Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3646689
Shahrzad Hedayati;Hasan Abbasi Nozari;Seyed Jalil Sadati Rostami;Sajad Shafiee;Seyyed Ali Zendehbad
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an advanced clinical treatment for suppressing tremors in Parkinsonian patients. However, traditional open-loop DBS systems remain unable to adapt to patient-specific neural dynamics, often leading to suboptimal results. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel closed-loop DBS scheme based on a data-driven model-free adaptive control (MFAC) strategy, designed to effectively suppress pathological tremors hindering overstimulation and providing less power consumption. Using the basal ganglia (BG) system dynamics which is assumed to be completely unknown, the proposed method overcomes the incomplete regional contraction mapping or inaccurate neural dynamics representations, making it a viable option for patient-specific adaptation. The online control strategy continuously adjusts based on real-time data, using an unknown BG model that is merely employed to generate input-output data for simultaneous regulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus internus (GPi) regions. Three linearization techniques (compact-form, partial-form, and full-form dynamic linearization) are utilized to enhance performance and suppress pathological tremor and bring much flexibility to controller design. Performance metrics, including Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE), and Integral Time Squared Error (ITSE), demonstrate a detailed comparison to check the tracking accuracy and tremor suppression based on the error signal. The controller’s robustness against inter- and intra-patient variations is evaluated through Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations, providing a reliable in-vitro alternative to real-world clinical trials. In addition, a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) setup has been devised using an Arduino microcontroller to validate the proposed individualized closed-loop DBS performance in a more realistic environment, validating the adaptation, and accounting for noise and time delay in real-world clinical situations. The findings indicate that the proposed novel adaptive deep brain stimulator can significantly improve the quality of life for Parkinsonian patients by effectively suppressing the disease-related tremors.
{"title":"Real-Time Model-Free Adaptive Dual Control in Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation: A Path to Individualized Parkinson’s Treatment","authors":"Shahrzad Hedayati;Hasan Abbasi Nozari;Seyed Jalil Sadati Rostami;Sajad Shafiee;Seyyed Ali Zendehbad","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3646689","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3646689","url":null,"abstract":"Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an advanced clinical treatment for suppressing tremors in Parkinsonian patients. However, traditional open-loop DBS systems remain unable to adapt to patient-specific neural dynamics, often leading to suboptimal results. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel closed-loop DBS scheme based on a data-driven model-free adaptive control (MFAC) strategy, designed to effectively suppress pathological tremors hindering overstimulation and providing less power consumption. Using the basal ganglia (BG) system dynamics which is assumed to be completely unknown, the proposed method overcomes the incomplete regional contraction mapping or inaccurate neural dynamics representations, making it a viable option for patient-specific adaptation. The online control strategy continuously adjusts based on real-time data, using an unknown BG model that is merely employed to generate input-output data for simultaneous regulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus internus (GPi) regions. Three linearization techniques (compact-form, partial-form, and full-form dynamic linearization) are utilized to enhance performance and suppress pathological tremor and bring much flexibility to controller design. Performance metrics, including Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE), and Integral Time Squared Error (ITSE), demonstrate a detailed comparison to check the tracking accuracy and tremor suppression based on the error signal. The controller’s robustness against inter- and intra-patient variations is evaluated through Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations, providing a reliable in-vitro alternative to real-world clinical trials. In addition, a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) setup has been devised using an Arduino microcontroller to validate the proposed individualized closed-loop DBS performance in a more realistic environment, validating the adaptation, and accounting for noise and time delay in real-world clinical situations. The findings indicate that the proposed novel adaptive deep brain stimulator can significantly improve the quality of life for Parkinsonian patients by effectively suppressing the disease-related tremors.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"34 ","pages":"372-381"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11311137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145809564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electromagnetic stimulation is pivotal in diagnosing and treating neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, achieving effective stimulation hinges significantly on the precision of the stimulation focus. Presently, the focal area of electromagnetic stimulation remains at the centimeter scale, which poses substantial challenges when targeting fine brain regions. To address this limitation, this study introduces a novel method that leverages liquid metal to enhance the focusing ability of electromagnetic stimulation. By utilizing liquid metal to concentrate the induced electric field generated by electromagnetic excitation, we can achieve highly focused stimulation. This innovative approach has been preliminarily validated through both finite element simulations and experimental studies, demonstrating the liquid metal’s capacity to significantly enhance the focusing of the induced electric field. The results indicate that liquid metal can reduce the focal size of electromagnetic stimulation to the millimeter scale, with peak induced field strength achieving up to approximately 300% enhancement, realizing a millimeter-scale focal area. Furthermore, it was explored that controlling the spatial distribution of liquid metal could achieve even higher electric field intensity. A measurement platform was constructed to validate the simulation results in gel models, with additional verification conducted through simulations in a realistic human head model based on MRI data. In summary, the liquid metal–based focusing stimulation method proposed in this study represents a significant advancement in improving the precision of electromagnetic stimulation. This innovation holds great promise for advancing the field of precise electromagnetic stimulation, offering a powerful new tool for both research and clinical applications.
{"title":"Research on Focusing Effect of Electromagnetic Stimulation Based on Liquid Metal","authors":"Yuheng Wang;Junjie Lin;Yi Wu;Ren Ma;Jingna Jin;Tao Yin;Zhipeng Liu;Shunqi Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3646866","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3646866","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic stimulation is pivotal in diagnosing and treating neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, achieving effective stimulation hinges significantly on the precision of the stimulation focus. Presently, the focal area of electromagnetic stimulation remains at the centimeter scale, which poses substantial challenges when targeting fine brain regions. To address this limitation, this study introduces a novel method that leverages liquid metal to enhance the focusing ability of electromagnetic stimulation. By utilizing liquid metal to concentrate the induced electric field generated by electromagnetic excitation, we can achieve highly focused stimulation. This innovative approach has been preliminarily validated through both finite element simulations and experimental studies, demonstrating the liquid metal’s capacity to significantly enhance the focusing of the induced electric field. The results indicate that liquid metal can reduce the focal size of electromagnetic stimulation to the millimeter scale, with peak induced field strength achieving up to approximately 300% enhancement, realizing a millimeter-scale focal area. Furthermore, it was explored that controlling the spatial distribution of liquid metal could achieve even higher electric field intensity. A measurement platform was constructed to validate the simulation results in gel models, with additional verification conducted through simulations in a realistic human head model based on MRI data. In summary, the liquid metal–based focusing stimulation method proposed in this study represents a significant advancement in improving the precision of electromagnetic stimulation. This innovation holds great promise for advancing the field of precise electromagnetic stimulation, offering a powerful new tool for both research and clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"34 ","pages":"426-434"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11311120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145809747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3647266
Kimia Khoshnami;Edoardo Battaglia;Mark Bromberg;Haohan Zhang
Neck muscle weakness causes the inability to raise and move the head, leading to fatigue, neck pain, and a “head-on-chest” posture (dropped head syndrome) in severe cases, which significantly affects quality of life. Static neck collars are the current standard of care. However, these collars are passive, which cannot restore the head-neck movement necessary for daily tasks. Emerging robotic devices like powered neck exoskeletons were developed to enable head-neck movements. Previous laboratory tests showed improved patients’ ability to follow prescribed trajectories; however, the ability to assist with daily tasks of such a robotic device remains unknown. In this paper, the functional range of motion allowed by a state-of-the-art powered neck exoskeleton was compared to a clinic-standard static neck collar in healthy adults performing simulated daily tasks wearing these devices. Results showed a greater head range of motion and consequently less compensatory torso movements while wearing the neck exoskeleton in its transparent mode. Participants rated the neck exoskeleton more favorably than the static collar in terms of comfort and ability to perform the tasks. Results also revealed the range of motion limits of the current neck exoskeleton for these daily tasks. These results provided justifications for using neck exoskeletons to restore daily functions and offered critical insights into future refinement of this technology to enable head range of motion for critical daily activities.
{"title":"Evaluating Range of Motion of Two Prominent Neck Support Devices for Daily Activities","authors":"Kimia Khoshnami;Edoardo Battaglia;Mark Bromberg;Haohan Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3647266","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3647266","url":null,"abstract":"Neck muscle weakness causes the inability to raise and move the head, leading to fatigue, neck pain, and a “head-on-chest” posture (dropped head syndrome) in severe cases, which significantly affects quality of life. Static neck collars are the current standard of care. However, these collars are passive, which cannot restore the head-neck movement necessary for daily tasks. Emerging robotic devices like powered neck exoskeletons were developed to enable head-neck movements. Previous laboratory tests showed improved patients’ ability to follow prescribed trajectories; however, the ability to assist with daily tasks of such a robotic device remains unknown. In this paper, the functional range of motion allowed by a state-of-the-art powered neck exoskeleton was compared to a clinic-standard static neck collar in healthy adults performing simulated daily tasks wearing these devices. Results showed a greater head range of motion and consequently less compensatory torso movements while wearing the neck exoskeleton in its transparent mode. Participants rated the neck exoskeleton more favorably than the static collar in terms of comfort and ability to perform the tasks. Results also revealed the range of motion limits of the current neck exoskeleton for these daily tasks. These results provided justifications for using neck exoskeletons to restore daily functions and offered critical insights into future refinement of this technology to enable head range of motion for critical daily activities.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"34 ","pages":"345-354"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11311498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145809468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3644207
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3644207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3644207","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"33 ","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11306210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3646472
Laura A. Miller;Kristi L. Turner;Kevin Brenner;Levi J. Hargrove
This study investigates functional performance using a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) prosthetic wrist compared to a single-degree-of-freedom (1DOF) wrist in individuals with transradial (below-elbow) amputation. Five participants were fitted with a custom-designed 2DOF prosthetic wrist system integrated with an Ottobock Transcarpal hand and operated via a pattern recognition-based myoelectric control interface. Participants completed two test conditions: one using wrist rotation alone (1DOF, NoWF), and another using wrist rotation combined with wrist flexion and extension (2DOF, WF). A battery of standardized functional assessments was used to evaluate performance in both conditions, including the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP), Box and Blocks Test (BBT), Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT), Activity Measure for Upper Limb Amputees (AM-ULA), Clothespin Relocation Task (CRT), and the Assessment of Capacity for Myoelectric Control (ACMC). Across all outcome measures, no statistically significant differences were found between the 1DOF and 2DOF conditions. While the lack of measurable improvement may reflect the influence of factors inherent to the 2DOF design, such as its greater length, added mass compared to 1DOF wrists, or increased control complexity, the results nonetheless indicate that the addition of a second wrist degree of freedom did not compromise functional performance. These findings suggest that more complex multi-DOF systems can be implemented without detriment to user function, an encouraging result for the continued development of advanced upper-limb prosthetic technologies.
{"title":"Assessing Functional Changes With the Integration of Wrist Flexion Into a Myoelectric Prosthesis","authors":"Laura A. Miller;Kristi L. Turner;Kevin Brenner;Levi J. Hargrove","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3646472","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3646472","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates functional performance using a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) prosthetic wrist compared to a single-degree-of-freedom (1DOF) wrist in individuals with transradial (below-elbow) amputation. Five participants were fitted with a custom-designed 2DOF prosthetic wrist system integrated with an Ottobock Transcarpal hand and operated via a pattern recognition-based myoelectric control interface. Participants completed two test conditions: one using wrist rotation alone (1DOF, NoWF), and another using wrist rotation combined with wrist flexion and extension (2DOF, WF). A battery of standardized functional assessments was used to evaluate performance in both conditions, including the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP), Box and Blocks Test (BBT), Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT), Activity Measure for Upper Limb Amputees (AM-ULA), Clothespin Relocation Task (CRT), and the Assessment of Capacity for Myoelectric Control (ACMC). Across all outcome measures, no statistically significant differences were found between the 1DOF and 2DOF conditions. While the lack of measurable improvement may reflect the influence of factors inherent to the 2DOF design, such as its greater length, added mass compared to 1DOF wrists, or increased control complexity, the results nonetheless indicate that the addition of a second wrist degree of freedom did not compromise functional performance. These findings suggest that more complex multi-DOF systems can be implemented without detriment to user function, an encouraging result for the continued development of advanced upper-limb prosthetic technologies.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"34 ","pages":"366-371"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11305176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145793843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3646061
Laura De Arco;Ksawery Gusakowski;Carlos A. Cifuentes;Marcela Munera;Marcelo Segatto;Camilo A. R. Díaz
Prosthesis users often experience muscle fatigue and reduced control due to the weight of the device, contributing to high abandonment rates. This study investigates the effects of integrating a soft exoskeleton with a myoelectric prosthesis on upper-limb muscle fatigue and user experience. Nine non-disabled participants performed four functional tasks: drinking from a cup, using a Fork, lifting a box, and reaching overhead, using the prosthesis alone and in combination with the exoskeleton. Muscle activity was recorded via surface electromyography, and perceived exertion was measured using the Borg scale. Kinematics and workload were also assessed through motion capture and the NASA-TLX questionnaire. Usability was evaluated using the System Usability Scale (SUS). Results showed that exoskeleton assistance significantly reduced muscle activation, particularly in the Deltoid, Biceps, and Triceps Lateral Head during the Lift task, with RMS reductions up to 64 % and large effect sizes. Perceived exertion slopes decreased across all tasks, with some instances showing stabilization or reduction during activity. Kinematic analysis indicated minimal impact on shoulder range of motion, with slight adjustments in internal/external rotation remaining within physiological norms. NASA-TLX scores suggested reduced physical demand and effort, and SUS responses indicated moderate usability with room for improvement. These findings demonstrate that soft exoskeletons can effectively unload muscles and reduce fatigue during prosthesis use, highlighting their potential to enhance endurance, task performance, and user comfort. Future work should extend assistance to additional joints and evaluate the system with upper-limb amputees in real-world scenarios.
{"title":"Mitigating Muscle Fatigue in Upper-Limb Prosthesis Users Through Exoskeletal Weight Compensation","authors":"Laura De Arco;Ksawery Gusakowski;Carlos A. Cifuentes;Marcela Munera;Marcelo Segatto;Camilo A. R. Díaz","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3646061","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3646061","url":null,"abstract":"Prosthesis users often experience muscle fatigue and reduced control due to the weight of the device, contributing to high abandonment rates. This study investigates the effects of integrating a soft exoskeleton with a myoelectric prosthesis on upper-limb muscle fatigue and user experience. Nine non-disabled participants performed four functional tasks: drinking from a cup, using a Fork, lifting a box, and reaching overhead, using the prosthesis alone and in combination with the exoskeleton. Muscle activity was recorded via surface electromyography, and perceived exertion was measured using the Borg scale. Kinematics and workload were also assessed through motion capture and the NASA-TLX questionnaire. Usability was evaluated using the System Usability Scale (SUS). Results showed that exoskeleton assistance significantly reduced muscle activation, particularly in the Deltoid, Biceps, and Triceps Lateral Head during the Lift task, with RMS reductions up to 64 % and large effect sizes. Perceived exertion slopes decreased across all tasks, with some instances showing stabilization or reduction during activity. Kinematic analysis indicated minimal impact on shoulder range of motion, with slight adjustments in internal/external rotation remaining within physiological norms. NASA-TLX scores suggested reduced physical demand and effort, and SUS responses indicated moderate usability with room for improvement. These findings demonstrate that soft exoskeletons can effectively unload muscles and reduce fatigue during prosthesis use, highlighting their potential to enhance endurance, task performance, and user comfort. Future work should extend assistance to additional joints and evaluate the system with upper-limb amputees in real-world scenarios.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"34 ","pages":"334-344"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11303919","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145781172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite advancements in bionic technology, disrupted afferent and efferent pathways in individuals with limb loss may hinder prosthetic embodiment. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a promising tool for investigating and modulating sensorimotor processes, though its application in neurorehabilitation for individuals with limb differences remains limited. This pilot study explores whether TMS over parietal regions associated with the grasping-function and motor planning can enhance the sense of embodiment and influence motor behaviour. In this feasibility protocol, six healthy participants and two prosthesis users underwent a virtual reality TMS-training protocol. Its effects were assessed through pre- and post-training evaluations using standard self-reported embodiment surveys, functional performance metrics, and a Locus of Attention Index. Participants completed two assessments without TMS, before and after a training session with TMS. Additionally, one final assessment with TMS was conducted, designed to evaluate its direct impact on performance metrics. Results in healthy participants indicate that while TMS did not significantly alter the perceived embodiment, it affected the visual attention allocation. Additionally, trajectory velocity differed between no-TMS and TMS assessments. Finally, the online system evaluation on two prosthesis users highlights the feasibility of applying parietal TMS in training for prosthetic embodiment research, warranting further investigation with larger and more comprehensive samples to better establish the role of TMS in sensorimotor rehabilitation with amputees.
{"title":"Exploring the Role of Parietal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Embodiment-Related Processes During Virtual Prosthesis Control","authors":"Patricia Capsi-Morales;Axel Schröder;Johanna Happold;Melissa Zavaglia;Ghaith Altawalbeh;Chiara Negwer;Sebastian Ille;Sandro Krieg;Sami Haddadin;Kristen Kozielski;Bernhard Meyer;Arthur Wagner;Cristina Piazza","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3646109","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3646109","url":null,"abstract":"Despite advancements in bionic technology, disrupted afferent and efferent pathways in individuals with limb loss may hinder prosthetic embodiment. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a promising tool for investigating and modulating sensorimotor processes, though its application in neurorehabilitation for individuals with limb differences remains limited. This pilot study explores whether TMS over parietal regions associated with the grasping-function and motor planning can enhance the sense of embodiment and influence motor behaviour. In this feasibility protocol, six healthy participants and two prosthesis users underwent a virtual reality TMS-training protocol. Its effects were assessed through pre- and post-training evaluations using standard self-reported embodiment surveys, functional performance metrics, and a Locus of Attention Index. Participants completed two assessments without TMS, before and after a training session with TMS. Additionally, one final assessment with TMS was conducted, designed to evaluate its direct impact on performance metrics. Results in healthy participants indicate that while TMS did not significantly alter the perceived embodiment, it affected the visual attention allocation. Additionally, trajectory velocity differed between no-TMS and TMS assessments. Finally, the online system evaluation on two prosthesis users highlights the feasibility of applying parietal TMS in training for prosthetic embodiment research, warranting further investigation with larger and more comprehensive samples to better establish the role of TMS in sensorimotor rehabilitation with amputees.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"34 ","pages":"313-322"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11303917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145781229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At-home rehabilitation for post-stroke patients presents significant challenges, as continuous, personalized care is often limited outside clinical settings. Moreover, the lack of integrated solutions capable of simultaneously monitoring motor recovery and providing intelligent assistance in home environments hampers rehabilitation outcomes. Here, we present a multimodal smart home platform designed for continuous, at-home rehabilitation of post-stroke patients, integrating wearable sensing, ambient monitoring, and adaptive automation. A plantar pressure insole equipped with a machine learning pipeline classifies users into motor recovery stages with up to 94% accuracy, enabling quantitative tracking of walking patterns during daily activities. An optional head-mounted eye-tracking module, together with ambient sensors such as cameras and microphones, supports seamless hands-free control of household devices with an average latency under 1 s with consistent operation. These data streams are fused locally via a hierarchical Internet of Things (IoT) architecture, ensuring low latency and data privacy. An embedded large language model (LLM) agent, Auto-Care, continuously interprets multimodal data to provide real-time interventions—issuing personalized reminders, adjusting environmental conditions, and notifying caregivers. Implemented in a post-stroke context, this integrated smart home platform increased mean user satisfaction from $3.9~pm ~0.8$ in conventional home environments to $8.4~pm ~0.6$ with the full system (n = 20). Beyond stroke, the system offers a scalable, patient-centered framework with potential for long-term use in broader neurorehabilitation and aging-in-place applications.
{"title":"An AI-Driven Multimodal Smart Home Platform for Continuous Monitoring and Assistance in Post-Stroke Motor Impairment","authors":"Chenyu Tang;Ruizhi Zhang;Shuo Gao;Zihe Zhao;Zibo Zhang;Jiaqi Wang;Cong Li;Junliang Chen;Yanning Dai;Shengbo Wang;Ruoyu Juan;Qiaoying Li;Ruimou Xie;Xuhang Chen;Xinkai Zhou;Yunjia Xia;Jianan Chen;Fanghao Lu;Xin Li;Ningli Wang;Peter Smielewski;Yu Pan;Hubin Zhao;Luigi G. Occhipinti","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3645093","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3645093","url":null,"abstract":"At-home rehabilitation for post-stroke patients presents significant challenges, as continuous, personalized care is often limited outside clinical settings. Moreover, the lack of integrated solutions capable of simultaneously monitoring motor recovery and providing intelligent assistance in home environments hampers rehabilitation outcomes. Here, we present a multimodal smart home platform designed for continuous, at-home rehabilitation of post-stroke patients, integrating wearable sensing, ambient monitoring, and adaptive automation. A plantar pressure insole equipped with a machine learning pipeline classifies users into motor recovery stages with up to 94% accuracy, enabling quantitative tracking of walking patterns during daily activities. An optional head-mounted eye-tracking module, together with ambient sensors such as cameras and microphones, supports seamless hands-free control of household devices with an average latency under 1 s with consistent operation. These data streams are fused locally via a hierarchical Internet of Things (IoT) architecture, ensuring low latency and data privacy. An embedded large language model (LLM) agent, Auto-Care, continuously interprets multimodal data to provide real-time interventions—issuing personalized reminders, adjusting environmental conditions, and notifying caregivers. Implemented in a post-stroke context, this integrated smart home platform increased mean user satisfaction from <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.9~pm ~0.8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in conventional home environments to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$8.4~pm ~0.6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with the full system (n = 20). Beyond stroke, the system offers a scalable, patient-centered framework with potential for long-term use in broader neurorehabilitation and aging-in-place applications.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"34 ","pages":"300-312"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11301872","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145774378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3644746
Amir Roshani Talesh;Qi Kang;Eric J. Lang;Mesut Sahin
Transcranial AC stimulation (tACS) of the cerebellum can entrain spiking activity in the Purkinje cells (PCs) of the cerebellar cortex and, through their projections, the cells in the cerebellar nuclei (CN). In this paper, we investigated if the cells in the motor thalamus (Mthal) can also be modulated (i.e. spikes entrained) via the CN-Mthal projections in rodents. A total of 82 thalamic cells were found, presumably in the Mthal by their stereotaxic coordinates, that were modulated by tACS of the cerebellum. Out of the 346 cells isolated, the thalamic cells with shorter action potentials and regular firing patterns had a higher probability of modulation by cerebellar stimulation than the cells with wider action potentials. The modulation level had a tuning curve with a maximum around 100-200 Hz. Spike histograms over the stimulation cycle transitioned between unimodal and bimodal distributions depending on the frequency. Most cells had a unimodal distribution at low frequencies, a bimodal distribution for frequencies between 80-125 Hz, and then a unimodal one for frequencies above 150 Hz. In addition, tACS of the motor cortex (MC) was also tested in a subset of thalamic cells. Unlike cerebellar stimulation, modulation levels peaked at two distinct frequencies, presumably due to entrainment through multiple MC-Mthal pathways with different preferred frequencies. The results demonstrate the feasibility of modulating a deep brain structure such as the thalamus through multi-synaptic pathways by stimulation of the cerebellar cortex (and the motor cortex) using a non-invasive neuromodulation method.
{"title":"tACS of the Cerebellum and the Motor Cortex Entrains the Spiking Activity of the Cells in Motor Thalamus in a Frequency Dependent Manner","authors":"Amir Roshani Talesh;Qi Kang;Eric J. Lang;Mesut Sahin","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3644746","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3644746","url":null,"abstract":"Transcranial AC stimulation (tACS) of the cerebellum can entrain spiking activity in the Purkinje cells (PCs) of the cerebellar cortex and, through their projections, the cells in the cerebellar nuclei (CN). In this paper, we investigated if the cells in the motor thalamus (Mthal) can also be modulated (i.e. spikes entrained) via the CN-Mthal projections in rodents. A total of 82 thalamic cells were found, presumably in the Mthal by their stereotaxic coordinates, that were modulated by tACS of the cerebellum. Out of the 346 cells isolated, the thalamic cells with shorter action potentials and regular firing patterns had a higher probability of modulation by cerebellar stimulation than the cells with wider action potentials. The modulation level had a tuning curve with a maximum around 100-200 Hz. Spike histograms over the stimulation cycle transitioned between unimodal and bimodal distributions depending on the frequency. Most cells had a unimodal distribution at low frequencies, a bimodal distribution for frequencies between 80-125 Hz, and then a unimodal one for frequencies above 150 Hz. In addition, tACS of the motor cortex (MC) was also tested in a subset of thalamic cells. Unlike cerebellar stimulation, modulation levels peaked at two distinct frequencies, presumably due to entrainment through multiple MC-Mthal pathways with different preferred frequencies. The results demonstrate the feasibility of modulating a deep brain structure such as the thalamus through multi-synaptic pathways by stimulation of the cerebellar cortex (and the motor cortex) using a non-invasive neuromodulation method.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"34 ","pages":"323-333"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11301855","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145774536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the rapid growth of the elderly population, fall accidents have received increasing attention due to their serious health hazards. Pre-impact fall detection (PIFD) based on wearable sensors emerges as a promising approach for proactive fall prevention in healthcare monitoring. In this research, based on Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), we construct and publicly provide a large-scale motion dataset named FallTL, which includes falls and activities of daily living (ADLs) collected from multiple body segments. Furthermore, we develop STA-Net, a novel Spatial-Temporal Attention Network to perform PIFD based on IMU data from a single body segment. STA-Net incorporates a dual-branch architecture: a temporal attention branch that models temporal signal dependencies and a spatial attention branch that captures cross-modality feature interactions, enabling robust representation learning from sensor data. We evaluate STA-Net across three datasets and it achieves advantageous performance and comparable lead time under cross-subject validation, outperforming state-of-the-art baselines. In addition, our analysis further investigates the influence of sensor placement and data modality on detection performance. These results indicate that accurate and robust PIFD is feasible with minimally obtrusive, single-location sensor setups, offering practical implications for wearable fall monitoring systems.
{"title":"Fall Monitoring With Single IMU: A Large-Scale Dataset and a Novel Dual-Branch Network","authors":"Yize Cai;Junxin Chen;Qiang He;Jun Mou;David Camacho","doi":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3645365","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3645365","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid growth of the elderly population, fall accidents have received increasing attention due to their serious health hazards. Pre-impact fall detection (PIFD) based on wearable sensors emerges as a promising approach for proactive fall prevention in healthcare monitoring. In this research, based on Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), we construct and publicly provide a large-scale motion dataset named FallTL, which includes falls and activities of daily living (ADLs) collected from multiple body segments. Furthermore, we develop STA-Net, a novel Spatial-Temporal Attention Network to perform PIFD based on IMU data from a single body segment. STA-Net incorporates a dual-branch architecture: a temporal attention branch that models temporal signal dependencies and a spatial attention branch that captures cross-modality feature interactions, enabling robust representation learning from sensor data. We evaluate STA-Net across three datasets and it achieves advantageous performance and comparable lead time under cross-subject validation, outperforming state-of-the-art baselines. In addition, our analysis further investigates the influence of sensor placement and data modality on detection performance. These results indicate that accurate and robust PIFD is feasible with minimally obtrusive, single-location sensor setups, offering practical implications for wearable fall monitoring systems.","PeriodicalId":13419,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering","volume":"34 ","pages":"287-299"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11303325","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145774420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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