. This favors the hole to be apart from the surface defects, which enables the increased hole injection. Therefore, the designed VCSELs will reduce the oscillation duration before reaching the stabilized on-state.
{"title":"Enhanced Static and Dynamic Performance for GaN-Based VCSELs With ITO/p-GaN Resistive Current Injection Structure","authors":"Kangkai Tian;Jingyu Tang;Chunshuang Chu;Fuping Huang;Yonghui Zhang;Xiao Wei Sun;Zi-Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3574120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3574120","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we develop advanced numerical models to comprehensively investigate the static and dynamic performances for GaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) with optimized current injection efficiency. We propose using indium tin oxide (ITO) instead of SiO2 as the current confinement layer. The ITO/p-GaN forms a resistive junction, which improves hole injection efficiency and suppresses the hole leakage out of the aperture for GaN-based VCSELs. The ITO/p-GaN design eliminates the capacitance arising from the SiO2, and the VCSELs can be stabilized within a reduced time upon being turned on. We have also found that the defects on the recessed p-GaN region have significant impact on the static and dynamic characteristics for the proposed VCSELs, such that the surface defects generate charging/discharging processes. This may cause very significant laser power oscillation before the device is stabilized. As a result, we investigate the impact of defect density and defect energy levels on the device performances. We find that, besides decreasing the defect density, defects with shallow energy level may also have strong impact on delaying the device stabilization process. In order to suppress the defect-induced capturing effect for injected holes, we then design u-AlGaN/p-GaN/u-AlGaN/p-GaN so that the hetero-junctions can spread the current into the aperture center. This favors the hole to be apart from the surface defects, which enables the increased hole injection. Therefore, the designed VCSELs will reduce the oscillation duration before reaching the stabilized on-state.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 3","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-26DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3554459
Tu-Lu Liang;Wei Shao;Zi-Ye Xiao;Mei Yu;Lingyan Zhang;Wei Zhang;Jin Shi
In this study, optimization methods for the design of the compact and broadband adiabatic couplers are presented. Two definitions of an uncoupled waveguide system are introduced: the first involves connecting one of the two silicon waveguides to a boundary, directing its eigenmodes to the boundary, while the second removes one of the waveguides, resulting in eigenmodes confined to the remaining waveguide. The efficient design of adiabatic couplers is achieved by correcting and fitting the refractive indices of the even and odd eigenmodes in these uncoupled systems. The length of the adiabatic coupler designed by the proposed optimization method can be substantially reduced compared to the conventional linear adiabatic coupler. Calculations for the operating bandwidth of the designed adiabatic coupler show that the proposed optimization method can indeed achieve a paramount wide range of operating bandwidths (power transmission efficiencies of more than 90% are achieved for wavelengths from 1406 nm to 3775 nm). A comparison with other design methods demonstrates that the proposed optimization approach yields a coupler with higher efficiency than previous methods. These findings highlight the potential of this optimization strategy for designing high-performance adiabatic couplers with complex geometries in integrated optics.
{"title":"Optimization Methods for the Design of Compact and Broadband Adiabatic Couplers","authors":"Tu-Lu Liang;Wei Shao;Zi-Ye Xiao;Mei Yu;Lingyan Zhang;Wei Zhang;Jin Shi","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3554459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3554459","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, optimization methods for the design of the compact and broadband adiabatic couplers are presented. Two definitions of an uncoupled waveguide system are introduced: the first involves connecting one of the two silicon waveguides to a boundary, directing its eigenmodes to the boundary, while the second removes one of the waveguides, resulting in eigenmodes confined to the remaining waveguide. The efficient design of adiabatic couplers is achieved by correcting and fitting the refractive indices of the even and odd eigenmodes in these uncoupled systems. The length of the adiabatic coupler designed by the proposed optimization method can be substantially reduced compared to the conventional linear adiabatic coupler. Calculations for the operating bandwidth of the designed adiabatic coupler show that the proposed optimization method can indeed achieve a paramount wide range of operating bandwidths (power transmission efficiencies of more than 90% are achieved for wavelengths from 1406 nm to 3775 nm). A comparison with other design methods demonstrates that the proposed optimization approach yields a coupler with higher efficiency than previous methods. These findings highlight the potential of this optimization strategy for designing high-performance adiabatic couplers with complex geometries in integrated optics.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 2","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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