Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837586221
D.J. Mead, R.D. Burdon
The imp acts of past and potential insect pests and diseases in New Zealand's radiata pine plantations are reviewed. Invariably their impacts have decreased with time or can be easily managed. Despite past biotic impacts. growth rates have increased over the last 100 years. Pitch pine canker (PPC) is perceived as the greatest new threat. PPC's impact in California, Spain, Portugal, South Africa and Chile suggests that in New Zealand it would become a nursery problem. Radiata pine remains the best medium-density softwood for New Zealand although climate change may alter the site limits. While a biotic catastrophe, despite its low probability, remains an important risk, this risk is outweighed by the opportunity costs and risks associated with diversifying into alternative species. A strong biosecurity infrastructure is vital, as is maintaining a broad genetic base from which to breed resistance. Large plantation estates should develop defensive strategies against new biotic invasions.
{"title":"Lessons from insect and disease impacts on radiata pine (<i>Pinus radiata</i> D. Don) plantations in New Zealand over the last hundred years","authors":"D.J. Mead, R.D. Burdon","doi":"10.1505/146554823837586221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823837586221","url":null,"abstract":"The imp acts of past and potential insect pests and diseases in New Zealand's radiata pine plantations are reviewed. Invariably their impacts have decreased with time or can be easily managed. Despite past biotic impacts. growth rates have increased over the last 100 years. Pitch pine canker (PPC) is perceived as the greatest new threat. PPC's impact in California, Spain, Portugal, South Africa and Chile suggests that in New Zealand it would become a nursery problem. Radiata pine remains the best medium-density softwood for New Zealand although climate change may alter the site limits. While a biotic catastrophe, despite its low probability, remains an important risk, this risk is outweighed by the opportunity costs and risks associated with diversifying into alternative species. A strong biosecurity infrastructure is vital, as is maintaining a broad genetic base from which to breed resistance. Large plantation estates should develop defensive strategies against new biotic invasions.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135588777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837586249
H. Mahaseth, A. Shukla, H. Dhande
Religious forests are conserved by cultural and traditional beliefs. Although India has the highest number of religious forests globally, the protection provided to these forests is insufficient, a situation that is also commonplace in Nepal. This paper examines a Nepali sacred grove which reflects the diversity of tree species and their role in conserving biodiversity that is common to religious forests. The sacred grove is one of the pioneers of the community-based management regimes indicative of this particular forest resource management system. The paper highlights how religious forests have been preserved in Nepal and indicates that in order to provide greater protection to religious forests, along with their tradition and spirituality, a creative solution of policies and law will be required.
{"title":"The religious forests of Nepal and India: a need for concern?","authors":"H. Mahaseth, A. Shukla, H. Dhande","doi":"10.1505/146554823837586249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823837586249","url":null,"abstract":"Religious forests are conserved by cultural and traditional beliefs. Although India has the highest number of religious forests globally, the protection provided to these forests is insufficient, a situation that is also commonplace in Nepal. This paper examines a Nepali sacred grove which reflects the diversity of tree species and their role in conserving biodiversity that is common to religious forests. The sacred grove is one of the pioneers of the community-based management regimes indicative of this particular forest resource management system. The paper highlights how religious forests have been preserved in Nepal and indicates that in order to provide greater protection to religious forests, along with their tradition and spirituality, a creative solution of policies and law will be required.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135588778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837586230
L. Damnyag, A.A. Bampoh, Y. Mohammed
A community-based monitoring (CBM) approach creates a working relationship between scientists, resource managers and local communities to address natural resource problems. This study analyses CBM data from Ankasa Conservation Area (ACA), Ghana, and assesses how such a CBM model fits into the national Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system for REDD+. Satellite imagery was used to generate land cover change maps for the different land use categories in ACA. A checklist of deforestation and forest degradation-related activities was designed with inputs from study communities. Nominated community members were trained to collect the data. The land use categories identified in the study area include closed forest, open forest, farmland, bare area, and grassland. The remote sensing data revealed significant land use and land cover changes in the periphery of ACA between 1990 and 2014. Closed forest and open forest areas recorded 28.6% and 35.0% reductions respectively. Data from the CBM showed that cash crop farms and plantations (rubber and coconut) account for the sharp increase (479.9%) in farmlands. The predominant sighting of rodents by community monitors reinforced the deforestation and forest degradation findings in the ACA periphery. A participatory MRV system is essential for the success of REDD+ interventions. With little training, local people can collect forest condition data that are of interest to REDD+ implementation and international policies related to climate change.
{"title":"Community-based forest monitoring for REDD+ MRV in the Ansaka Conservation Area, Ghana","authors":"L. Damnyag, A.A. Bampoh, Y. Mohammed","doi":"10.1505/146554823837586230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823837586230","url":null,"abstract":"A community-based monitoring (CBM) approach creates a working relationship between scientists, resource managers and local communities to address natural resource problems. This study analyses CBM data from Ankasa Conservation Area (ACA), Ghana, and assesses how such a CBM model fits into the national Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system for REDD+. Satellite imagery was used to generate land cover change maps for the different land use categories in ACA. A checklist of deforestation and forest degradation-related activities was designed with inputs from study communities. Nominated community members were trained to collect the data. The land use categories identified in the study area include closed forest, open forest, farmland, bare area, and grassland. The remote sensing data revealed significant land use and land cover changes in the periphery of ACA between 1990 and 2014. Closed forest and open forest areas recorded 28.6% and 35.0% reductions respectively. Data from the CBM showed that cash crop farms and plantations (rubber and coconut) account for the sharp increase (479.9%) in farmlands. The predominant sighting of rodents by community monitors reinforced the deforestation and forest degradation findings in the ACA periphery. A participatory MRV system is essential for the success of REDD+ interventions. With little training, local people can collect forest condition data that are of interest to REDD+ implementation and international policies related to climate change.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135588786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837586212
J.A. Owuor, G. Winkel, L. Giessen, L. Prior, J. Burns, Y.T. Tegegne, P. Poschen
Despite the relevance of forests to biodiversity and climate change, education and careers related to them are still unattractive to young people. This paper presents findings from a study whose goal is to investigate the motivation and career aspirations of students in forest-related programmes at the university/tertiary level around the globe. The analysis is based on data gathered through a survey of 787 bachelor's, master's, and PhD students from 82 countries. The findings reveal that the choice of forest-related programmes by students is guided by (i) the desire to do beneficial work, specifically to make a positive difference for the environment/communities, (ii) job satisfaction, e. g., enjoyable work, and (iii) working outdoors. With regard to career pathways, students were most interested in working in forest-related nature and biodiversity conservation and least interested in forest-related industry and non-forest-related fields. The study found significant differences across continents regarding student preferences but only a few across study levels and gender. This paper provides useful insights that can help in tailoring forest-related programmes to meet the expectations of the students and universities.
{"title":"Passion for nature: global student motivations for forestrelated education and career aspirations","authors":"J.A. Owuor, G. Winkel, L. Giessen, L. Prior, J. Burns, Y.T. Tegegne, P. Poschen","doi":"10.1505/146554823837586212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823837586212","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the relevance of forests to biodiversity and climate change, education and careers related to them are still unattractive to young people. This paper presents findings from a study whose goal is to investigate the motivation and career aspirations of students in forest-related programmes at the university/tertiary level around the globe. The analysis is based on data gathered through a survey of 787 bachelor's, master's, and PhD students from 82 countries. The findings reveal that the choice of forest-related programmes by students is guided by (i) the desire to do beneficial work, specifically to make a positive difference for the environment/communities, (ii) job satisfaction, e. g., enjoyable work, and (iii) working outdoors. With regard to career pathways, students were most interested in working in forest-related nature and biodiversity conservation and least interested in forest-related industry and non-forest-related fields. The study found significant differences across continents regarding student preferences but only a few across study levels and gender. This paper provides useful insights that can help in tailoring forest-related programmes to meet the expectations of the students and universities.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135588664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837586267
A.A.O. Tavares, S.L. Burns
In the Br azilian Amazon, around two million people depend on Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) as their main source of cash income. Given the inherent bottlenecks to the commercialization of such products in the region, such as communities lacking access to credit and business skills, alternative governance models have arisen with the aim of addressing such challenges. This stud y focused on one partnership between a donor, the German Cooperation Agency, and two private companies, a new trend in global governance under criticism for being donor dominated and disregarding local interests. While this could undermine the legitimacy of such partnerships and compromise the replicability of the model, the achievement of economic empowerment of NTFP-reliant communities would alternatively deem this type of venture desirable and socially acceptable. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to assess whether such configurations are able to economically empower communities in the state of Pará, Brazil. The results showed that this governance model is unable to generate high empowerment, due to conflicts with the interests of the most powerful actor and external factors, which entails a need for an alternative model to achieve this goal in the region.
{"title":"Development cooperation, non-timber forest products and community empowerment: power and interests in a public-private partnership in the Brazilian Amazon","authors":"A.A.O. Tavares, S.L. Burns","doi":"10.1505/146554823837586267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823837586267","url":null,"abstract":"In the Br azilian Amazon, around two million people depend on Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) as their main source of cash income. Given the inherent bottlenecks to the commercialization of such products in the region, such as communities lacking access to credit and business skills, alternative governance models have arisen with the aim of addressing such challenges. This stud y focused on one partnership between a donor, the German Cooperation Agency, and two private companies, a new trend in global governance under criticism for being donor dominated and disregarding local interests. While this could undermine the legitimacy of such partnerships and compromise the replicability of the model, the achievement of economic empowerment of NTFP-reliant communities would alternatively deem this type of venture desirable and socially acceptable. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to assess whether such configurations are able to economically empower communities in the state of Pará, Brazil. The results showed that this governance model is unable to generate high empowerment, due to conflicts with the interests of the most powerful actor and external factors, which entails a need for an alternative model to achieve this goal in the region.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135588659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837586285
F.E. Arnold, M. Piazza, K.Z. Wynn, P. Htut, S.S. Tun
Myanmar has the second largest area of mangrove forests in South East Asia while suffering high deforestation rates and forest degradation. However, monitoring results from existing studies in mangrove forests vary widely while specific estimates on carbon density for this forest type are deficient. Also, data from mangrove inventory plots used for the 2018 Myanmar forest reference level refer only to commercial timber and do not include other carbon pools. The results in this study based on four carbon pools allow for updating the emission factors in mangrove forests expressed in CO 2 from 125.43 ± 15.06 Mg ha –1 to 1 377.07 ± 67.04 Mg ha –1 for Ayeyarwady region (Pyapon, Pathein, Latputta districts) and 1 583.27± 75.18 Mg ha –1 for Tanintharyi region (Kawthaung, Dawei districts) and can be used in (sub)national or jurisdictional forest reference level for REDD+. In addition, the georeferenced biomass estimates are useful for the calibration of space-based models of biomass estimation.
缅甸拥有东南亚第二大红树林面积，但森林砍伐率高，森林退化严重。然而，现有红树林研究的监测结果差异很大，而对这种森林类型的碳密度的具体估计缺乏。此外，用于2018年缅甸森林参考水平的红树林清查样地的数据仅涉及商业木材，不包括其他碳库。基于4个碳库的研究结果允许将伊洛瓦底江地区(Pyapon、Pathein、Latputta地区)的红树林二氧化碳排放因子从125.43±15.06 Mg ha -1更新为1 377.07±67.04 Mg ha -1，丹宁达依地区(Kawthaung、Dawei地区)的排放因子从1 583.27±75.18 Mg ha -1更新为REDD+的(次)国家或辖区森林参考水平。此外，基于地理的生物量估算对基于空间的生物量估算模型的校准也很有用。
{"title":"Mangrove biomass and carbon estimates for REDD+ from national forest inventory in two regions of Myanmar","authors":"F.E. Arnold, M. Piazza, K.Z. Wynn, P. Htut, S.S. Tun","doi":"10.1505/146554823837586285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823837586285","url":null,"abstract":"Myanmar has the second largest area of mangrove forests in South East Asia while suffering high deforestation rates and forest degradation. However, monitoring results from existing studies in mangrove forests vary widely while specific estimates on carbon density for this forest type are deficient. Also, data from mangrove inventory plots used for the 2018 Myanmar forest reference level refer only to commercial timber and do not include other carbon pools. The results in this study based on four carbon pools allow for updating the emission factors in mangrove forests expressed in CO 2 from 125.43 ± 15.06 Mg ha –1 to 1 377.07 ± 67.04 Mg ha –1 for Ayeyarwady region (Pyapon, Pathein, Latputta districts) and 1 583.27± 75.18 Mg ha –1 for Tanintharyi region (Kawthaung, Dawei districts) and can be used in (sub)national or jurisdictional forest reference level for REDD+. In addition, the georeferenced biomass estimates are useful for the calibration of space-based models of biomass estimation.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135588669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837244473
C. Fagundes, D. Schreiber, M. P. Nunes, M. Fernandes, C. Damacena
HIGHLIGHTS The study presents the development and validation of a scale to assess the benefits of FSC certification. The study used a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methodologies contributing to greater confidence regarding the results. Two factors, named ‘Competitive Advantage’ and ‘Financial Profitability’, were created for the economic dimension of sustainability. Three factors, named ‘Corporate Image’, ‘Confidence’ and ‘Credibility’, were created for the social dimension of sustainability. The scale contributes to the development of projects and actions seeking the identified benefits. SUMMARY This study aimed to present the development and validation of a scale to assess the benefits of FSC certification. A study of this kind was not found in the literature, making the application innovative, especially for the Brazilian context. The variables to compose the scale were built through a systematic review of the literature, as well as interviews with those responsible for certification in the investigated companies and on-site observation. Further, based on the results of a survey, the scale was validated through principal component analysis. The results revealed the existence of two factors for the economic dimension and three factors for the social dimension. In conclusion, the scale is an alternative for empirical investigations and applied work in organizations, and can guide measures aimed at enhancing the benefits of certification. Moreover, as this scale was built following theoretically robust parameters, constitutes a model to be tested in studies with similar characteristics. Cette étude visait à présenter le développement et la validation d'une échelle pour évaluer les avantages de la certification FSC. Il est important de souligner qu'une étude de ce type n'a pas été trouvée dans la littérature, ce qui rend l'application innovante, notamment pour le contexte brésilien. Les variables pour composer l'échelle ont été construites à partir d'une revue systématique de la littérature, ainsi que d'entretiens avec les responsables de la certification dans les entreprises étudiées et d'une observation sur place. Avec l'aide d'une enquête, l'échelle a été validée par analyse en composantes principales. Les résultats ont révélé l'existence de deux facteurs pour la dimension économique et trois facteurs pour la dimension sociale. En conclusion, l'échelle est une alternative pour les enquêtes empiriques et le travail appliqué dans les organisations, et peut orienter les mesures visant à améliorer les avantages de la certification. On peut également affirmer que cette échelle, construite selon des paramètres théoriquement robustes, représente un modèle à tester dans des études présentant des caractéristiques similaires. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar el desarrollo y validación de una escala para evaluar los beneficios de la certificación FSC. Es importante destacar que no se encontró un estudio como este en la literatura, lo qu
强调本研究介绍了评估FSC认证效益的量表的开发和验证。该研究使用了定性和定量方法的混合，有助于提高对结果的信心。为可持续性的经济层面创造了两个因素，即“竞争优势”和“财务盈利能力”。为可持续性的社会层面创造了三个因素，即“企业形象”、“信心”和“可信度”。规模有助于制定寻求确定利益的项目和行动。本研究旨在介绍评估FSC认证效益的量表的开发和验证。文献中没有发现这种类型的研究，使应用程序具有创新性，特别是在巴西背景下。构成规模的变量是通过对文献的系统审查以及对调查公司和现场观察中负责认证的人员的访谈建立起来的。此外，根据调查结果，通过主要成分分析验证了该量表。结果揭示了经济层面的两个因素和社会层面的三个因素的存在。总之，该量表是组织实证调查和应用工作的替代方案，可以指导旨在提高认证效益的措施。此外，由于该量表是按照理论上稳健的参数构建的，因此构成了一个模型，将在具有类似特征的研究中进行测试。本研究旨在介绍评估FSC认证效益的量表的开发和验证。值得注意的是，文献中没有发现这样的研究，这使得应用具有创新性，特别是在巴西的情况下。构成该量表的变量是通过对文献的系统审查、对所研究公司认证官员的访谈和现场观察建立起来的。在调查的帮助下，通过主成分分析验证了该量表。结果表明，经济层面存在两个因素，社会层面存在三个因素。总之，该量表是组织中实证调查和应用工作的替代方案，可以指导提高认证效益的措施。还可以说，根据理论上稳健的参数构建的该尺度代表了在具有类似特征的研究中测试的模型。Este estudio tuvo como objetivo介绍了FSC认证的利益评估。重要的是，文学研究，海洋创新的应用，特别是巴西的环境。构成Escala fueron construidas a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura、asícomo entrevistas con los responseurs de la certificación en las empresas investigadas y observación en el sitio的变量。con la ayuda de una encuesta，la escala fue validada mediante análisis de principales componentes。Los resultados揭示了经济层面的因素和社会层面的因素的存在。最后，这是一个替代方案，用于调查组织中的就业和就业情况，以及旨在改善认证受益人的媒体。También se puede afirmar que esta escala，al ser construida siguiendo parámetros tóricamente robustos，代表了类似特征研究的概率模型。Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar o desenvolvimento e validação de uma escala para avaliar os benefícios da certificaço FSC。重要的是要注意到，在文学方面，尤其是在巴西背景下。作为一个不断变化的组成部分，它构成了一个建筑论坛，由Uma revisão sistemática da literatura、bem como entrevistas com os responsáveis pela certificationção nas empresas investigadas e observaço no local组成。com a ajuda de uma pesquisa，a escala foi validada através da análise de componentes principais。os resultados revelaram a existência de dois fatores para a dimensão econômica e três fatores para a dimensåo social。em conclusião，一个研究Empíricas e trabalho aplicado em organizações，e pode orientar medidas destinadas a melhorar os benefícios da certificao的替代方案。Também pode-se afirmar que esta escala，ao ser construída seguindo parâmetros teoricamente robustos，代表着类似的特征。
{"title":"Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure the Benefits of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Certification","authors":"C. Fagundes, D. Schreiber, M. P. Nunes, M. Fernandes, C. Damacena","doi":"10.1505/146554823837244473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823837244473","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS The study presents the development and validation of a scale to assess the benefits of FSC certification. The study used a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methodologies contributing to greater confidence regarding the results. Two factors, named ‘Competitive Advantage’ and ‘Financial Profitability’, were created for the economic dimension of sustainability. Three factors, named ‘Corporate Image’, ‘Confidence’ and ‘Credibility’, were created for the social dimension of sustainability. The scale contributes to the development of projects and actions seeking the identified benefits. SUMMARY This study aimed to present the development and validation of a scale to assess the benefits of FSC certification. A study of this kind was not found in the literature, making the application innovative, especially for the Brazilian context. The variables to compose the scale were built through a systematic review of the literature, as well as interviews with those responsible for certification in the investigated companies and on-site observation. Further, based on the results of a survey, the scale was validated through principal component analysis. The results revealed the existence of two factors for the economic dimension and three factors for the social dimension. In conclusion, the scale is an alternative for empirical investigations and applied work in organizations, and can guide measures aimed at enhancing the benefits of certification. Moreover, as this scale was built following theoretically robust parameters, constitutes a model to be tested in studies with similar characteristics. Cette étude visait à présenter le développement et la validation d'une échelle pour évaluer les avantages de la certification FSC. Il est important de souligner qu'une étude de ce type n'a pas été trouvée dans la littérature, ce qui rend l'application innovante, notamment pour le contexte brésilien. Les variables pour composer l'échelle ont été construites à partir d'une revue systématique de la littérature, ainsi que d'entretiens avec les responsables de la certification dans les entreprises étudiées et d'une observation sur place. Avec l'aide d'une enquête, l'échelle a été validée par analyse en composantes principales. Les résultats ont révélé l'existence de deux facteurs pour la dimension économique et trois facteurs pour la dimension sociale. En conclusion, l'échelle est une alternative pour les enquêtes empiriques et le travail appliqué dans les organisations, et peut orienter les mesures visant à améliorer les avantages de la certification. On peut également affirmer que cette échelle, construite selon des paramètres théoriquement robustes, représente un modèle à tester dans des études présentant des caractéristiques similaires. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar el desarrollo y validación de una escala para evaluar los beneficios de la certificación FSC. Es importante destacar que no se encontró un estudio como este en la literatura, lo qu","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44708160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837244482
O. Crowe, M. Crosby, M.B.E. De La Paz, G. E. D. Rosa, G. Y. Gowae, H. Gurung, N. Kumpel, T. Hani, E.L. Lee, J. K. Panopio, B. Perumal, Josiah Quimpo, N.A. Resurreccion, P. Satyal, A. Simkins, J. Thomas, A. Widyanto, C. Yeap
HIGHLIGHTS Involving Indigenous Peoples and local communities in forest monitoring and governance not only empowers them and supports their livelihoods, but also can result in improved forest conservation and management. Investment in training and communications is key to ensuring that communities engage most effectively in conservation activities. A variety of methods and tools were used to deliver a monitoring assessment based on a framework developed for Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas at a selection of sites in tropical Asia and New Guinea, but there is scope for revising its application to better suit local situations and to deliver higher quality assessments in measuring the health of sites over time. The biodiversity at most of the sites has been heavily affected by a range of human-related pressures, especially relating to forest replacement with monocultures, as well as other factors associated with infrastructure development (including facilitating hunting pressure), and some of these activities extend back several decades. Global datasets on tree cover loss and forest landscape integrity usefully infer the condition of forests for conservation in areas with large areas of natural forests. SUMMARY Forests in tropical Asia and New Guinea provide local and global benefits to people and are exceptionally rich in biodiversity but they have receded by more than 75% in the past 100 years. This project set out to strengthen effective engagement of non-state actors in forest monitoring, planning and policy processes in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and New Guinea, and hence reduce the rate of loss of tropical forests and biodiversity. Monitoring assessments of state, pressure and response were undertaken at key sites for biodiversity conservation using a monitoring protocol established for Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas. Indigenous Peoples and local communities participated in a range of surveillance activities. These assessments were supported by global datasets on tree cover loss and forest integrity. The inputs from Indigenous Peoples and local communities were especially valuable in implementing actions, informing national and regional policies, and in helping them manage their local environment and resources. Les forêts en Asie tropicale et en Nouvelle-Guinée génèrent des bénéfices locaux et globaux pour les peuples et sont exceptionnellement riches en biodiversité. Elles ont cependant diminué de plus de 75% au cours de cent dernières années. Ce projet a pour but de consolider un engagement efficace des acteurs autres que l'état dans la gestion des forêts, la planification et les processus de politique en Malaisie, en Indonésie, aux Philippines et en Nouvelle-Guinée, afin de réduire le quotient de perte des forêts tropicales et de la biodiversité. Un examen des évaluations de l'état, de la pression et des réponses, a été conduit dans des sites-clé pour la conservation de la biodiversité, en utilisant un protocole d'exa
亚洲和努吉尼热带地区的森林为人类带来了当地和全球的利益，为生物多样性带来了财富，但在过去100年中，森林减少了75%以上。该项目旨在加强非政府行为者对马来西亚、印度尼西亚、菲律宾和努吉尼森林监测、规划和政策进程的有效参与，从而迅速失去热带森林并减少生物多样性。森林状况监测、对森林的压力和相关行动在主要地点进行，以保护生物多样性，并使用重要鸟类和哈亚蒂生物多样性区域的监测协议。Adapt社区和当地社区参与各种监督活动。这一评估得到了关于树木覆盖消失和森林完整性的全球数据集的支持。适应社会和当地社区的参与对实施各种行动、为国家和地区政策提供信息以及帮助自己管理当地环境和资源非常有价值。亚洲和新几内亚的热带森林为世界各地的人民和许多人的生活带来了好处和财富，但在过去的一百年里下降了75%以上。该项目有效加强了非国家行为者在马来西亚、印度尼西亚、菲律宾和新几内亚监测森林、规划和决策方面的互动，以减少热带森林的快速枯竭和数十人的生命。对目前的《自然、城镇和乡村》的测试是在有几十种不同生命的关键地方进行的，方法是为鸟类和几十种不同的生命保留重要的地方。地方和地方社区参与监测其森林。这一监测得到了关于森林树木枯竭和完整性的全球数据的支持。地方和地方社区的一个重要组成部分是开展相关行动，报告减少地区和国家警察的接触，帮助他们妥善管理自然资源和环境。在新几内亚的亚洲巴士站，看到了一个叫“samting long ol asples na long olgeta hap graun tu”的工厂，一辆叫“na igat planti ol samting moa blong Bus”的工厂。在马来西亚、印度尼西亚、菲律宾和新几内亚的长巴士上，有一个长巴士。Lukautim na Lukautuk long ol samting long hap weaigat ol planti samting blong bus istap ol sem ol pisin na arapela samting blog bus。一个勇敢的人是一个长期的失败者。如果你的车停在路边，你会发现你的车已经停了很长时间了。Olsem na ol asples躺在bikpela wok long mekim，long toksawe long pasin blong harivim na lukautim ol bus na graun blong ol。
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Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837244428
R. Pirard
HIGHLIGHTS Removal of invasive trees in South Africa is required for climate change adaptation purposes. Public funding is insufficient and value-added industries could contribute to land clearing efforts. There is a case for bioenergy but the policy environment is not conducive enough. Incentives frameworks would be instrumental in supporting private investments. Carbon pricing is a promising avenue but its application to invasive trees biomass is complex. Impact evaluations of value-added industries on land condition are required to go beyond anecdotical evidence. SUMMARY Invasive alien trees are a threat to sustainable development in South Africa due to their rapid propagation and negative impacts on water availability, fire risks, land productivity, and biodiversity conservation. Despite the ambitious three decades-long governmental Working for Water programme to clear and restore land, the problem remains. This paper questions the proposition that value-added industries can contribute to its resolution by providing value to the biomass and supporting upscaled control efforts with private investments. Their financial feasibility remains largely theoretical as most studies resort to ex ante assessments untested on the ground and are misleading due to the mix of tangible financial flows and hypothetical environmental benefits. Assumed perverse effects with further propagation remain theoretical or rest on anecdotical evidence. It is suggested that value-added industries and particularly bioenergy hold potential but require a more conducive policy environment. Three priorities are identified: an incentives framework that recognises environmental (dis)services and clarifies potential net carbon gains depending on the accounting system; the provision of updated information to the private sector on resource availability with improved coordination between investors and public programs in charge of land clearing; and innovative supply chain models with improved logistics. Thinking outside the box would help and novel land management options could be considered with natural regrowth and rotations in non-strategic sites, or crop substitution to sustain value chains – which would necessitate strict management rules in exchange for greater flexibility in resource accessibility. Overall, value-added industries for invasive trees encompass climate change adaptation and mitigation and their feasibility depends on their articulation. Les plantes invasives exotiques (pin, acacia, eucalyptus) sont une menace en Afrique du Sud en raison de leur propagation rapide et des impacts négatifs sur l'accès à l'eau, les risques de feux, la productivité des terres et la biodiversité. L'ambitieux programme gouvernemental Working for Water mis en oeuvre depuis une trentaine d'années, avec des coupes sur les terres envahies, n'a pas permis de résoudre le problème. J'étudie ici la proposition selon laquelle les industries de transformation peuvent contribuer à ces efforts, e
为了适应气候变化的目的，南非需要清除入侵树木。公共资金不足，增值产业可以为土地清理工作作出贡献。发展生物能源是有理由的，但政策环境还不够有利。激励框架将有助于支持私人投资。碳定价是一个很有前途的途径，但它在入侵树木生物量上的应用是复杂的。增值产业对土地状况的影响评价需要超越轶事证据。外来入侵树木由于其快速繁殖和对水资源供应、火灾风险、土地生产力和生物多样性保护的负面影响，对南非的可持续发展构成了威胁。尽管政府雄心勃勃地实施了长达30年的“为水而工作”计划来清理和恢复土地，但问题仍然存在。本文质疑增值产业可以通过为生物质提供价值和支持私人投资扩大控制努力来促进其解决的命题。它们的财务可行性在很大程度上仍然停留在理论上，因为大多数研究采用未经实地检验的事前评估，而且由于有形资金流动和假设的环境效益混合在一起而具有误导性。假设的反向效应与进一步传播仍然是理论或基于轶事证据。建议增值产业，特别是生物能源具有潜力，但需要更有利的政策环境。确定了三个优先事项:一个奖励框架，承认环境(非)服务，并根据会计制度澄清潜在的净碳收益;向私营部门提供关于资源可用性的最新信息，并改善投资者与负责土地清理的公共方案之间的协调;创新供应链模式，改善物流。跳出常规思维会有所帮助，可以考虑在非战略地点进行自然再生和轮作，或者用作物替代来维持价值链的新颖土地管理选择——这将需要严格的管理规则，以换取资源可及性方面更大的灵活性。总体而言，入侵树木的增值产业包括适应和减缓气候变化，其可行性取决于它们之间的联系。外来入侵植物(白头翁、金合欢、桉树)对南非洲造成了威胁，原因是它们的繁殖速度很快，它们对非洲的农业、农业、农业和生物多样性产生了影响。政府的“为水而工作”方案，即“为水而工作”方案，是一项全面的工作，是一项全面的工作，是一项全面的工作，是一项全面的工作，是一项全面的工作。如果一个人的价值是:如果一个人的价值是:如果一个人的价值是:如果一个人的价值是:如果一个人的价值是:如果一个人的价值是:如果一个人的价值是:如果一个人的价值是:如果一个人的价值是:如果一个人的价值是:如果一个人的价值是:如果一个人的价值是:Leur可失效性、可变性、可变性、可变性、可变性、可变性、可变性、可变性、可变性、可变性、可变性、可变性、可变性、可变性、可变性、可变性。当然，还有其他的一些例子，如:être其他的一些例子，如:其他的一些例子，如:其他的一些例子，如:其他的一些例子，如:其他的一些例子，如:其他的一些例子，例如:这类事件的影响包括:公布的<s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1>(或称为“<s:1> <s:1> <s:1>”)的<s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1>(或称为“<s:1>”)的入侵可能再次发生;我建议改造工业，特别是改造生物转化，改造生物转化，改造生物转化，改造生物转化，改造生物转化，改造生物转化潜力，改造生物转化，改造公共政治转化。三个优先事项确定了三个可变因素:1 .促进充分反映;2 .服务环境;3 .碳贡献;一项可提供资料的实际资料，涉及在生物量方面的可废弃资源;一项环境协调中心，涉及投资者、私人资料和政府方案;Des chahane d' approval d' innovationaves de samsamliationlogistics。范例实施者做了être reouveleet de nouveleset的选择，解决了问题，提出了解决问题的办法，并提出了解决问题的办法，即recrû自然解决方案，解决了问题，解决了问题，解决了问题，解决了问题，解决了问题。严格的规范加上严格的规范使用，使我们的服务更加灵活，使我们的服务更加灵活，使我们的服务更加灵活。最后，从工业到转型，再到环境，再到外来入侵，再到适应，再到气候变化，再到环境变化，再到环境变化，再到环境变化，再到环境变化，再到环境变化，再到环境变化，再到环境变化，再到环境变化，再到环境变化，再到环境变化，再到环境变化，再到环境变化，再到环境变化。 外来入侵树种对南非的可持续发展构成威胁，因为它们的迅速传播以及对水资源可用性、火灾风险、土地生产力和生物多样性保护的负面影响。尽管政府雄心勃勃地实施了长达30年的“为水工作”计划，以清理和恢复土地，但问题仍然存在。本文对增值产业可以通过增加生物质价值和通过私人投资支持更大规模的控制努力来帮助解决这一问题的提议提出了质疑。它们的财务可行性在很大程度上仍然是理论上的，因为大多数研究使用未经实地验证的事前评估，而且由于有形资金流动和假设的环境效益的混合而具有误导性。关于进一步传播的不利影响的假设仍然是理论的或基于轶事证据。有人认为，增值产业具有潜力，特别是生物能源，但需要一个更有利的政策环境。确定了三个优先事项:一个奖励框架，承认环境服务或损害，并根据会计制度澄清潜在的净碳收益;向私营部门提供关于资源可得性的最新资料，加强投资者和负责清理土地的公共方案之间的协调;以及改进物流的创新供应链模式。原始的思考,靠考虑选择新颖的基于自然再生的土地管理和战略轮在不明地点,或更换作物保持价值链管理,会有严格的标准来换取更大的灵活性能否获得资源。在大多数情况下，入侵树种的增值产业包括适应和缓解气候变化，其生存能力取决于它们之间的联系。
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Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837244446
S. Ferrari, P. Cerutti
HIGHLIGHTS The DRC Government has adopted and run an innovative ‘timber park’ model to check timber trade and exports in the eastern part of the country. The ‘timber park’ was able to detect various potentially egregious forms of illegalities, but also learn from observed illegalities, adapt its procedures, and improve its performance over time. In the case of transiting timber, which is sealed at origin and not checked at the park, it was possible to detect the very worrying trend that 100% of export declarations mention only one, and the same tree species. The park staff were able to detect the clear mismatch between what was declared as Mammea africana and belonged instead to the genus Afzelia, commercial name doussié, possibly A. bipindensis, one of the most valuable species (in terms of taxation) and also part of the country's most threatened species, recently listed in Annex II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Many species of the genus Entandrophragma spp (sipo, kosipo, sapelli, tiama) were observed by the park staff but never declared in transport waybills. More laboratory analyses are recommended to verify the exported species. SUMMARY The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) shares borders with nine countries and has around 150 million hectares of tropical moist forests. A moratorium on logging titles has been in place since 2002 and infrastructure is very poor. The country plans to lift the moratorium and invest in infrastructure as part of the broader East-African road and railway networks. We present a case-study conducted for thirty months (2020–2022) on timber trade and export at the first ‘timber park’ established on the eastern border. Multiple forms of potentially illegal timber trade were detected. In the case of transiting timber, results indicate that 100% of export declarations mention only one, and the same tree species. There also exist several mismatches between declared vs actually exported species (e.g. Mammea africana instead of genus Afzelia, recently listed in Annex II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)). We estimate the potential financial losses for the DRC Government and discuss possible improvements. The model’s extension to major border crossings could contribute to both sectoral improvements and better environmental policies. Yet results also indicate that the model’s replication, sustainability and effectiveness can only occur and be maintained if interest and political support by provincial governments and their field staff remain strong. La République démocratique du Congo (RDC) partage ses frontières avec neuf pays et compte environ 150 millions d'hectares de forêts tropicales humides. Un moratoire sur les titres d'exploitation forestière est en place depuis 2002 et le réseau routier est faible. Le pays envisage de lever le moratoire et d'investir dans la construction des réseaux routi
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