International Journal of Engineering Science最新文献_第7页

Development of a versatile indoor framework for the measurement of tyre compound friction and wear 用于测量轮胎复合摩擦和磨损的多功能室内框架的开发

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Engineering Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104402

Andrea Genovese, Guido Napolitano Dell’Annunziata, Emanuele Lenzi, Aleksandr Sakhnevych, Francesco Timpone, Flavio Farroni

Maximising tyre performance requires balancing conflicting targets, grip, wear resistance, and rolling efficiency, while accelerating development. In this context, tribological characterisation at compound level supports faster prototyping and reduces reliance on full-scale testing. Although standards for rubber friction testing exist, they are rarely followed in literature, and procedures are often underreported. This work addresses that gap by presenting the complete development of an experimental framework for rubber friction and wear testing, with particular focus on tyre tread compound, from the definition of functional requirements to the design of a novel linear friction tester and the implementation of a robust testing methodology. The Ground Rubber Interface Performance (GRIP) tester was designed for high versatility and cost-effectiveness. A key feature is the open-access architecture, which allows practical surface management and rapid retooling. A custom back-heating system ensures uniform specimen temperature even under varying test conditions. The methodology focuses on critical but overlooked aspects: specimen conditioning, surface rubberisation, and temperature control. Case studies demonstrate the repeatability of results and the system’s sensitivity to key input parameters. Additional tests confirm the platform’s adaptability to non-tyre tribological applications.

轮胎性能的最大化需要平衡相互冲突的目标、抓地力、耐磨性和滚动效率，同时加速发展。在这种情况下，化合物级的摩擦学特性支持更快的原型制作，并减少对全尺寸测试的依赖。虽然存在橡胶摩擦测试的标准，但在文献中很少遵循，并且程序经常被低估。这项工作通过展示橡胶摩擦和磨损测试实验框架的完整发展来解决这一差距，特别关注轮胎胎面化合物，从功能需求的定义到新型线性摩擦测试仪的设计以及稳健测试方法的实施。地面橡胶界面性能（GRIP）测试仪是为高通用性和成本效益而设计的。一个关键的特点是开放访问架构，它允许实际的表面管理和快速的重新加工。一个定制的背加热系统，确保均匀的试样温度，即使在不同的测试条件。该方法侧重于关键但被忽视的方面：样品调理，表面橡胶化和温度控制。案例研究证明了结果的可重复性和系统对关键输入参数的敏感性。额外的测试证实了该平台对非轮胎摩擦学应用的适应性。

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引用次数: 0

Slow translation of a slightly deformed spherical fluid drop in an arbitrary unsteady viscous flow 任意非定常粘性流动中轻微变形的球形液滴的缓慢平移

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Engineering Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104401

Chennuri Dhanya , Jai Prakash , Huan J. Keh

The present study investigates the translational motion of a slightly deformed spherical fluid drop suspended in an arbitrary unsteady viscous fluid. The analysis is conducted under the assumption of a negligible Reynolds number, indicating a scenario where the induced stresses are slightly higher than the interfacial tension. Consequently, the drop undergoes a slight deformation but remains intact without breaking. The flow fields in both the interior and exterior of the drop are governed by the unsteady Stokes equations, which are solved asymptotically using a method of regular perturbation expansions under appropriate boundary conditions. The deviation from the spherical shape is quantified by a small parameter referred to as the deformation parameter, which is taken as the perturbation parameter. A complete general solution to the unsteady Stokes equations is employed to solve the equations governing the fluid flow. The hydrodynamic forces on the drop are then determined and expressed in terms of Faxén’s law for an arbitrary ambient flow field. The hydrodynamic problem is tackled up to the first order of the deformation parameter, disregarding higher-order terms. Closed-form expressions for the hydrodynamic drag force acting on the drop are derived for the specific scenarios of prolate and oblate spheroidal drops. The hydrodynamic forces obtained in the present study agree with the respective hydrodynamic forces experienced by prolate and oblate spheroidal drops in the limiting case of steady flow, as existing in the literature.

本文研究了悬浮在任意非定常粘性流体中的微变形球形液滴的平移运动。分析是在假设雷诺数可以忽略的情况下进行的，这表明在这种情况下，诱导应力略高于界面张力。因此，液滴经历了轻微的变形，但保持完整而不破裂。液滴内部和外部的流场由非定常Stokes方程控制，该方程在适当的边界条件下用正则摄动展开法渐近求解。从球体形状的偏差是量化的一个小参数称为变形参数，这是作为摄动参数。采用非定常Stokes方程的完全通解来求解控制流体流动的方程。在任意环境流场下，液滴上的水动力被确定并以faxsamn定律表示。水动力问题处理到变形参数的一阶，忽略了高阶项。针对长形液滴和扁球形液滴的具体情况，推导了作用于液滴的水动力阻力的封闭表达式。本研究得到的水动力与文献中存在的长形液滴和扁球形液滴在稳定流动的极限情况下所经历的水动力相一致。

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引用次数: 0

Capillary force on the inner wall of the mesh atomizer influencing the size of the droplets 网状雾化器内壁毛细力对雾滴大小的影响

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Engineering Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104399

Fan Zhang, Guan-Xian Chen, Zhen-Zhen Gui, Jian-Hui Zhang, Shao-Zheng Deng, Fu-Hai Wu, Yin-He Wang

Piezoelectric atomizer is widely used in inhalation therapy field, where the drug deposition depth depends on the size of the atomized droplet. Herein, the diameter of the droplet was regulated by changing the wettability of the inner wall of the tapered hole of atomizers. The dynamic cone angle-capillary (DCA-C) model is established, where the contact angle of the inner wall θ and the cone angle α are the two key parameters to influence of the droplet size. When θ>π/2+α/2, the droplet size decreases; when θ<π/2+α/2, the droplet size increases. The experiment results show that after non-wetting treatment of the metal sheet of the atomizer, the contact angle θ=162°, and the atomized droplet diameter is 1.246 μm, which is decreased by 83.9%; after wetting treatment, the contact angle θ=66°, and the atomized droplet diameter is 9.851 μm, which is increased by 27.3%. It demonstrates that the DCA-C model can better explain the mechanism of piezoelectric atomization, where the capillary force plays a crucial role in regulating droplet size.

压电雾化器广泛应用于吸入治疗领域，其药物沉积深度取决于雾化液滴的大小。本文通过改变喷嘴锥形孔内壁的润湿性来调节液滴的直径。建立了动态锥角-毛细管（DCA-C）模型，其中内壁接触角θ和锥角α是影响液滴大小的两个关键参数。当θ>；π/2+α/2时，液滴尺寸减小；当θ<；π/2+α/2时，液滴尺寸增大。实验结果表明：对雾化器金属板进行非润湿处理后，接触角θ=162°，雾化液滴直径为1.246 μm，减小了83.9%；润湿处理后，接触角θ=66°，雾化液滴直径为9.851 μm，增大27.3%。结果表明，DCA-C模型能较好地解释压电雾化的机理，其中毛细力对液滴大小的调节起着至关重要的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical study and controlled generation of double emulsion droplet in a six-way junction microfluidic device using design of experiment method 采用实验设计方法对六路结微流控装置中双乳液滴的生成进行了数值研究

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Engineering Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104393

Somayyeh Bayazidi , Sasan Asiaei

This study uses numerical simulations based on the Volume of Fluid-Continuum Surface Force (VOF-CSF) method to investigate the controlled generation of double emulsion droplets in a six-way junction microfluidic device. Using Design of Experiments (DOE) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in a flow-focusing microfluidic device, the simultaneous effects of important parameters, including the inner phase capillary number and phase flow rates, on the double emulsion characteristics, including droplet size, shell thickness, frequency of compound droplet generation, and monodispersity are investigated for the first time. According to our findings, the most significant parameter determining the double emulsion characteristics is the outer phase flow rate. Multi-core double emulsion droplets are also generated when the inner phase capillary number and middle phase flow rate increases and outer phase flow rate decreases. Additionally, we show that the monodispersity of the double emulsion under the dripping and jetting flow patterns is acceptable for most of the applications within the range of input parameters. This research develops beyond conventional droplet generation techniques by identifying the optimal flow combinations and providing quantitative equations for precisely predicting and controlling double emulsion characteristics based on the simultaneous effects of input parameters. Additionally, the proposed model enables it possible to generate multiple double emulsions with a wide range of shell thicknesses and different numbers of internal drops. The findings provide an innovative approach for designing microfluidic systems that have been successfully used in the double emulsions generation, especially in complicated encapsulation systems and for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

本研究采用基于流体体积-连续体表面力（VOF-CSF）方法的数值模拟研究了六路结微流控装置中双乳液滴的受控生成。利用实验设计（DOE）和响应面法（RSM）在流动聚焦微流控装置中，首次研究了内相毛细管数和相流量等重要参数对双乳特性（包括微滴尺寸、壳层厚度、复合微滴产生频率和单分散性）的同时影响。根据我们的研究结果，决定双乳特性的最重要参数是外相流量。当内相毛细管数和中相流量增大，外相流量减小时，也会产生多芯双乳液滴。此外，我们还表明，在输入参数范围内，双乳液在滴注和喷射流动模式下的单分散性在大多数应用中是可以接受的。该研究超越了传统的液滴生成技术，通过确定最佳流动组合，并提供定量方程，以精确预测和控制基于输入参数同时影响的双乳特性。此外，所提出的模型使生成具有宽范围的壳厚度和不同数量的内部液滴的多个双乳成为可能。该研究结果为设计微流体系统提供了一种创新的方法，该方法已成功地用于双乳液生成，特别是在复杂的封装系统以及食品和制药工业中。

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引用次数: 0

A new strain gradient viscoplastic self-consistent crystal plasticity model for predicting geometrically necessary dislocations and length-scale dependent mechanical response 一种新的应变梯度粘塑性自洽晶体塑性模型，用于预测几何上必要的位错和长度相关的力学响应

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Engineering Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104396

Iftekhar A. Riyad, Marko Knezevic

This paper describes a formulation of the first strain gradient (SG) viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) crystal plasticity model. The SG-VPSC model is based on the intragranular orientation spreads estimated from the fluctuations in the lattice rotation rates stemming from the second moments of the stress fields in the grains of a polycrystalline aggregate. The orientation spreads are spatially arranged to attain a functional form of the rotation tensor fields per grain for the calculations of spatial derivatives. The spatial derivatives pertaining to the “curl” operation are then taken to obtain the Nye dislocation tensor from the rotation tensor fields per grain. The Nye tensor is lastly used to calculate the density of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) per grain. A dislocation density-based hardening law and an advanced composite grain model for twinning available in VPSC are extended to include the effects of GNDs. The potential and utility of the developed SG-VPSC model to simulate the mechanical response and concomitant evolution of microstructure including GNDs in polycrystalline metals are demonstrated using a few simulation case studies including compression of α-Ti specimens with different initial grain sizes along two specimen directions and a set of strain-path change deformation conditions applied to AA6016-T4.

本文描述了一种第一应变梯度粘塑性自洽晶体塑性模型的表达式。SG-VPSC模型是基于由多晶聚集体中应力场的第二矩引起的晶格旋转速率波动估计的颗粒内取向扩展。取向扩展在空间上排列，以获得每粒旋转张量场的函数形式，用于计算空间导数。然后取与“旋度”操作相关的空间导数，从每个晶粒的旋转张量场中获得奈位错张量。Nye张量最后用于计算每个晶粒的几何必要位错（GNDs）密度。将基于位错密度的硬化规律和先进的复合晶粒模型扩展到包括GNDs的影响。通过不同初始晶粒尺寸的α-Ti试样沿两个方向压缩和AA6016-T4的应变路径变化变形条件，验证了SG-VPSC模型在模拟多晶金属中包括GNDs在内的微观组织演变过程中的潜力和实用性。

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引用次数: 0

Tug-of-war between liquids and membranes 液体和膜之间的拔河

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Engineering Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104395

Weiting Chen, Quanzi Yuan

Predicting the deformation behavior of an initially stressed membrane subjected to liquid self-weight is nontrivial. Experimental observation indicates that in the tug-of-war competition between liquids and membranes, which side will prevail does not depend on the liquid volume. However, the existing models cannot explain this counterintuitive phenomenon. With the aim of understanding the underlying mechanics behind those unexpected features, we propose a theoretical model for deriving the configuration of membrane–liquid interactions. The analytical solutions for one-dimensional and two-dimensional axisymmetric membrane deflections are derived by combining the linear membrane theory and configuration-dependent loading. These solutions yield quantitative predictions for the three types of configuration that are in excellent agreement with the experiments. Remarkably, we find that a dimensionless parameter concerning the liquid density, the size of the system, and the membrane tension controls the intensity of the membrane–liquid competition. Our model opens up a new perspective for studying fluid–structure interaction systems.

预测初始应力膜在液体自重作用下的变形行为是非常重要的。实验观察表明，在液体与膜的拉锯战中，哪一方获胜并不取决于液体的体积。然而，现有的模型无法解释这种违反直觉的现象。为了理解这些意想不到的特征背后的潜在力学，我们提出了一个理论模型来推导膜-液体相互作用的配置。将线性膜理论与构型相关载荷相结合，导出了一维和二维轴对称膜挠度的解析解。这些解决方案产生了与实验非常一致的三种构型的定量预测。值得注意的是，我们发现一个关于液体密度、系统大小和膜张力的无量纲参数控制着膜-液竞争的强度。该模型为研究流固耦合系统开辟了一个新的视角。

引用次数: 0

Dynamic relaxation in metallic glasses: A unified view from quasi-point defects and fractional viscoelasticity 金属玻璃的动态松弛：从准点缺陷和分数粘弹性的统一观点

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Engineering Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104394

Y.M. Chen , Y.H. Xiao , Guo-Jian Lyu , B. Wang , Yun-Jiang Wang , Y. Yang , E. Pineda , C. Fusco , L. Chazeau , J.C. Qiao

Amorphous solids are ubiquitous in nature, and their non-Debye relaxation behaviors are often modeled using the stretched exponential function or the power-law form. However, these empirical approaches lack a clear physical landscape and direct ties to the underlying microstructure. Dynamic mechanical relaxation is a key metric for understanding the mechanical and physical properties of amorphous solids with viscoelastic characteristics. This study focuses on dynamic mechanical relaxation behavior of Cu₅₀Zr₄₃Al₇ metallic glass, a typical representative of amorphous solids. We employ the simplified modified fractional-order model, combining the quasi-point defect theory and the fractional calculus, to investigate the mechanical relaxation spectrum of Cu₅₀Zr₄₃Al₇ metallic glass in temperature domain. Our findings demonstrate the convergence between mechanical (simplified modified fractional-order model) and physical (quasi-point defect theory) viewpoints. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that variations of parameter

χ

(or

α

) in the models is closely related to changes in icosahedral clusters. Additionally, calculation of local pair entropy

S_{2}

for atoms before and after annealing, along with analysis of the “entropy-rising” atoms during annealing, show a strong correlation with the quasi-point defects.

非晶固体在自然界中无处不在，它们的非德拜弛豫行为通常用拉伸指数函数或幂律形式来建模。然而，这些经验方法缺乏清晰的物理景观和与底层微观结构的直接联系。动态力学松弛是理解具有粘弹性特性的非晶态固体力学和物理特性的关键指标。本文主要研究非晶固体的典型代表Cu50Zr43Al7金属玻璃的动态力学弛豫行为。采用简化的修正分数阶模型，结合准点缺陷理论和分数阶微积分，研究了Cu50Zr43Al7金属玻璃在温度域的力学弛豫谱。我们的发现证明了力学（简化修正分数阶模型）和物理（准点缺陷理论）观点之间的收敛性。分子动力学模拟表明，模型中参数χ（或α）的变化与二十面体簇的变化密切相关。此外，计算了退火前后原子的局域对熵S2，并对退火过程中原子的“熵上升”现象进行了分析，结果表明准点缺陷与局域对熵S2有很强的相关性。

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引用次数: 0

On effect of anisotropy on anti-plane shear waves in elastic monoclinic half-space and plates 弹性单斜半空间和板中各向异性对反平面横波的影响

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Engineering Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104392

Gennadi I. Mikhasev , Victor A. Eremeyev

Within the context of linear surface elasticity, we discuss the propagation of anti-plane surface waves, taking into account the anisotropy of the material. Here, we consider one of the most general crystal systems in the bulk, i.e. monoclinic symmetry. For the free surface, however, we consider rectangular symmetry. We derived the dispersion relations for three structures with surface energy: a half-space with a free surface; a layer of finite thickness; and a two-layered half-space. Surprisingly, these coincide with their isotropic counterparts, differing only in notation. Conversely, the anisotropy of the material in the bulk affects the displacement decay with depth. The pure exponential decay of displacements with the depth now transforms into decay with oscillations.

在线性表面弹性的背景下，考虑到材料的各向异性，我们讨论了反平面表面波的传播。在这里，我们考虑最普遍的晶体系统之一，即单斜对称。然而，对于自由曲面，我们考虑矩形对称。我们推导了三种具有表面能结构的色散关系：具有自由表面的半空间；层：有限厚度的一层；两层半空间。令人惊讶的是，它们与各向同性的对应物一致，只是在符号上有所不同。相反，块体中材料的各向异性影响位移随深度的衰减。位移随深度的纯粹指数衰减现在转变为振荡衰减。

引用次数: 0

A peridynamic approach to analysis of coupled magneto-electro-mechanical systems 磁-电-机械耦合系统的周动力学分析方法

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Engineering Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104391

Anasuyakumari Maram, Subrata Mondal, Sudarshan Dhua

A non-ordinary state-based peridynamic model(NOSBPD) is presented for linear piezoelectromagnetic material(PEM). The corresponding material model is developed by establishing the connection between the classical theory of piezoelectromagnetics and the newly proposed peridynamic framework. The variational approach and Hamiltonian principle are utilised to establish the equation of motion. This investigation shows the effectiveness of the proposed model to handle piezoelectromagnetic material. It is also shown that the considered stabilisation method effectively reduces the instabilities of NOSBPD. The dynamic behaviour of piezoelectromagnetic material in the proposed framework is investigated. The dispersion relations for stabilised versions of NOSBPD in one and two dimensions are established analytically for PEM. The graphs illustrate the influence of

δ

and different nonlocality functions on frequency, phase velocity, and group velocity. Also, the significant impact of critical coupling parameters on frequency is studied using graphical demonstration. Piezoelectromagnetic materials are used in a wide range of applications to constitute transducers such as actuators and sensors. Gaining insight into their wave and vibrational properties is indispensable for the advancement of reliable and optimised devices.

提出了线性压电材料（PEM）的非普通状态周动力学模型（NOSBPD）。通过建立经典压电理论与新提出的周动力框架之间的联系，建立了相应的材料模型。利用变分法和哈密顿原理建立了运动方程。研究结果表明，该模型对处理压电材料是有效的。研究还表明，所考虑的稳定方法可以有效地降低NOSBPD的不稳定性。研究了压电材料在该框架中的动态行为。对质子交换膜，建立了稳定型NOSBPD在一维和二维上的色散关系。图中显示了δ和不同的非局域函数对频率、相速度和群速度的影响。通过图形演示，研究了关键耦合参数对频率的显著影响。压电材料被广泛应用于构成传感器，如执行器和传感器。深入了解它们的波动和振动特性对于可靠和优化设备的进步是必不可少的。

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引用次数: 0

Coupled chemo-mechanical constitutive equations and residual stress evolution of swelling hydrogels 溶胀水凝胶的化学-力学耦合本构方程及残余应力演化

IF 5.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Engineering Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2025.104390

Vivek Kumar Singh, Krishnendu Haldar

Hydrogels are cross-linked polymeric materials capable of undergoing large deformation in response to external stimuli, such as chemical gradients and mechanical loading. This article presents a coupled chemo-mechanical model of hydrogel undergoing substantial swelling. A multiplicative decomposition-based framework is adopted to represent simultaneous swelling and mechanical deformation in a consistent thermodynamic way. A nonlinear modified hyperelastic Yeoh–Fleming model is considered for the fully swollen hydrogel to describe the strain energy of the polymer network and is calibrated from the available experiments. After calibrating the model using uniaxial stretching for different volume fractions of the polymer network, the model is then benchmarked with equi-biaxial and pure shear responses. The model calibration at different polymer network volume fractions also allows evolution of the Yeoh–Fleming model parameters with polymer network concentration. Finally, we combine the free energy of mixing of solvent and polymer network and the strain energy of polymer network to solve a coupled boundary value problem (BVP) of free swelling. The solution predicts free swelling of hydrogel and the evolution of residual stresses induced by a slow diffusion phenomenon. The numerical results presented here may provide guidance for significant applications of hydrogels in soft robotics, drug delivery and biomedical systems.

水凝胶是一种交联聚合物材料，能够在外部刺激（如化学梯度和机械载荷）下发生大变形。本文提出了水凝胶剧烈膨胀的化学-力学耦合模型。采用基于乘法分解的框架，以一致的热力学方式表示膨胀和机械变形同时发生。考虑了完全膨胀水凝胶的非线性修正超弹性yeo - fleming模型来描述聚合物网络的应变能，并根据现有的实验进行了校准。在对聚合物网络的不同体积分数使用单轴拉伸校准模型后，然后对模型进行等双轴和纯剪切响应的基准测试。在不同聚合物网络体积分数下的模型校准也允许yeo - fleming模型参数随聚合物网络浓度的变化。最后，结合溶剂与聚合物网络混合的自由能和聚合物网络的应变能，求解了自由膨胀的耦合边值问题。该解决方案预测了水凝胶的自由膨胀和由缓慢扩散现象引起的残余应力的演变。本文给出的数值结果可能为水凝胶在软机器人、药物输送和生物医学系统中的重要应用提供指导。

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引用次数: 0