Pub Date : 2021-03-17DOI: 10.11648/J.IJLA.20210902.11
Luo Yuan
Ian McEwan’s representative novel Saturday, set on 15 February 2003, the day of the largest protest march against the imminent war on Iraq in London, presents one day in the life of Henry Perowne, a 48-year-old neurosurgeon, holding up to a troubled time in the post-9/11 age of anxiety. From Henry’s consciousness the rich narrative weaves the story of his contented and paradoxically happy life together with his anxiety about the terrorism implied in his over-interpretation of the burning airplane in the early morning, his encounter with Baxter in a minor car accident and later Baxter’s intruding into his house to endanger his family. Henry Perowne, the privileged neurosurgeon, complacent, and arrogant in his framing life with selected empathy and care for his loved ones, finally awakens to approach his ethical self with responsibility for the Other through extending his empathy and care to the Other represented by Baxter. What Ian McEwan explores in Saturday is an ethical attempt for privileged Westerners to reflect about the deep causes of international terrorism and to sort out the conflicts between self and the Other in an ethical way through extending empathy to more diverse others with the prospect of experiencing profound happiness in the post-9/11 age of anxiety.
{"title":"A Reading of Ian McEwan’s Saturday: Approaching the Ethical Self by Extending Empathy and Care to the Other in the Post-9/11 Age of Anxiety","authors":"Luo Yuan","doi":"10.11648/J.IJLA.20210902.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJLA.20210902.11","url":null,"abstract":"Ian McEwan’s representative novel Saturday, set on 15 February 2003, the day of the largest protest march against the imminent war on Iraq in London, presents one day in the life of Henry Perowne, a 48-year-old neurosurgeon, holding up to a troubled time in the post-9/11 age of anxiety. From Henry’s consciousness the rich narrative weaves the story of his contented and paradoxically happy life together with his anxiety about the terrorism implied in his over-interpretation of the burning airplane in the early morning, his encounter with Baxter in a minor car accident and later Baxter’s intruding into his house to endanger his family. Henry Perowne, the privileged neurosurgeon, complacent, and arrogant in his framing life with selected empathy and care for his loved ones, finally awakens to approach his ethical self with responsibility for the Other through extending his empathy and care to the Other represented by Baxter. What Ian McEwan explores in Saturday is an ethical attempt for privileged Westerners to reflect about the deep causes of international terrorism and to sort out the conflicts between self and the Other in an ethical way through extending empathy to more diverse others with the prospect of experiencing profound happiness in the post-9/11 age of anxiety.","PeriodicalId":14110,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Literature and Arts","volume":"1 1","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75792214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.17
Lei Zhu, Zishan Huang
The Grass Is Singing is the first published book of Doris Lessing, a famous British female writer, whose novels are largely concerned with people involved in the social upheavals of the 20th century. This story is about a white farmer Dick and his wife Mary and their black servant Moses in Africa. In this novel, Doris Lessing presents readers with the tragedy of Mary, who has suffered a lot from the patriarchal ideology and racial discrimination in that society. This paper first analyzes the embodiment of Mary’s tragedy from such aspects as her unhappy childhood, her unsuccessful marriage and her miserable ending, and then aims to probe into the causes leading to Mary’s tragedy from the perspective of ecofeminism: as a colonist, she cannot harmoniously coexist with nature; as a woman, she cannot equally get along with men. In conclusion, her alienation from nature has caused nature to take revenge on her; the pressure from her incompetent father has distorted her view of men; the physical and mental oppression from her husband has ruined his illusion about marriage; the cruel revenge from her lover has directly resulted in her tragic ending.
{"title":"An Ecofeministic Analysis of the Causes of Mary’s Tragedy in The Grass Is Singing","authors":"Lei Zhu, Zishan Huang","doi":"10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.17","url":null,"abstract":"The Grass Is Singing is the first published book of Doris Lessing, a famous British female writer, whose novels are largely concerned with people involved in the social upheavals of the 20th century. This story is about a white farmer Dick and his wife Mary and their black servant Moses in Africa. In this novel, Doris Lessing presents readers with the tragedy of Mary, who has suffered a lot from the patriarchal ideology and racial discrimination in that society. This paper first analyzes the embodiment of Mary’s tragedy from such aspects as her unhappy childhood, her unsuccessful marriage and her miserable ending, and then aims to probe into the causes leading to Mary’s tragedy from the perspective of ecofeminism: as a colonist, she cannot harmoniously coexist with nature; as a woman, she cannot equally get along with men. In conclusion, her alienation from nature has caused nature to take revenge on her; the pressure from her incompetent father has distorted her view of men; the physical and mental oppression from her husband has ruined his illusion about marriage; the cruel revenge from her lover has directly resulted in her tragic ending.","PeriodicalId":14110,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Literature and Arts","volume":"51 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80873184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-27DOI: 10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.15
He Jiexia
Impressing people with the profundity of its content and scope, Saul Bellow’s fiction is often the embodiment of alienation, meaning of life, men’s quest for spiritual discernment, and the possibilities of human awakening. Though the content and form have both shown their distinguishing excellence in his novella Seize the Day, it is always Bellow’s theme that is under vast investigation, while the other charming feature of this story – its way of narration is not often discussed. This paper aims to analyze the narrative of Seize the Day from the perspective of narratology, figuring out how omniscient narrative and temporal structure are disposed to convey remarkable characteristics to Seize the Day. In general, this story is narrated by an omniscient third-person narrator, but the narrative voice is not an exclusive one all the time. Besides, the focalization of the omniscient narrator shifts whenever necessary, which devotes to exposing the instabilities of characters and events in the story. As to the temporal structure, variations existing in order, duration and frequency generate rhetorical effects in the story and make the structure of Seize the Day coordinate smoothly the interlaced temporal references, leading further instabilities and tensions to the movement of the narrative. In Seize the Day, Saul Bellow has showed a mastery of narrative voice, focalization and temporal structure, and demonstrated how incredible the narrative techniques can be in transferring a modified omniscient narrative and the temporal manipulation of acceleration and deceleration into a dynamic narrative progression, which offers readers the option to consider the possibilities of development, motivation and resolution in the entire narrative of the story.
{"title":"Modified Omniscient Narrative and Temporal Structure in Seize the Day","authors":"He Jiexia","doi":"10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.15","url":null,"abstract":"Impressing people with the profundity of its content and scope, Saul Bellow’s fiction is often the embodiment of alienation, meaning of life, men’s quest for spiritual discernment, and the possibilities of human awakening. Though the content and form have both shown their distinguishing excellence in his novella Seize the Day, it is always Bellow’s theme that is under vast investigation, while the other charming feature of this story – its way of narration is not often discussed. This paper aims to analyze the narrative of Seize the Day from the perspective of narratology, figuring out how omniscient narrative and temporal structure are disposed to convey remarkable characteristics to Seize the Day. In general, this story is narrated by an omniscient third-person narrator, but the narrative voice is not an exclusive one all the time. Besides, the focalization of the omniscient narrator shifts whenever necessary, which devotes to exposing the instabilities of characters and events in the story. As to the temporal structure, variations existing in order, duration and frequency generate rhetorical effects in the story and make the structure of Seize the Day coordinate smoothly the interlaced temporal references, leading further instabilities and tensions to the movement of the narrative. In Seize the Day, Saul Bellow has showed a mastery of narrative voice, focalization and temporal structure, and demonstrated how incredible the narrative techniques can be in transferring a modified omniscient narrative and the temporal manipulation of acceleration and deceleration into a dynamic narrative progression, which offers readers the option to consider the possibilities of development, motivation and resolution in the entire narrative of the story.","PeriodicalId":14110,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Literature and Arts","volume":"33 1","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76041461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-27DOI: 10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.16
Shan Guanghui
Narratology constitutes a vital component of literary criticism and theory. A prime goal of narratology teaching is to build a systematic conceptual framework of key narrative concepts for students. A good command of the core concepts of narrative theory ensures profound narratological textual criticism. Taking focalization as a case study for Chinese college students, this paper analyzes the evolution and current state of focalization theory with the aim of helping them to acquire a systematic conceptual framework of focalization theory. This paper adopts both synchronic and diachronic approaches to examine the conceptual evolution of focalization, focusing on the early exploration of focalization, the focalization study in classical and postclassical narratology, and the analysis of nonhuman focalization. Focalization is an issue of “who sees” which is often conflated with the issue of “who speaks” in the early stage of its conceptual evolution. Genette has made a distinction between them, and scholars of classical narratology developed variegated focalization theories. Postclassical narratology made major improvements, emphasizing readers’ reception and the context of focalization. Nonhuman focalization, a distinctive dimension of focalization theory, also counts as an important interpretative perspective concerning focalization for students. An elaborate discussion of the conceptual evolution of focalization seeks to reveal to students a multi-dimensional conception of focalization as a way to enhance their ability to perform a narratological reading of literary texts.
{"title":"An Issue of “Who Sees” the Fictional World: Teaching the Conceptual Evolution of Focalization","authors":"Shan Guanghui","doi":"10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.16","url":null,"abstract":"Narratology constitutes a vital component of literary criticism and theory. A prime goal of narratology teaching is to build a systematic conceptual framework of key narrative concepts for students. A good command of the core concepts of narrative theory ensures profound narratological textual criticism. Taking focalization as a case study for Chinese college students, this paper analyzes the evolution and current state of focalization theory with the aim of helping them to acquire a systematic conceptual framework of focalization theory. This paper adopts both synchronic and diachronic approaches to examine the conceptual evolution of focalization, focusing on the early exploration of focalization, the focalization study in classical and postclassical narratology, and the analysis of nonhuman focalization. Focalization is an issue of “who sees” which is often conflated with the issue of “who speaks” in the early stage of its conceptual evolution. Genette has made a distinction between them, and scholars of classical narratology developed variegated focalization theories. Postclassical narratology made major improvements, emphasizing readers’ reception and the context of focalization. Nonhuman focalization, a distinctive dimension of focalization theory, also counts as an important interpretative perspective concerning focalization for students. An elaborate discussion of the conceptual evolution of focalization seeks to reveal to students a multi-dimensional conception of focalization as a way to enhance their ability to perform a narratological reading of literary texts.","PeriodicalId":14110,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Literature and Arts","volume":"21 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87217431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-09DOI: 10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.14
Ibrahim Boumazzou, Khouloud El Masrar
This work explores in a precise way Monne, outrages and challenges by Ahmadou Kourouma (1990). In it, the novelist reconstructs the colonial history of a region of black Africa (the Mandingo) and makes it an essential base for his poetics. Kourouma traces there in a relatively systematic way the various stages of the installation of the Whites in Soba, from the conquest to the disappointments of independence. He also paints a scenographic picture of the life of Djigui, the king of Soba, from his accession to the throne until his death. He therefore intends to reread this story in order to reflect on the repressive methods adopted by the colonizer at this time. He focuses mainly on the forms of racism of which the novelist speaks in his fiction, notably the question of the "rite of allegiance" and "the ceremony of consumption of the submissive", to cite only these two examples. It shows that the black African community, at the time of colonization, had no value. The latter suffered from various atrocities (repression, violence, marginalization, racism, etc.) [1]. So he is targeting the negative image that Karma’s novel talks about. This tends to become a denouncer insofar as the reader is put in a position to take the side of the representatives of this crushed community. By this assigned place, this same reader sees himself led to deem unbearable the fate reserved for the black man who is nevertheless the living and active force of the African continent.
{"title":"Representations of Colonial Racism in Monnè, Outrages and Challenges of Ahmadou Kourouma","authors":"Ibrahim Boumazzou, Khouloud El Masrar","doi":"10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.14","url":null,"abstract":"This work explores in a precise way Monne, outrages and challenges by Ahmadou Kourouma (1990). In it, the novelist reconstructs the colonial history of a region of black Africa (the Mandingo) and makes it an essential base for his poetics. Kourouma traces there in a relatively systematic way the various stages of the installation of the Whites in Soba, from the conquest to the disappointments of independence. He also paints a scenographic picture of the life of Djigui, the king of Soba, from his accession to the throne until his death. He therefore intends to reread this story in order to reflect on the repressive methods adopted by the colonizer at this time. He focuses mainly on the forms of racism of which the novelist speaks in his fiction, notably the question of the \"rite of allegiance\" and \"the ceremony of consumption of the submissive\", to cite only these two examples. It shows that the black African community, at the time of colonization, had no value. The latter suffered from various atrocities (repression, violence, marginalization, racism, etc.) [1]. So he is targeting the negative image that Karma’s novel talks about. This tends to become a denouncer insofar as the reader is put in a position to take the side of the representatives of this crushed community. By this assigned place, this same reader sees himself led to deem unbearable the fate reserved for the black man who is nevertheless the living and active force of the African continent.","PeriodicalId":14110,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Literature and Arts","volume":"514 1","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77848704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.11648/J.IJRSE.20211001.13
Nkeleme Emmanuel Ifeanyichukwu, N. Anosike, A. Ikenna, Ukwunna Okechukwu Chidiebere
The green construction techniques is a relatively new building philosophy with an unprecedented opportunity to in the global carbon reduction targets as well as pushing the application of more environmentally friendly materials, strategies of saving resources, lower waste production, and the improvement of indoor environmental quality, among others. However, this technique is faced with many pullbacks especially in Nigeria. Hence, the paper sought to assess the militating factors against the practice of green building as a new paradigm in construction projects. The research implored the combination of a quantitative and qualitative approach. The focus was on the buildings within FUTO with more concentration of new buildings constructed between 2012 and 2017. The primary data was obtained through observations and by administering questionnaires to lecturers familiar with the design, construction and management of the buildings. For quantitative method, parameters that define green construction with a range of variables from minimal to complete incorporation of the elements, determined the degree of conformity. The result from the research revealed that, to a ‘Great extent’, lack of enforcement and limited research were the greatest militating factor facing practitioners in the adoption of green building concept with these two factors having relative importance index (RII) of 0.81 and 0.79 respectively. Lack of awareness (0.63) was a moderate challenge practitioners faced in the adoption of the concepts. The research recommends that suitable policy, structure and consequence be put in place to enforce green building concept as well as opportunity for continuous research in this field.
{"title":"Militating Factors Against the Practice of Green Building as a New Paradigm in Construction Projects","authors":"Nkeleme Emmanuel Ifeanyichukwu, N. Anosike, A. Ikenna, Ukwunna Okechukwu Chidiebere","doi":"10.11648/J.IJRSE.20211001.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJRSE.20211001.13","url":null,"abstract":"The green construction techniques is a relatively new building philosophy with an unprecedented opportunity to in the global carbon reduction targets as well as pushing the application of more environmentally friendly materials, strategies of saving resources, lower waste production, and the improvement of indoor environmental quality, among others. However, this technique is faced with many pullbacks especially in Nigeria. Hence, the paper sought to assess the militating factors against the practice of green building as a new paradigm in construction projects. The research implored the combination of a quantitative and qualitative approach. The focus was on the buildings within FUTO with more concentration of new buildings constructed between 2012 and 2017. The primary data was obtained through observations and by administering questionnaires to lecturers familiar with the design, construction and management of the buildings. For quantitative method, parameters that define green construction with a range of variables from minimal to complete incorporation of the elements, determined the degree of conformity. The result from the research revealed that, to a ‘Great extent’, lack of enforcement and limited research were the greatest militating factor facing practitioners in the adoption of green building concept with these two factors having relative importance index (RII) of 0.81 and 0.79 respectively. Lack of awareness (0.63) was a moderate challenge practitioners faced in the adoption of the concepts. The research recommends that suitable policy, structure and consequence be put in place to enforce green building concept as well as opportunity for continuous research in this field.","PeriodicalId":14110,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Literature and Arts","volume":"143 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77839306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-25DOI: 10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.13
A. S. Rao
Manuscript write up and appraisal is based exclusively on the monumental 22 volumes compilation of four Vedas –ancient, globally acknowledged Hindu scriptures. As per the references quoted, the four Vedas Viz; Rigveda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda has in all 10,589, 1975, 1 875 and 5977 verses respectively cumulatively making 20,416 verses. This compilation does not include Upanishads which focus more on philosophy and spirituality. What is meant for scholars is not attempted for appraisal but only those points which can be easily understood by common men who constitute the vast majority of the society. Such subject matter does constitute a significant portion of the four Vedas. Manuscript emphasizes drastic pruning of repetitions of verses which convey the same meaning and thought to get a much shorter version of the compilation which can be easily read by more number of people and can also be easily translated into other languages. An important message of this manuscript is a significant portion Vedas proper deals with material world and material needs, desires and comforts of man --- food, shelter, health, wealth, wisdom, vigor, vitality, progeny, long life of hundred years, happiness, peace etc. For this God and many Deities and others are repeatedly invoked through rituals /sacrifices, prayers, praising the glories and attributes and chanting hymns. They are also prayed for spiritual development and attaining divine bliss and enlightenment. Though Vedas believe in one supreme, deification and polytheism is a characteristic feature of Vedic religion. Manuscript mentions specifically many deities invoked and their attributes and addresses, concept of twin divines, cardinal importance of fire and strong conviction and desire of people for punitive justice. Atharva Veda is unique and of modern relevance too as it prescribes many medicinal plants and other treatments for curing many ailments. Many parameters of day to day life and environment are mentioned in the Vedas.
{"title":"World Renowned Ancient Hindu Vedas – A Brief Appraisal of the Scriptures for Common Man Across the Globe","authors":"A. S. Rao","doi":"10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.13","url":null,"abstract":"Manuscript write up and appraisal is based exclusively on the monumental 22 volumes compilation of four Vedas –ancient, globally acknowledged Hindu scriptures. As per the references quoted, the four Vedas Viz; Rigveda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda has in all 10,589, 1975, 1 875 and 5977 verses respectively cumulatively making 20,416 verses. This compilation does not include Upanishads which focus more on philosophy and spirituality. What is meant for scholars is not attempted for appraisal but only those points which can be easily understood by common men who constitute the vast majority of the society. Such subject matter does constitute a significant portion of the four Vedas. Manuscript emphasizes drastic pruning of repetitions of verses which convey the same meaning and thought to get a much shorter version of the compilation which can be easily read by more number of people and can also be easily translated into other languages. An important message of this manuscript is a significant portion Vedas proper deals with material world and material needs, desires and comforts of man --- food, shelter, health, wealth, wisdom, vigor, vitality, progeny, long life of hundred years, happiness, peace etc. For this God and many Deities and others are repeatedly invoked through rituals /sacrifices, prayers, praising the glories and attributes and chanting hymns. They are also prayed for spiritual development and attaining divine bliss and enlightenment. Though Vedas believe in one supreme, deification and polytheism is a characteristic feature of Vedic religion. Manuscript mentions specifically many deities invoked and their attributes and addresses, concept of twin divines, cardinal importance of fire and strong conviction and desire of people for punitive justice. Atharva Veda is unique and of modern relevance too as it prescribes many medicinal plants and other treatments for curing many ailments. Many parameters of day to day life and environment are mentioned in the Vedas.","PeriodicalId":14110,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Literature and Arts","volume":"51 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89845091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-22DOI: 10.11648/J.IJRSE.20211001.11
Yitayal Tebeje Workie
This study was conducted in Sekelemariam Dry Evergreen Montane Forest which is situated within 37° 27' and 37° 30' east, and 10° 34' and 10° 36' north, near Dembecha Town in west Gojam Zone, North Western Ethiopia. It is characterized by steeply sloped areas with huge Rocky Mountains extended throughout the middle parts of the forest. The aim of this study was to estimate the soil carbon stock potential of the forest. A systematic transect sampling technique was adopted in this study and following these transects plots of 1mx1m (1m2) data was taken from the field. The carbon stock density of soil organic carbon was calculated from the volume and bulk density of the soil as V = h× r2. The data analysis was conducted using Microsoft excel sheet used as platform in carbon calculations, and SPSS software version 20 to determine the impact of altitude gradient and slope factors on soil carbon stock potential and to compare the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The carbon stock of the SOC showed increasing trend with increasing elevation. In contrast to the elevation, the forest soil carbon stock decreases as increasing slope gradient. Soil laboratory analysis was conducted in Holeta Agricultural Research center to determine the soil organic carbon density and was estimated to be101.56 ± 3.66 t C ha-1. All in all, this study gives estimation of the soil carbon stock in Sekelemariam State Forest.
本研究在Sekelemariam干旱常绿山地森林进行，该森林位于埃塞俄比亚西北部Gojam区西部Dembecha镇附近，东经37°27′和37°30′，北纬10°34′和10°36′。它的特点是陡峭的斜坡地区，巨大的落基山脉延伸到整个森林的中部。本研究的目的是估算森林的土壤碳储量潜力。本研究采用了系统的样条采样技术，并按照这些样条从田间采集了1mx1m (1m2)的数据。土壤有机碳储量密度由土壤体积和容重计算为V = hxr2。数据分析采用Microsoft excel表格作为碳计算平台，利用SPSS软件20版确定海拔梯度和坡度因子对土壤碳储量潜力的影响，比较因变量和自变量之间的关系。土壤有机碳储量随海拔升高呈增加趋势。相对于海拔高度，森林土壤碳储量随着坡度的增加而减少。在Holeta农业研究中心进行土壤实验室分析，确定土壤有机碳密度为101.56±3.66 t C ha-1。总而言之，本研究对Sekelemariam国家森林的土壤碳储量进行了估算。
{"title":"Assessment of Soil Carbon Stock Status of Sekelemariam Dry Evergreen Montane Forest Along Altitudinal Gradient: Implication for Climate Change Mitigation","authors":"Yitayal Tebeje Workie","doi":"10.11648/J.IJRSE.20211001.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJRSE.20211001.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted in Sekelemariam Dry Evergreen Montane Forest which is situated within 37° 27' and 37° 30' east, and 10° 34' and 10° 36' north, near Dembecha Town in west Gojam Zone, North Western Ethiopia. It is characterized by steeply sloped areas with huge Rocky Mountains extended throughout the middle parts of the forest. The aim of this study was to estimate the soil carbon stock potential of the forest. A systematic transect sampling technique was adopted in this study and following these transects plots of 1mx1m (1m2) data was taken from the field. The carbon stock density of soil organic carbon was calculated from the volume and bulk density of the soil as V = h× r2. The data analysis was conducted using Microsoft excel sheet used as platform in carbon calculations, and SPSS software version 20 to determine the impact of altitude gradient and slope factors on soil carbon stock potential and to compare the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The carbon stock of the SOC showed increasing trend with increasing elevation. In contrast to the elevation, the forest soil carbon stock decreases as increasing slope gradient. Soil laboratory analysis was conducted in Holeta Agricultural Research center to determine the soil organic carbon density and was estimated to be101.56 ± 3.66 t C ha-1. All in all, this study gives estimation of the soil carbon stock in Sekelemariam State Forest.","PeriodicalId":14110,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Literature and Arts","volume":"88 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80271753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-22DOI: 10.11648/J.IJRSE.20211001.12
Thaddaeus Julius, T. Ibrahim, Ezeaku Ikeokwu Innocent, A. Pesyridis, A. Mohammed, F. Alshammari
The transport sector is presently accountable for 1/4 of total greenhouse gas released to the atmosphere, with road transportation depicting 17.8% of the total transport emissions contributing to global warming's growing threats caused by the continuous release of exhausting gases from internal combustion engines (ICEs). These exhaust threats call for improved sustainable ways of deploying fossil fuel in an environmentally friendly manner. Many sustainable solutions have been suggested recently with others already in the market; however, another promising sustainable solution is the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) application on-board automobiles, which is still developing stage with the prospect of entering the market soon. This paper presents the results from the thermal performance testing of an ORC system coupled to a commercial truck engine for exhaust heat recovery, which otherwise is exhausted to the environment causing pollution and other environmental threats. The test was performed to complement a study on the potential viability of installing an ORC based exhaust heat recovery (EHR) system on-board highway trucks for improving the truck's thermal performance without added fuel consumption. The testing carried out at 40% of rated load, and 1700rpm engine speed achieved 4.22kW, 3.67kW, and 5.28% for peak power output, net power output, and cycle thermal efficiency of the ORC model, respectively. These results imply that installing the ORC system on-board long-haul trucks for exhaust heat recovery has a promising future.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-22DOI: 10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.12
Innocent Ettia Meh
Let me begin by stating the obvious. It is now common knowledge in Henrik Ibsen’s scholarship that the Norwegian playwright had a very uneasy relationship with politicians. The dramatist took delight in satirizing the pomposity and hypocritical practices of politicians and other public officials through the use of a flowery rhetorical style characteristic of platform politicians. A close reading of critical writings on Ibsen’s major plays that have a political agenda reveals that most of the reputed commentators conclude that the author directs his criticism against the democratic form of government. Some of the critics are even of the opinion that Ibsen in his works is in favour of aristocracy as an alternative to democracy. What is however intriguing about the claims of these critics is that they do not actually take up time to define what democracy as a form of government is all about before illustrating how the dramatist writes against it in his plays. The central concern of this paper therefore, is to demonstrate from a new historicist standpoint that Ibsen in his drama does not completely condemns democracy as a form of government except when it comes to the application of some democratic principles which are hostile to the welfare of the individual.
{"title":"The Misapplication of Democracy and the Plight of the Individual in the Drama of Henrik Ibsen","authors":"Innocent Ettia Meh","doi":"10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJLA.20210901.12","url":null,"abstract":"Let me begin by stating the obvious. It is now common knowledge in Henrik Ibsen’s scholarship that the Norwegian playwright had a very uneasy relationship with politicians. The dramatist took delight in satirizing the pomposity and hypocritical practices of politicians and other public officials through the use of a flowery rhetorical style characteristic of platform politicians. A close reading of critical writings on Ibsen’s major plays that have a political agenda reveals that most of the reputed commentators conclude that the author directs his criticism against the democratic form of government. Some of the critics are even of the opinion that Ibsen in his works is in favour of aristocracy as an alternative to democracy. What is however intriguing about the claims of these critics is that they do not actually take up time to define what democracy as a form of government is all about before illustrating how the dramatist writes against it in his plays. The central concern of this paper therefore, is to demonstrate from a new historicist standpoint that Ibsen in his drama does not completely condemns democracy as a form of government except when it comes to the application of some democratic principles which are hostile to the welfare of the individual.","PeriodicalId":14110,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Literature and Arts","volume":"98 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76677928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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