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Developing Field Test Procedures for Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking in the Arabian Gulf 制定阿拉伯湾氯化物应力腐蚀开裂现场试验程序
IF 3.1 Q4 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Pub Date : 2018-06-07 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6278542
H. Farhat
Oil and gas production and petrochemical plants in the Arabian Gulf are exposed to severe environmental conditions of high temperature and humidity. This makes these plants susceptible to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (CSCC). The laboratory testing fails to provide the exact field environmental conditions. A cost efficient field test setup for CSCC was designed and developed for the Arabian Gulf. The setup included designing self-sustained loading devices, samples, and sample racks. The samples were exposed to a stress equivalent to 80% and 100% of their yield strength. This paper describes the developed test procedures to establish testing with high level of accuracy and repeatability. It also discusses the design aspects and the challenges that were met.
阿拉伯湾的石油和天然气生产以及石油化工厂暴露在高温高湿的恶劣环境条件下。这使得这些设备容易受到氯化物引起的应力腐蚀开裂(CSCC)的影响。实验室测试未能提供准确的现场环境条件。为CSCC在阿拉伯湾设计和开发了一种成本效益高的现场测试装置。设置包括设计自持装载装置、样品和样品架。将样品暴露在相当于其屈服强度的80%和100%的应力下。本文描述了开发的测试程序,以建立具有高精度和可重复性的测试。它还讨论了设计方面以及遇到的挑战。
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引用次数: 2
Tribocorrosion of Passive Materials: A Review on Test Procedures and Standards 被动材料的摩擦腐蚀:试验程序和标准综述
IF 3.1 Q4 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Pub Date : 2018-06-07 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7345346
A. López-Ortega, J. Arana, R. Bayon
This paper reviews the most recent available literature relating to the electrochemical techniques and test procedures employed to assess tribocorrosion behaviour of passive materials. Over the last few decades, interest in tribocorrosion studies has notably increased, and several electrochemical techniques have been adapted to be applied on tribocorrosion research. Until 2016, the only existing standard to study tribocorrosion and to determine the synergism between wear and corrosion was the ASTM G119. In 2016, the UNE 112086 standard was developed, based on a test protocol suggested by several authors to address the drawbacks of the ASTM G119 standard. Current knowledge on tribocorrosion has been acquired by combining different electrochemical techniques. This work compiles different test procedures and a combination of electrochemical techniques used by noteworthy researchers to assess tribocorrosion behaviour of passive materials. A brief insight is also provided into the electrochemical techniques and studies made by tribocorrosion researchers.
本文回顾了最新可用的有关电化学技术和测试程序的文献,用于评估被动材料的摩擦腐蚀行为。在过去的几十年里,人们对摩擦腐蚀的研究兴趣显著增加,一些电化学技术已经适应于摩擦腐蚀的研究。直到2016年,研究摩擦腐蚀并确定磨损和腐蚀之间协同作用的唯一标准是ASTM G119。2016年,为解决ASTM G119标准的缺陷,根据几位作者提出的测试方案,制定了UNE 112086标准。目前关于摩擦腐蚀的知识是通过结合不同的电化学技术而获得的。这项工作汇编了不同的测试程序和电化学技术的组合,这些技术被著名的研究人员用来评估被动材料的摩擦腐蚀行为。简要介绍了摩擦腐蚀研究人员的电化学技术和研究成果。
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引用次数: 60
Natural Biocides for Mitigation of Sulphate Reducing Bacteria 减少硫酸盐还原菌的天然杀菌剂
IF 3.1 Q4 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Pub Date : 2018-06-05 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3567569
W. S. Zain, N. Salleh, A. Abdullah
This study addresses the potential usage of various herbaceous plants extract including betel leave extract (BLE), green tea (GTE), turmeric (TE), belalai gajah (BGE), garlic extracts (GE), and manjakani extracts (ME) as future biocides of SRB that are natural and nontoxic. Study revealed that retardation of growth was obtained after addition of 5mL of natural biocides to 100 mL of the culture. Reduced biomass growth was observed with most of the tested biocides, dictated by lower biomass contents accepts for ginger and garlic. The planktonic growth was successively suppressed with addition of GTE, TE, and BGE, where the biomass production was decreased by more than 80.0% compared to the control experiments. GRE increased the growth of planktonic bacteria while the GE induced the formation of biofilms, showed by increase in biomass productions with over 23.4% and 77.46% enhancements, respectively. These results suggest that turmeric, green tea, and belalai gajah plants extracts are highly potential biocidal agents for mitigating SRB, thus controlling the effect of MIC on metal surfaces. However, the chemical stability, potential toxicity, and consistent performance of the extracts need further investigation for optimization of its use on a real field scale.
本研究探讨了多种草本植物提取物的潜在用途,包括槟榔叶提取物(BLE)、绿茶提取物(GTE)、姜黄提取物(TE)、白蒜提取物(BGE)、大蒜提取物(GE)和龙葵提取物(ME)作为未来天然无毒的SRB杀菌剂。研究表明,在100毫升培养物中加入5mL天然杀菌剂后,生长迟缓。大多数被试杀菌剂的生物量增长都有所下降,这是由于生姜和大蒜的生物量含量较低所致。添加GTE、TE和BGE对浮游生物生长均有抑制作用,生物量比对照降低80.0%以上。GRE促进了浮游细菌的生长,GE诱导了生物膜的形成,生物量产量分别提高了23.4%和77.46%以上。这些结果表明,姜黄、绿茶和白刺植物提取物是极有潜力的生物杀灭剂,可以减轻SRB,从而控制MIC对金属表面的影响。然而,提取物的化学稳定性、潜在毒性和一致的性能需要进一步研究,以优化其在实际领域的使用。
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引用次数: 16
Metal Matrix Composite Coatings of Cupronickel Embedded with Nanoplatelets for Improved Corrosion Resistant Properties 纳米板嵌入铜镍金属基复合涂层提高耐腐蚀性能
IF 3.1 Q4 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Pub Date : 2018-06-03 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5250713
Casey R. Thurber, Y. H. Ahmad, M. Calhoun, Amaal Al-Shenawa, N. D'Souza, A. Mohamed, T. Golden
The deterioration of metals under the influence of corrosion is a costly problem faced by many industries. Therefore, particle-reinforced composite coatings are being developed in different technological fields with high demands for corrosion resistance. This work studies the effects of nanoplatelet reinforcement on the durability, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties of copper-nickel coatings. A 90 : 10 Cu-Ni alloy was coelectrodeposited with nanoplatelets of montmorillonite (Mt) embedded into the metallic matrix from electrolytic baths containing 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15% Mt. X-ray diffraction of the coatings indicated no disruption of the crystal structure with addition of the nanoplatelets into the alloy. The mechanical properties of the coatings improved with a 17% increase in hardness and an 85% increase in shear adhesion strength with nanoplatelet incorporation. The measured polarization resistance increased from 11.77 kΩ·cm2 for pure Cu-Ni to 33.28 kΩ·cm2 for the Cu-Ni-0.15% Mt coating after soaking in a simulated seawater environment for 30 days. The incorporation of montmorillonite also stabilized the corrosion potential during the immersion study and increased resistance to corrosion.
金属在腐蚀影响下的变质是许多行业面临的一个代价高昂的问题。因此,颗粒增强复合涂层在不同的技术领域得到了发展,对其耐腐蚀性提出了很高的要求。本工作研究了纳米片增强对铜镍涂层耐久性、耐腐蚀性和机械性能的影响。A 90 : 10 Cu-Ni合金与从含有0.05、0.10和0.15%Mt的电解浴包埋到金属基体中的蒙脱石(Mt)的纳米片共同电沉积。涂层的X射线衍射表明,将纳米片加入合金中不会破坏晶体结构。加入纳米片后,涂层的机械性能提高了17%的硬度和85%的剪切粘合强度。测量的极化电阻从11.77增加 kΩ·cm2,对于纯Cu-Ni为33.28 kΩ·对于Cu-Ni-0.15%Mt涂层,在模拟海水环境中浸泡30天后。蒙脱石的掺入还稳定了浸渍研究过程中的腐蚀电位,并提高了耐腐蚀性。
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引用次数: 10
The Compressive Strength and Resistivity toward Corrosion Attacks by Chloride Ion of Concrete Containing Type I Cement and Calcium Stearate 含I型水泥和硬脂酸钙混凝土的抗压强度和抗氯离子侵蚀性
IF 3.1 Q4 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Pub Date : 2018-06-03 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2042510
A. Maryoto, B. Gan, N. I. S. Hermanto, R. Setijadi
This study aims to determine the effect of calcium stearate on concrete. Three kinds of concrete quality are studied, namely, 20, 30, and 40 MPa. Tests performed in the laboratory comprise a compressive strength test and an infiltration test of chloride ion content. The specimens used were cylinders with a diameter of 150 mm and height of 300 mm. The chloride ion infiltration test was carried out on a cube with sides of 150 mm. The infiltration of ions into the concrete was examined at depths of 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 cm. Four dosages of calcium stearate were added to the concrete, namely, 0, 0.25, 1.27, and 2.53% for 20 MPa concrete; 0, 0.21, 1.07, and 2.48% for 30 MPa concrete; and 0, 0.19, 0.90, and 1.87% for 40 MPa concrete. The results of compressive strength tests indicate that the amount of calcium stearate that could be safely applied to the concrete was 0.25% of the weight of cement. On the other hand, the infiltration of chloride ions at a depth of 6 cm from the unprotected concrete surface decreased by 87, 69, and 113% for the 20, 30, and 40 MPa concrete, respectively, compared to concrete without calcium stearate. The test shows that the use of calcium stearate in concrete significantly increases its resistivity against corrosion attacks because, in the absence of chloride ions, the process of corrosion does not take place in the concrete.
本研究旨在确定硬脂酸钙对混凝土的影响。研究了三种混凝土质量,即20、30和40 MPa。在实验室中进行的测试包括抗压强度测试和氯离子含量的渗透测试。使用的试样是直径为150的圆柱体 mm,高度300 mm的立方体上进行氯离子渗透试验 mm。在1、2、4、6和8的深度处检查离子渗透到混凝土中 向混凝土中加入四种剂量的硬脂酸钙,即0、0.25、1.27和2.53%,20 MPa混凝土;0、0.21、1.07和2.48% MPa混凝土;对于40,分别为0、0.19、0.90和1.87% MPa混凝土。抗压强度试验结果表明,可以安全地应用于混凝土的硬脂酸钙的量为水泥重量的0.25%。另一方面,氯离子在深度为6 对于20、30和40,距离无保护混凝土表面的cm分别减少了87、69和113% MPa混凝土,与不含硬脂酸钙的混凝土相比。试验表明,在混凝土中使用硬脂酸钙可以显著提高其抗腐蚀性能,因为在没有氯离子的情况下,混凝土中不会发生腐蚀过程。
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引用次数: 6
The Analysis of the Influence of Various Factors on the Development of Stress Corrosion Defects in the Main Gas Pipeline Walls in the Conditions of the European Part of the Russian Federation 俄联邦欧洲部分条件下各因素对天然气管道主管壁应力腐蚀缺陷发展的影响分析
IF 3.1 Q4 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Pub Date : 2018-06-03 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1258379
A. V. Afanasyev, A. Mel’nikov, Sergey Konovalov, M. Vaskov
This paper considers the factors influencing the formation and development of stress corrosion defects detected during the inspection and overhaul of the main gas pipeline section. The surveyed gas pipeline is made of large diameter steel pipes made by controlled rolling, produced by various companies, with the predominance of pipes produced by the Khartsyzsk Pipe Plant (KhPP). The correlation between the geometric parameters of defects is described, which makes it possible to estimate the depth of cracks by external parameters. Mechanical tests by cyclic loading of samples containing cracks, based on the site operation data for the last 11 years, showed no crack growth in the absence of a corrosive medium. Micro-X-ray spectral analysis of metal and corrosion products showed no trace of the influence of hydrogen sulphide and nonmetallic inclusions (sulphides) on the development process of SCC. According to the results of the research, the process of development of stress corrosion on the main gas pipelines located in the European part of the Russian Federation is described. The organization operating the gas pipeline is recommended to take into consideration the results of this work during drawing up their repair plan.
本文对天然气管道主段检测大修过程中发现的应力腐蚀缺陷形成和发展的影响因素进行了分析。所测天然气管道由控制轧制的大直径钢管制成,由各公司生产,以哈尔茨克管材厂(KhPP)生产的管道为主。描述了缺陷几何参数之间的相关性,使得通过外部参数估计裂纹深度成为可能。根据过去11年的现场运行数据,对含有裂缝的样品进行循环加载的力学试验表明,在没有腐蚀介质的情况下,裂缝没有扩大。金属和腐蚀产物的微x射线光谱分析显示,硫化氢和非金属夹杂物(硫化物)对SCC的发展过程没有影响。根据研究结果,描述了俄罗斯联邦欧洲部分主要天然气管道应力腐蚀的发展过程。建议操作燃气管道的机构在制定维修计划时考虑到这项工作的结果。
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引用次数: 7
Test Conditions for Pipeline Materials Selection with High Pressure Sour Gas 高压酸性气管道选材试验条件
IF 3.1 Q4 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Pub Date : 2018-05-29 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3402692
G. Gabetta, S. Correra, S. Sgorlon, andM. Bestetti
Acid gases, such as CO2, H2S, and/or sulfur in oil industry’s production fluids, can be responsible for both general and localized corrosion, acting with different mechanisms, which depend on chemical and physical properties of the produced fluids. Materials selection for handling such fluids is performed by combining experience with suggestions from standards and regulations. A good deal of knowledge is available to predict corrosion rates for CO2-containing hydrocarbons, but the effect of high H2S pressure is less understood, mainly due to the difficulty of performing laboratory tests in such challenging conditions. For instance, the so-called NACE solution to assess SSC (Sulfide Stress Cracking) susceptibility of steels is a water-based solution simulating production fluids in equilibrium with one bar bubbling H2S gas. This solution does not represent environments where high gas pressure is present. Moreover, it does not take into account the corrosive properties of sulfur and its compounds that may deposit in such conditions. Besides, properties of high pressure gases are intermediate between those of a gas and those of a liquid: high pressure gases have superior wetting properties and better penetration in small pores, with respect to liquids. These features could enhance and accelerate damage, and nowadays such conditions are likely to be present in many production fields. This paper is aimed to point out a few challenges in dealing with high pressure gases and to suggest that, for materials selection in sour service, a better correspondence of test conditions with the actual field conditions shall be pursued.
酸性气体,如石油工业生产液中的CO2、H2S和/或硫,可能是一般腐蚀和局部腐蚀的原因,其作用机制不同,这取决于生产液的化学和物理性质。处理此类流体的材料选择是通过将经验与标准和法规的建议相结合来进行的。有大量的知识可用于预测含CO2碳氢化合物的腐蚀速率,但人们对高H2S压力的影响知之甚少,这主要是因为在这种具有挑战性的条件下进行实验室测试很困难。例如,用于评估钢的SSC(硫化物应力开裂)敏感性的所谓NACE解决方案是一种水性解决方案,模拟与一巴鼓泡H2S气体平衡的生产流体。该解决方案不代表存在高气压的环境。此外,它没有考虑硫及其化合物在这种条件下可能沉积的腐蚀性。此外,高压气体的性质介于气体和液体的性质之间:相对于液体,高压气体具有优异的润湿性质和更好的小孔渗透性。这些特征可能会增强和加速损伤,如今这种情况很可能出现在许多生产领域。本文旨在指出处理高压气体方面的一些挑战,并建议在酸性环境中选择材料时,应使试验条件与实际现场条件更好地对应。
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引用次数: 2
Study of the Corrosion Process of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy during the First Hours of Immersion in 3.5 wt.% NaCl Solution AZ91D镁合金在3.5中浸泡前几个小时的腐蚀过程研究 wt.%NaCl溶液
IF 3.1 Q4 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Pub Date : 2018-05-29 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8785154
V. Pinela, L. A. de Oliveira, M. C. L. de Oliveira, R. A. Antunes
The AZ91D magnesium alloy was immersed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at room temperature for times ranging from 1 minute up to 72 hours. The aim was to investigate the evolution of the corrosion process using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The microstructure of the as-received alloy was initially characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystalline phases were identified by X-ray diffractometry. The main phases were primary-α, eutectic-α, and β (Mg17Al12). Vickers microhardness markings were made on the surface of one etched sample to facilitate the identification of the same region at each different immersion time, thus enabling the observation of the corrosion process evolution. Corrosion initiates at the grain boundaries of the eutectic microconstituent and, then, propagates through primary α-grains. The β-phase was less severely attacked.
将AZ91D镁合金浸泡在3.5 wt中。% NaCl溶液,室温下,时间范围从1分钟到72小时。目的是利用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)、电化学阻抗谱和x射线光电子能谱来研究腐蚀过程的演变。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜对合金的微观组织进行了初步表征。用x射线衍射法鉴定了晶相。主要相为初生-α、共晶-α和β (Mg17Al12)。在一个蚀刻样品的表面做维氏显微硬度标记,以便在每次不同浸泡时间下识别同一区域,从而观察腐蚀过程的演变。腐蚀始于共晶显微组织的晶界,然后通过初生α-晶粒扩展。β相受到的攻击较轻。
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引用次数: 8
Hot Corrosion of SrTiO3 Perovskite in Na2SO4 + 50 wt.% V2O5 and Na2SO4 + 10 wt.% NaCl Environments at 900°C SrTiO3钙钛矿在Na2SO4+50wt.%V2O5和Na2SO4+10wt.%NaCl环境中900°C的热腐蚀
IF 3.1 Q4 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Pub Date : 2018-05-22 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4763085
M. Prasad, K. S. Rao, M. Reddy, G. Sreedhar
This study examines the phase stability of perovskite SrTiO3 in Na2SO4 + 50 wt.% V2O5 and Na2SO4 + 10 wt.% NaCl environments at 900°C. Hot corrosion results show the formation of Sr2VO4, SrV2O6, and SrTiV5O11 phases in Na2SO4 + 50 wt.% V2O5 environment and Sr3Ti2O7, Na4TiO4, and TiO2 phases in Na2SO4 + 10 wt.% NaCl environment. Morphological observations revealed the austerity of hot corrosion attack on SrTiO3. The Sr2+ ions leached out from SrTiO3 and reacted with corrosive environments. These observations clearly indicate the destabilization of SrTiO3 in both environments.
本研究考察了钙钛矿SrTiO3在Na2SO4+50中的相稳定性 重量百分比V2O5和Na2SO4+10 900°C下的wt.%NaCl环境。热腐蚀结果表明,在Na2SO4+50中形成了Sr2VO4、SrV2O6和SrTiV5O11相 wt.%V2O5环境和Na2SO4+10中的Sr3Ti2O7、Na4TiO4和TiO2相 wt.%NaCl环境。形态观察揭示了SrTiO3热腐蚀的紧缩性。Sr2+离子从SrTiO3中浸出并与腐蚀性环境反应。这些观察结果清楚地表明SrTiO3在两种环境中都不稳定。
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引用次数: 1
The Red Sea as a Corrosive Environment: Corrosion Rates and Corrosion Mechanism of Aluminum Alloys 7075, 2024, and 6061 红海作为腐蚀性环境:7075、2024和6061铝合金的腐蚀速率和腐蚀机制
IF 3.1 Q4 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Pub Date : 2018-05-21 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2381287
A. Al-Moubaraki, Hind H. Al-Rushud
Corrosion behavior of Al 7075, Al 2024, and Al 6061 in the Red Sea water was studied using weight loss (WL) measurements and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) technique. The corrosion patterns and corrosion products formed on Al alloys were characterized using optical photography (OP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that WL data were consistent with bimodal model rather than the power law function and the corrosion rates exhibit a continuous decrease with exposure time. The increasing order of the Red Sea corrosivity on the studied Al alloys can be given as follows: Al 6061 < Al 2024 < Al 7075. The results of temperature effect revealed that an increase in temperature resulted in an increase in both anodic and cathodic current density and a decrease in corrosion potential. Al 7075 was less influenced by temperature than the other alloys. Pitting corrosion was the predominant corrosion pattern detected on all Al alloy surfaces after prolonged immersion in the Red Sea water. The appearance of S peak in EDS spectra of Al 7075 after corrosion gives an indication of the contribution of bacteria in the corrosion process.
采用失重(WL)测量和动电位极化(PDP)技术研究了Al 7075、Al 2024和Al 6061在红海海水中的腐蚀行为。利用光学摄影(OP)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)对铝合金的腐蚀模式和腐蚀产物进行了表征。结果表明,WL数据符合双峰模型而非幂律函数,腐蚀速率随暴露时间的增加而持续降低。所研究的铝合金红海腐蚀性能的增大顺序为:Al 6061 < Al 2024 < Al 7075。温度效应结果表明,温度升高导致阳极和阴极电流密度增加,腐蚀电位降低。Al 7075受温度的影响较小。在红海中长时间浸泡后,所有铝合金表面的腐蚀模式以点蚀为主。腐蚀后的Al 7075能谱出现S峰,说明细菌在腐蚀过程中的作用。
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引用次数: 18
期刊
International Journal of Corrosion
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