Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-02-12DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122870
Bing Ma , Wenyue Song , Hongye Zhang , Yu Peng , Shengna Sun , Wanfeng Liu , Chan Qiao , Zhengwen Liu , Dong Wang , Lirui Cheng , Xiaoxu Li , Yiwen Sun , Junping Gao , Aiguo Yang , Liuying Wen
4-coumarate:CoA ligases (4CLs) are key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway, which plays a central role in plant adaptation to diverse environmental stresses. Despite being a model Solanaceae species, tobacco’s 4CL gene family composition and functions remain largely unknown. Here, we identified 24 Nt4CL family genes in Nicotiana tabacum and comprehensively analyzed their phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene structures, and promoter cis-acting elements. The Nt4CL family clustered into three clades, all containing conserved ANL domains and catalytic motifs. Promoter analyses revealed abundant elements associated with light, hormone, and stress responses. Expression profiling under abiotic stresses revealed that different Nt4CL members participate in distinct stress responses, among which Nt4CL9 was strongly induced by cold stress. Nt4CL9 localized to the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Nt4CL9 (Nt4cl9) increased flavonoid accumulation, particularly rutin. Nt4cl9 markedly enhanced cold tolerance, as evidenced by reduced malondialdehyde accumulation, elevated antioxidant enzyme activities, and up-regulation of cold-responsive genes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Nt4CL9 not only modulates flavonoid metabolism but also functions as a negative regulator of cold tolerance in tobacco. This observation not only provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying phenylpropanoid-mediated stress adaptation but also identifies Nt4CL9 as a potential genetic target for enhancing cold resilience in tobacco and other Solanaceae family crops.
{"title":"Characterization of the Nt4CL gene family in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and reveals Nt4CL9 response to cold stress","authors":"Bing Ma , Wenyue Song , Hongye Zhang , Yu Peng , Shengna Sun , Wanfeng Liu , Chan Qiao , Zhengwen Liu , Dong Wang , Lirui Cheng , Xiaoxu Li , Yiwen Sun , Junping Gao , Aiguo Yang , Liuying Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>4-coumarate:CoA ligases (4CLs) are key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway, which plays a central role in plant adaptation to diverse environmental stresses. Despite being a model <em>Solanaceae</em> species, tobacco’s 4CL gene family composition and functions remain largely unknown. Here, we identified 24 Nt4CL family genes in <em>Nicotiana tabacum</em> and comprehensively analyzed their phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene structures, and promoter <em>cis</em>-acting elements. The <em>Nt4CL</em> family clustered into three clades, all containing conserved ANL domains and catalytic motifs. Promoter analyses revealed abundant elements associated with light, hormone, and stress responses. Expression profiling under abiotic stresses revealed that different Nt4CL members participate in distinct stress responses, among which <em>Nt4CL9</em> was strongly induced by cold stress. Nt4CL9 localized to the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of <em>Nt4CL9</em> (<em>Nt4cl9</em>) increased flavonoid accumulation, particularly rutin. <em>Nt4cl9</em> markedly enhanced cold tolerance, as evidenced by reduced malondialdehyde accumulation, elevated antioxidant enzyme activities, and up-regulation of cold-responsive genes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Nt4CL9 not only modulates flavonoid metabolism but also functions as a negative regulator of cold tolerance in tobacco. This observation not only provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying phenylpropanoid-mediated stress adaptation but also identifies Nt4CL9 as a potential genetic target for enhancing cold resilience in tobacco and other <em>Solanaceae</em> family crops.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 122870"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122861
Zhengzhong Luo , Kang Yong , Kang Zhang , Yixin Huang , Zheng Zhou , Xueping Yao , Liuhong Shen , Shumin Yu , Jianxi Li , Suizhong Cao
Gut microbiota is a symbiotic ecosystem, yet how polysaccharides regulate gut microbial interactions and the related host co-metabolism in dairy cows, particularly regarding bile acids, remain unclear. In postpartum cows, Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) supplementation reduced key biomarkers of metabolic stress, including β-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides, interferon-γ, and TNF-α. Although fecal microbial diversity did not show significant changes, APS markedly altered interactions within the gut microbiota, improving cohesion and stability of co-occurrence network, such as a higher clustering coefficient, greater core modularization, and enhanced robustness, with reduced average path length and vulnerability. APS elevated bile acids such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid, independent of changes in related taxa abundance. Moreover, microbial functional gene networks exhibited strong correlations with bile acid metabolism after APS treatment. These findings demonstrate that APS enhances microbial network stability and bile acid–related host co-metabolism, alleviating postpartum metabolic stress in dairy cows.
{"title":"Astragalus polysaccharides modulate gut microbial interaction and bile acid metabolism of postpartum dairy cows","authors":"Zhengzhong Luo , Kang Yong , Kang Zhang , Yixin Huang , Zheng Zhou , Xueping Yao , Liuhong Shen , Shumin Yu , Jianxi Li , Suizhong Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gut microbiota is a symbiotic ecosystem, yet how polysaccharides regulate gut microbial interactions and the related host co-metabolism in dairy cows, particularly regarding bile acids, remain unclear. In postpartum cows, <em>Astragalus</em> polysaccharides (APS) supplementation reduced key biomarkers of metabolic stress, including β-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides, interferon-γ, and TNF-α. Although fecal microbial diversity did not show significant changes, APS markedly altered interactions within the gut microbiota, improving cohesion and stability of co-occurrence network, such as a higher clustering coefficient, greater core modularization, and enhanced robustness, with reduced average path length and vulnerability. APS elevated bile acids such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid, independent of changes in related taxa abundance. Moreover, microbial functional gene networks exhibited strong correlations with bile acid metabolism after APS treatment. These findings demonstrate that APS enhances microbial network stability and bile acid–related host co-metabolism, alleviating postpartum metabolic stress in dairy cows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 122861"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122877
Hao-cheng Lou , Jia-shun Yang , Hong Zhang , Chao Li , Xiao-jun Pan , Jia-ning Pan , Shi-zan Cao , Li-shang Dai , Zhi-gang Wu
Uncaria rhynchophylla (Gou-teng, UR) produces numerous structurally diverse tetracyclic monoterpene oxindole-type alkaloids (tMOAs) with notable pharmacological activities. Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) play crucial roles in generating the structural diversity of specialized metabolites. However, the CYP superfamily and its biochemical function in tMOAs biosynthesis in UR remains poorly characterized, largely due to the complexity of P450 genes. In this study, a total of 460 UrCYP genes were identified in the UR genome and clustered into nine clans and 43 families by a comprehensive genome-wide analysis. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, conserved motifs, and duplication events driving the expansion of these UrCYPs were revealed, respectively. Using gene coexpression analysis and yeast functional assays, two tandemly duplicated CYP71 members were discovered to catalyze the regio-specific C-2’ oxindole and rearrangement of tetracyclic corynanthe-type intermediates (hirsutine, hirsuteine) to form tMOAs, including rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, corynoxeine, and isocorynoxeine. Meanwhile, overexpression and RNA interference of UrCYP71A22.4 and UrCYP71A22.5 substantially increased and decreased the accumulation of these oxindole alkaloids in hairy roots, respectively. Subcellular localization revealed that UrCYP71A22.4/5-eGFP fusion proteins localize to endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Docking analysis identified four conserved candidate residues (S134/130, D319/318, R447/459, P450/462) surrounding UrCYP71A22.4/5 binding pockets that likely serve as key active sites for 2-oxindole structure formation. Together, this study not only provides critical insights into the previously unknown biosynthesis of tMOAs in UR but also offers a potential strategy for the sustainable production of these pharmaceutically valuable alkaloids.
{"title":"Genome-wide analysis of cytochrome P450 genes discovers two oxidases responsible for the biosynthesis of oxindole alkaloids in Uncaria rhynchophylla","authors":"Hao-cheng Lou , Jia-shun Yang , Hong Zhang , Chao Li , Xiao-jun Pan , Jia-ning Pan , Shi-zan Cao , Li-shang Dai , Zhi-gang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122877","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122877","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Uncaria rhynchophylla</em> (Gou-teng, UR) produces numerous structurally diverse tetracyclic monoterpene oxindole-type alkaloids (tMOAs) with notable pharmacological activities. Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) play crucial roles in generating the structural diversity of specialized metabolites. However, the CYP superfamily and its biochemical function in tMOAs biosynthesis in UR remains poorly characterized, largely due to the complexity of P450 genes. In this study, a total of 460 <em>UrCYP</em> genes were identified in the UR genome and clustered into nine clans and 43 families by a comprehensive genome-wide analysis. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, conserved motifs, and duplication events driving the expansion of these <em>UrCYPs</em> were revealed, respectively. Using gene coexpression analysis and yeast functional assays, two tandemly duplicated CYP71 members were discovered to catalyze the regio-specific C-2’ oxindole and rearrangement of tetracyclic corynanthe-type intermediates (hirsutine, hirsuteine) to form tMOAs, including rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, corynoxeine, and isocorynoxeine. Meanwhile, overexpression and RNA interference of <em>UrCYP71A22.4</em> and <em>UrCYP71A22.5</em> substantially increased and decreased the accumulation of these oxindole alkaloids in hairy roots, respectively. Subcellular localization revealed that UrCYP71A22.4/5-eGFP fusion proteins localize to endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Docking analysis identified four conserved candidate residues (S134/130, D319/318, R447/459, P450/462) surrounding UrCYP71A22.4/5 binding pockets that likely serve as key active sites for 2-oxindole structure formation. Together, this study not only provides critical insights into the previously unknown biosynthesis of tMOAs in UR but also offers a potential strategy for the sustainable production of these pharmaceutically valuable alkaloids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 122877"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-02-14DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122881
Guoqing Feng , Ying Gu , Han Zhang , Yanan Zhou , Cheng Wang , Bin Luo , Liping Chen
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been gained extensive application in the field of flour adulteration detection due to its rapid and non-destructive analytical capabilities. Nevertheless, conventional methodologies merely offer simplistic simulations of adulteration scenarios, thereby failing to accurately represent the intricate conditions of multi-type and multi-source adulterants in actual production and circulation. To overcome this limitation, the present study constructed a multi-source composite adulteration data system: based on a handheld NIR spectrometer, multiple types and brands of wheat flour and common adulterants (cassava flour, gypsum powder, talcum powder) were systematically collected, and samples were selected for modeling and heterologous testing according to the weighted similarity (WS) criterion, preserving spectral diversity while controlling experimental costs. In conjunction with the proposed lightweight multi-task deep learning (DL) model Adulterated Flour Unmixing Net Multitask (AFUNet-MT), end-to-end joint analysis of adulteration types and component abundances was achieved. Compared with traditional machine learning (ML) methods and State-of-the-art (SOTA) DL models, AFUNet-MT exhibited superior comprehensive performance in 5-fold cross-validation: the classification accuracy reached 0.9816 ± 0.0036, and the overall R² value of component abundance prediction reached 0.9564 ± 0.0059. In heterologous testing composed of edge brands, AFUNet-MT still maintained a classification accuracy of 0.9560 ± 0.0021 and an abundance estimation R² value of 0.8992 ± 0.0050, with a residual predictive deviation (RPD) value of up to 5.7695, fully demonstrating its generalization ability and stability under cross-brand and cross-category adulteration. Regarding computational performance analysis, the proposed model exhibited low memory and high sample throughput per unit time, thereby furnishing practical technical support for embedded deployment with handheld NIR devices and rapid screening in agricultural field applications.
{"title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy unmixing for abundance estimation of multi-source composite adulterated wheat flour","authors":"Guoqing Feng , Ying Gu , Han Zhang , Yanan Zhou , Cheng Wang , Bin Luo , Liping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been gained extensive application in the field of flour adulteration detection due to its rapid and non-destructive analytical capabilities. Nevertheless, conventional methodologies merely offer simplistic simulations of adulteration scenarios, thereby failing to accurately represent the intricate conditions of multi-type and multi-source adulterants in actual production and circulation. To overcome this limitation, the present study constructed a multi-source composite adulteration data system: based on a handheld NIR spectrometer, multiple types and brands of wheat flour and common adulterants (cassava flour, gypsum powder, talcum powder) were systematically collected, and samples were selected for modeling and heterologous testing according to the weighted similarity (WS) criterion, preserving spectral diversity while controlling experimental costs. In conjunction with the proposed lightweight multi-task deep learning (DL) model Adulterated Flour Unmixing Net Multitask (AFUNet-MT), end-to-end joint analysis of adulteration types and component abundances was achieved. Compared with traditional machine learning (ML) methods and State-of-the-art (SOTA) DL models, AFUNet-MT exhibited superior comprehensive performance in 5-fold cross-validation: the classification accuracy reached 0.9816 ± 0.0036, and the overall R² value of component abundance prediction reached 0.9564 ± 0.0059. In heterologous testing composed of edge brands, AFUNet-MT still maintained a classification accuracy of 0.9560 ± 0.0021 and an abundance estimation R² value of 0.8992 ± 0.0050, with a residual predictive deviation (RPD) value of up to 5.7695, fully demonstrating its generalization ability and stability under cross-brand and cross-category adulteration. Regarding computational performance analysis, the proposed model exhibited low memory and high sample throughput per unit time, thereby furnishing practical technical support for embedded deployment with handheld NIR devices and rapid screening in agricultural field applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 122881"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-02-14DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122912
Xiao-Xiang Li , Yong-Kang Wang , Jing-Jing Ye , Shu-Ling Dong , Kai-Rong Wang , Yue-Rong Liang , Long-Jie Zhang , Ming Li , Jian-Liang Lu , Jian-Hui Ye , Xin-Qiang Zheng
Leaf color trait in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) can significantly impact their quality and economic value. Purple tea plant, having unique leaf color, has valued for their anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are important stress-response metabolites in tea plant with a clearly synthesis pathway, but their transport mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here, 99 tea samples with varying degrees of purple coloration were used to systematically analyze the biochemical basis of leaf color variation. UPLC-MS/MS analysis identified the anthocyanin profile in tea plants, and OPLS-DA revealed that anthocyanins were the most influential pigments determining leaf color. Gene expression pattern analysis showed that the glutathione S-transferase gene (CsGST) expression was significant correlated with anthocyanin levels. Purple samples exhibited higher expression. Silencing this gene in purple leaves partially disrupted anthocyanin transport. Further investigation applying microscale thermophoresis (MST) and molecular docking elucidated that GST protein showed a binding preference for glycosylated anthocyanins and revealed that its transport function was achieved through direct binding to the glycosyl moiety of anthocyanins. This study clarified the potential role of GST in leaf color variation, offering a new insight into purple leaf coloration, and provided theoretical foundations for tea product development and resource utilization.
{"title":"Mechanism of GST-mediated anthocyanin transport in purple leaf color formation revealed by multicolored tea plant (Camellia sinensis)","authors":"Xiao-Xiang Li , Yong-Kang Wang , Jing-Jing Ye , Shu-Ling Dong , Kai-Rong Wang , Yue-Rong Liang , Long-Jie Zhang , Ming Li , Jian-Liang Lu , Jian-Hui Ye , Xin-Qiang Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leaf color trait in tea plant (<em>Camellia sinensis</em>) can significantly impact their quality and economic value. Purple tea plant, having unique leaf color, has valued for their anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are important stress-response metabolites in tea plant with a clearly synthesis pathway, but their transport mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here, 99 tea samples with varying degrees of purple coloration were used to systematically analyze the biochemical basis of leaf color variation. UPLC-MS/MS analysis identified the anthocyanin profile in tea plants, and OPLS-DA revealed that anthocyanins were the most influential pigments determining leaf color. Gene expression pattern analysis showed that the glutathione S-transferase gene (<em>CsGST</em>) expression was significant correlated with anthocyanin levels. Purple samples exhibited higher expression. Silencing this gene in purple leaves partially disrupted anthocyanin transport. Further investigation applying microscale thermophoresis (MST) and molecular docking elucidated that GST protein showed a binding preference for glycosylated anthocyanins and revealed that its transport function was achieved through direct binding to the glycosyl moiety of anthocyanins. This study clarified the potential role of GST in leaf color variation, offering a new insight into purple leaf coloration, and provided theoretical foundations for tea product development and resource utilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 122912"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-02-14DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122901
Tao Huang , Yawen Dai , Mingwei Zhu , Yuxiao Wang , Liyong Sun , Shuxian Li
Adventitious root (AR) formation is the primary bottleneck limiting the clonal propagation of Sapium sebiferum, a multi-purpose tree with high-value seed oil and medicinal metabolites. Here, we integrated morpho-anatomical profiling, endogenous carbohydrate dynamics and high-resolution transcriptomics to uncover the molecular framework underlying AR induction by the synthetic auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Four developmental checkpoints (0, 7, 14 and 21 d after cutting, DAC) were resolved, revealing that NAA triggered a “mixed” rooting pattern originating from both callus and vascular cambium. During the early induction phase, starch was rapidly hydrolyzed, leading to a > 2-fold increase in soluble sugars that fuelled primordium initiation; this metabolic switch persisted until 21 DAC. RNA-seq identified 6991 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across rooting stages, with the induction stage exhibiting the largest transcriptional reprogramming (3963 DEGs). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) pinpointed a turquoise module positively correlated with starch content and a blue module associated with soluble sugars, together harbouring 62 core genes of the starch/sucrose metabolism pathway. Among these, ten hub genes—including glgC, otsB, TPS, BMY and bglB—were proposed as key regulators linking auxin-driven signalling to carbohydrate reallocation. qRT-PCR validated the expression dynamics of nine hub genes (R² ≥ 0.83). We propose a stage-specific model in which NAA accelerates AR formation through transcriptional reprogramming of carbon partitioning, providing gene targets to overcome rooting recalcitrance in S. sebiferum and other hardwood species.
{"title":"Molecular mechanisms of adventitious root formation in Sapium sebiferum: Insights from endogenous carbohydrate content analysis and transcriptome sequencing","authors":"Tao Huang , Yawen Dai , Mingwei Zhu , Yuxiao Wang , Liyong Sun , Shuxian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adventitious root (AR) formation is the primary bottleneck limiting the clonal propagation of <em>Sapium sebiferum</em>, a multi-purpose tree with high-value seed oil and medicinal metabolites. Here, we integrated morpho-anatomical profiling, endogenous carbohydrate dynamics and high-resolution transcriptomics to uncover the molecular framework underlying AR induction by the synthetic auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Four developmental checkpoints (0, 7, 14 and 21 d after cutting, DAC) were resolved, revealing that NAA triggered a “mixed” rooting pattern originating from both callus and vascular cambium. During the early induction phase, starch was rapidly hydrolyzed, leading to a > 2-fold increase in soluble sugars that fuelled primordium initiation; this metabolic switch persisted until 21 DAC. RNA-seq identified 6991 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across rooting stages, with the induction stage exhibiting the largest transcriptional reprogramming (3963 DEGs). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) pinpointed a turquoise module positively correlated with starch content and a blue module associated with soluble sugars, together harbouring 62 core genes of the starch/sucrose metabolism pathway. Among these, ten hub genes—including <em>glgC</em>, <em>otsB</em>, <em>TPS</em>, <em>BMY</em> and <em>bglB</em>—were proposed as key regulators linking auxin-driven signalling to carbohydrate reallocation. qRT-PCR validated the expression dynamics of nine hub genes (R² ≥ 0.83). We propose a stage-specific model in which NAA accelerates AR formation through transcriptional reprogramming of carbon partitioning, providing gene targets to overcome rooting recalcitrance in <em>S. sebiferum</em> and other hardwood species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 122901"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122890
Lu Feng , Mengyan Ren , Simeng Guo , Minghua Xin , Xiao-Fei Li , Guoping Wang
Optimizing planting date and cultivar choice is essential for balancing lint yield, fiber quality, and production stability in wheat-cotton double-cropping systems. However, their combined effects on yield-quality trade-offs and temporal stability (defined as the temporal mean divided by the temporal standard deviation) remain insufficiently quantified. A five-year field experiment (2019–2023) was conducted in the Yellow River Valley to evaluate four planting dates (PD1-PD4; May 10-June 10) and two contrasting short-season cotton cultivars (high-quality JK707; high-lint yield LM2387) with respect to lint yield, fiber quality, temporal stability, and trait trade-offs. Lint yield was significantly affected by both planting date and cultivar, peaking under the earliest planting (1229 kg ha−1 at PD1) and declined by 34.4 % under the latest planting (PD4). Fiber quality was predominantly genotype-driven, with cultivar significantly affecting all traits and planting date influencing only micronaire. JK707 achieved substantially higher Q-scores than LM2387 (66.84 vs. 46.97). Temporal stability indices revealed contrasting cultivar strategies: LM2387 showed high lint yield temporal stability under early planting (TS_LY=6.30 in PD1) but sharp declines under later dates (TS_LY=2.29 in PD4), whereas JK707 maintained relatively consistent lint-yield temporal stability across planting dates (TS_LY = 2.11–3.16) and greater stability in fiber quality traits. Yield-quality trade-offs were stronger in LM2387 (index 0.713 vs. 0.208) and were weakened by delayed planting due to concurrent reductions in yield and quality. A TOPSIS multi-criteria evaluation integrating lint yield, Q-score, and their temporal stability identified JK707 sown in PD2 as the optimal combination (Cᵢ = 0.57), followed by LM2387 in PD1 (Cᵢ = 0.531), whereas PD4 consistently produced the poorest performance. Aligning planting time with cultivar traits thus enhances production robustness and reduces climate-related risk, offering practical guidance for sustainable and climate-resilient intensification of wheat–cotton double-cropping systems and potentially benefiting similar systems worldwide.
优化种植日期和品种选择对平衡小麦-棉花双季制皮棉产量、纤维品质和生产稳定性至关重要。然而，它们对产量质量权衡和时间稳定性（定义为时间平均值除以时间标准差）的综合影响仍然没有充分量化。本试验于2019-2023年在黄河流域进行了为期5年的田间试验，对4个种植日期（PD1-PD4； 5月10- 6月10日）和2个对比短季棉花品种（优质JK707和高产LM2387）的皮棉产量、纤维品质、时间稳定性和性状权衡进行了评价。播期和品种对皮棉产量均有显著影响，最早播期（PD1）产量达到峰值（1229 kg ha−1），最晚播期（PD4）产量下降34.4% %。纤维品质主要受基因型驱动，品种对所有性状均有显著影响，种植日期仅对马克隆有影响。JK707的q -score明显高于LM2387（66.84比46.97）。时间稳定性指标揭示了不同品种的策略差异：LM2387在播前表现出较高的皮棉产量时间稳定性（TS_LY=6.30, PD1），但在播后急剧下降（TS_LY=2.29, PD4），而JK707在播后保持相对一致的皮棉产量时间稳定性（TS_LY= 2.11-3.16），且纤维品质性状稳定性较好。LM2387的产量质量权衡更强（指数0.713 vs. 0.208），由于产量和质量同时下降而延迟种植而减弱。综合皮棉产量、Q-score及其时间稳定性的TOPSIS多指标评价结果表明，在PD2播种的JK707是最优组合（C′′= 0.57），其次是在PD1播种的LM2387 (C′′= 0.531)，而PD4始终表现最差。使种植时间与品种性状相一致，从而提高了生产稳健性，降低了气候相关风险，为小麦-棉花两熟系统的可持续和气候适应型强化提供了实用指导，并可能使世界各地的类似系统受益。
{"title":"Multi-year evaluation of planting date and cultivar effects on cotton yield, fiber quality, and their temporal stability in a cotton–wheat double-cropping system in the Yellow River Valley of China","authors":"Lu Feng , Mengyan Ren , Simeng Guo , Minghua Xin , Xiao-Fei Li , Guoping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimizing planting date and cultivar choice is essential for balancing lint yield, fiber quality, and production stability in wheat-cotton double-cropping systems. However, their combined effects on yield-quality trade-offs and temporal stability (defined as the temporal mean divided by the temporal standard deviation) remain insufficiently quantified. A five-year field experiment (2019–2023) was conducted in the Yellow River Valley to evaluate four planting dates (PD1-PD4; May 10-June 10) and two contrasting short-season cotton cultivars (high-quality JK707; high-lint yield LM2387) with respect to lint yield, fiber quality, temporal stability, and trait trade-offs. Lint yield was significantly affected by both planting date and cultivar, peaking under the earliest planting (1229 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> at PD1) and declined by 34.4 % under the latest planting (PD4). Fiber quality was predominantly genotype-driven, with cultivar significantly affecting all traits and planting date influencing only micronaire. JK707 achieved substantially higher Q-scores than LM2387 (66.84 vs. 46.97). Temporal stability indices revealed contrasting cultivar strategies: LM2387 showed high lint yield temporal stability under early planting (TS_LY=6.30 in PD1) but sharp declines under later dates (TS_LY=2.29 in PD4), whereas JK707 maintained relatively consistent lint-yield temporal stability across planting dates (TS_LY = 2.11–3.16) and greater stability in fiber quality traits. Yield-quality trade-offs were stronger in LM2387 (index 0.713 vs. 0.208) and were weakened by delayed planting due to concurrent reductions in yield and quality. A TOPSIS multi-criteria evaluation integrating lint yield, Q-score, and their temporal stability identified JK707 sown in PD2 as the optimal combination (Cᵢ = 0.57), followed by LM2387 in PD1 (Cᵢ = 0.531), whereas PD4 consistently produced the poorest performance. Aligning planting time with cultivar traits thus enhances production robustness and reduces climate-related risk, offering practical guidance for sustainable and climate-resilient intensification of wheat–cotton double-cropping systems and potentially benefiting similar systems worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 122890"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roses, as one of the world's four major cut flowers, hold significant commercial value. Most existing research focuses on postharvest preservation to extend the shelf life, with little attention to balancing senescence, color, and fragrance. The effects of different temperatures (5 °C, 15 °C, and 30 °C) and durations (12 h and 24 h) treatments on the senescence, color, and fragrance of Rosa hybrida cultivar Tineke were investigated through metabolome, transcriptome, and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated gene silencing strategy. After 12 h of exposure, the 30 °C treatment markedly improved the fragrance of cut roses, with no significant impacts on their shelf life or color, in contrast to the 5 °C and 15 °C treatments. Conversely, prolonged treatment at 30 °C for 24 h exerted adverse effects on both fragrance quality and shelf life. Additionally, short-term high-temperature treatment did not affect the petal color. Overall, short-term high-temperature treatment most effectively enhances cut rose quality. Treatment at 30 °C for 12 h induced the highest accumulation of the crucial floral fragrance compound 2-phenylethanol (2PE), which was mediated by alternative splicing (AS)-driven changes in the expression of full-length transcripts and AS transcripts. A high RhAAAT2 expression may be a critical factor in promoting increased 2PE accumulation in cut roses. This study revealed a novel mechanism of temperature-triggered AS regulating fragrance synthesis in cut flowers. It provides a promising physical strategy for balancing the preservation of cut flowers with improving their quality, showcasing significant potential for practical application.
{"title":"Multi-omics analysis unveils the mechanisms underlying senescence-color-fragrance changes in cut roses (Rosa hybrida cv. Tineke) under short-term high-temperature treatment","authors":"Chen Zhu , Chengshun Liu , Guotai Jian , Lanting Zeng , Jiajia Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Roses, as one of the world's four major cut flowers, hold significant commercial value. Most existing research focuses on postharvest preservation to extend the shelf life, with little attention to balancing senescence, color, and fragrance. The effects of different temperatures (5 °C, 15 °C, and 30 °C) and durations (12 h and 24 h) treatments on the senescence, color, and fragrance of <em>Rosa hybrida</em> cultivar Tineke were investigated through metabolome, transcriptome, and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated gene silencing strategy. After 12 h of exposure, the 30 °C treatment markedly improved the fragrance of cut roses, with no significant impacts on their shelf life or color, in contrast to the 5 °C and 15 °C treatments. Conversely, prolonged treatment at 30 °C for 24 h exerted adverse effects on both fragrance quality and shelf life. Additionally, short-term high-temperature treatment did not affect the petal color. Overall, short-term high-temperature treatment most effectively enhances cut rose quality. Treatment at 30 °C for 12 h induced the highest accumulation of the crucial floral fragrance compound 2-phenylethanol (2PE), which was mediated by alternative splicing (AS)-driven changes in the expression of full-length transcripts and AS transcripts. A high <em>RhAAAT2</em> expression may be a critical factor in promoting increased 2PE accumulation in cut roses. This study revealed a novel mechanism of temperature-triggered AS regulating fragrance synthesis in cut flowers. It provides a promising physical strategy for balancing the preservation of cut flowers with improving their quality, showcasing significant potential for practical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 122869"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-02-12DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122892
Jie-Yao Ma , Xiao-Hui Peng , Yin-Xu Pan , Xu Zhang , Jian-Li Chen , Dan Luo , Xian Wang , Hua-Ming Xiao
Real-time monitoring data regarding the emission behavior of medium chain fatty acid esters was still insufficient concerning their oxidative and low-temperature combustion characteristics. Herein, thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-GC-MS) was utilized to investigate the emission profile of coconut oil-derived methyl ester biodiesel (MECO) under air flow, with specific emphasis on medium chain fatty acid methyl ester’s oxidative degradation and simulated low-temperature combustion processes. To eliminate nitrogen interference, thermal decomposition behaviors of three high-boiling-point plant oil-based ethyl esters (PEEs), including ethyl ester of coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L., EECO), ethyl ester of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis, EEPO), and ethyl ester of cottonseed oil (Gossypium barbadense L., EECSO), were examined under nitrogen flow. The PEEs primarily release fatty acid ethyl esters, demonstrating that nitrogen is not involved in potential PEE pyrolysis. Under air flow, MECO undergoes ester bond cleavage, radical scission, and decarboxylation, yielding special short- to medium-chain alkanes. Reactive molecular dynamics simulations using methyl octanoate as the model compound further elucidated the potential degradation pathway under simulated air conditions. This work establishes a robust framework for understanding potential thermal oxidative degradation of medium chain fatty acid esters, shedding some light on optimizing fuel formulations.
{"title":"Real-time emission behavior of coconut oil biodiesel during thermal oxidation in air field by thermogravimetry–fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry","authors":"Jie-Yao Ma , Xiao-Hui Peng , Yin-Xu Pan , Xu Zhang , Jian-Li Chen , Dan Luo , Xian Wang , Hua-Ming Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Real-time monitoring data regarding the emission behavior of medium chain fatty acid esters was still insufficient concerning their oxidative and low-temperature combustion characteristics. Herein, thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-GC-MS) was utilized to investigate the emission profile of coconut oil-derived methyl ester biodiesel (MECO) under air flow, with specific emphasis on medium chain fatty acid methyl ester’s oxidative degradation and simulated low-temperature combustion processes. To eliminate nitrogen interference, thermal decomposition behaviors of three high-boiling-point plant oil-based ethyl esters (PEEs), including ethyl ester of coconut oil (<em>Cocos nucifera L.</em>, EECO), ethyl ester of palm oil (<em>Elaeis guineensis</em>, EEPO), and ethyl ester of cottonseed oil (<em>Gossypium barbadense L</em>., EECSO), were examined under nitrogen flow. The PEEs primarily release fatty acid ethyl esters, demonstrating that nitrogen is not involved in potential PEE pyrolysis. Under air flow, MECO undergoes ester bond cleavage, radical scission, and decarboxylation, yielding special short- to medium-chain alkanes. Reactive molecular dynamics simulations using methyl octanoate as the model compound further elucidated the potential degradation pathway under simulated air conditions. This work establishes a robust framework for understanding potential thermal oxidative degradation of medium chain fatty acid esters, shedding some light on optimizing fuel formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 122892"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-02-12DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122882
Tahany Saleh Aldayel , Mohamed M. Badran , Abdullah H. Alomrani , Saad Alobid , Nora A. AlFaris , Jozaa Z. AlTamimi
Artemisia judaica (Aj) has attracted attention for its promising biological activities, but its optimal use requires further exploration. This study aims to enhance the efficacy of Aj by encapsulating it in bioactive nanoformulations, specifically bilosomes (BLs). To improve the quality attributes of Aj-loaded BLs, various lipid and chitosan (CS) concentrations were evaluated. Accordingly, Aj-loaded BLs (Aj-BLs) and CS-BLs (Aj-CS-BLs) were constructed and characterized with respect to their quality parameters, including particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency (EE%). In vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer potentials were also assessed. The bioactive contents of Aj were determined to be 147.5 mg of Gallic Acid equivalents and 53.4 mg of Quercetin equivalents per gram, representing the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The Ai-BLs formulations exhibited nanometric particle sizes (76.5 ± 1.4–93.8 ± 1.9 nm) and a low PDI (< 0.3). They showed negative zeta potentials (-25.4 ± 1.5 to −37.4 ± 2.2 mV) with EE% ranging from 54.7 ± 3.0–81.9 ± 1.9 %, indicating good loading efficiency. Based on these results, Aj-CS-BLs-F3 was further coated with different concentrations of CS (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/mL), resulting in an increase in vesicle sizes (209.2 ± 2.3–284.1 ± 4.2 nm) and high PDI (< 0.4), positive zeta potential (29.1 ± 1.4–41.4 ± 1.3 nm), and EE% values (72.1 ± 3.3–44.5 ± 2.3 %). Among the formulations, Aj-CS-BLs-F3 and Aj-CS-BLs-F3–0.1 showed the best characteristics, with favorable in vitro release profiles, spherical appearance, and enhanced bioadhesion. Aj-CS-BLs-F3–0.1 demonstrated superior antioxidant, antibacterial (against S. aureus and E. coli), and anticancer activity (IC50 of 29.1 µg/against A549 lung cancer cells). Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity was examined; Aj-CS-BLs-F3–0.1 showed a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β) and an increase in IL-4 expression. Additionally, Aj-CS-BLs-F3–0.1 increased BAX, Caspase-3, and p53 gene expression and reduced Bcl-2 gene expression. In conclusion, these results highlight the potential of Aj-CS-BLs-F3–0.1 as an effective nanoformulation for oxidative stress-related diseases, infections, and cancer treatment.
{"title":"Bioactive chitosan-coated nano-Artemisia judaica extract-loaded bilosomes: Development, characterization, and biological potential","authors":"Tahany Saleh Aldayel , Mohamed M. Badran , Abdullah H. Alomrani , Saad Alobid , Nora A. AlFaris , Jozaa Z. AlTamimi","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.122882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artemisia judaica (Aj) has attracted attention for its promising biological activities, but its optimal use requires further exploration. This study aims to enhance the efficacy of Aj by encapsulating it in bioactive nanoformulations, specifically bilosomes (BLs). To improve the quality attributes of Aj-loaded BLs, various lipid and chitosan (CS) concentrations were evaluated. Accordingly, Aj-loaded BLs (Aj-BLs) and CS-BLs (Aj-CS-BLs) were constructed and characterized with respect to their quality parameters, including particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency (EE%). <em>In vitro</em> antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer potentials were also assessed. The bioactive contents of Aj were determined to be 147.5 mg of Gallic Acid equivalents and 53.4 mg of Quercetin equivalents per gram, representing the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The Ai-BLs formulations exhibited nanometric particle sizes (76.5 ± 1.4–93.8 ± 1.9 nm) and a low PDI (< 0.3). They showed negative zeta potentials (-25.4 ± 1.5 to −37.4 ± 2.2 mV) with EE% ranging from 54.7 ± 3.0–81.9 ± 1.9 %, indicating good loading efficiency. Based on these results, Aj-CS-BLs-F3 was further coated with different concentrations of CS (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/mL), resulting in an increase in vesicle sizes (209.2 ± 2.3–284.1 ± 4.2 nm) and high PDI (< 0.4), positive zeta potential (29.1 ± 1.4–41.4 ± 1.3 nm), and EE% values (72.1 ± 3.3–44.5 ± 2.3 %). Among the formulations, Aj-CS-BLs-F3 and Aj-CS-BLs-F3–0.1 showed the best characteristics, with favorable <em>in vitro</em> release profiles, spherical appearance, and enhanced bioadhesion. Aj-CS-BLs-F3–0.1 demonstrated superior antioxidant, antibacterial (against S. aureus and E. coli), and anticancer activity (IC50 of 29.1 µg/against A549 lung cancer cells). Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity was examined; Aj-CS-BLs-F3–0.1 showed a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β) and an increase in IL-4 expression. Additionally, Aj-CS-BLs-F3–0.1 increased BAX, Caspase-3, and p53 gene expression and reduced Bcl-2 gene expression. In conclusion, these results highlight the potential of Aj-CS-BLs-F3–0.1 as an effective nanoformulation for oxidative stress-related diseases, infections, and cancer treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 122882"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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