Pub Date : 2020-08-13DOI: 10.1163/22238980-bja10012
D. Verma, M. Thakur, P. Srivastav
Rice is used as a staple food in many countries due to its pleasant aroma and texture. Rice aroma is recognized as the single most important quality trait influencing consumer’s acceptance. In rice quality, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is one of the most highly unstable and key aroma characteristic compounds among more than 500 identified compounds that have contributed and attributed for popcorn- or pandan-like valuable aroma. 2-AP has the lowest odor threshold value compared to other identified rice aroma compounds. Therefore, this compound has received a lot of attention among scientists and researchers. This review highlights on Molecular biology and biotechnological progress of 2-AP in rice. Chemistry, formation, and synthesis, as well as factors influencing 2-AP content in rice, have also been reviewed.
{"title":"Biochemistry and molecular aspects of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.): A review","authors":"D. Verma, M. Thakur, P. Srivastav","doi":"10.1163/22238980-bja10012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22238980-bja10012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Rice is used as a staple food in many countries due to its pleasant aroma and texture. Rice aroma is recognized as the single most important quality trait influencing consumer’s acceptance. In rice quality, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is one of the most highly unstable and key aroma characteristic compounds among more than 500 identified compounds that have contributed and attributed for popcorn- or pandan-like valuable aroma. 2-AP has the lowest odor threshold value compared to other identified rice aroma compounds. Therefore, this compound has received a lot of attention among scientists and researchers. This review highlights on Molecular biology and biotechnological progress of 2-AP in rice. Chemistry, formation, and synthesis, as well as factors influencing 2-AP content in rice, have also been reviewed.","PeriodicalId":14689,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22238980-bja10012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41799750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-08DOI: 10.1163/22238980-bja10014
J. Revathi, M. Manokari, R. Latha, S. Priyadharshini, Mafatlal M. Kher, M. Shekhawat
Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. is an important medicinal plant of Indian, Malayan, and Chinese traditional systems of medicines. In vitro flowering system serves as a model system to study flowering physiology, and role of combination of photoperiodic conditions and ethylene inhibitors. Ethylene is responsible for delayed flowering response in plants; hence, it is interesting to explore the role of ethylene inhibitors and photoperiod on flowering mechanism. The present study, for the first time, reports the influence of silver thiosulfate (STS), silver nitrate, and photoperiod (PP) to induce high-frequency in vitro flowering in O. herbacea. The flowers were induced from the in vitro shoots (2.0 floral buds per shoot) on MS medium containing 4 μM 6-benzylaminopurine + 2 μM indole-3-acetic acid + 5 μM STS at 14-h PP. This study could be the foundation to understand the role of PP and silver ions on flowering physiology at molecular level.
{"title":"Photoperiod and silver ions modulate in vitro flowering in Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.","authors":"J. Revathi, M. Manokari, R. Latha, S. Priyadharshini, Mafatlal M. Kher, M. Shekhawat","doi":"10.1163/22238980-bja10014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22238980-bja10014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. is an important medicinal plant of Indian, Malayan, and Chinese traditional systems of medicines. In vitro flowering system serves as a model system to study flowering physiology, and role of combination of photoperiodic conditions and ethylene inhibitors. Ethylene is responsible for delayed flowering response in plants; hence, it is interesting to explore the role of ethylene inhibitors and photoperiod on flowering mechanism. The present study, for the first time, reports the influence of silver thiosulfate (STS), silver nitrate, and photoperiod (PP) to induce high-frequency in vitro flowering in O. herbacea. The flowers were induced from the in vitro shoots (2.0 floral buds per shoot) on MS medium containing 4 μM 6-benzylaminopurine + 2 μM indole-3-acetic acid + 5 μM STS at 14-h PP. This study could be the foundation to understand the role of PP and silver ions on flowering physiology at molecular level.","PeriodicalId":14689,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41843605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-08DOI: 10.1163/22238980-bja10013
C. Vamvakoulas, I. Argyrokastritis, Panayiota Papastylianou, Y. Papatheohari, S. Alexandris
A two-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of water stress, including Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI), on seed, protein and oil yields, for two hybrids of drip-irrigated soybean in Central Greece. The experiment was set up as a split plot design with four replicates, five main plots (irrigation treatments) and two sub-plots (soybean hybrids, ‘PR91M10’ and ‘PR92B63’). Irrigation was applied to provide 100, 75, 50 and 25% of the crop evapotranspiration needs and 0% non-irrigated. Biomass weight, seed yield, oil and protein concentration were measured after harvest. To compute CWSI, lower and upper baselines were developed based on the canopy temperature measurements of I100 and I0 treatments, respectively. Deficit irrigation had a significant effect on biomass, seed, protein and oil yields. Hybrid PR92B63 was more responsive to irrigation and showed higher biomass, seed protein and oil yields, while the more sensitive hybrid PR91M10 had the ability to maintain productivity with increasing degrees of water stress. The rain-fed treatments significantly reduced biomass production and seed yield compared with the fully-irrigated ones. The highest and the lowest protein and oil yields were obtained in the I100 and I0 treatments respectively in both years and cultivars. Statistically significant exponential relationships were determined between CWSI and biomass, seed, protein and oil yields. Generally, CWSI could be used to measure crop water status and to improve irrigation scheduling of the crop and 0.10 for PR92B63 and 0.19 for PR91M10 could be offered as threshold values under the climatic conditions of the region.
{"title":"Crop water stress index relationship with soybean seed, protein and oil yield under varying irrigation regimes in a Mediterranean environment","authors":"C. Vamvakoulas, I. Argyrokastritis, Panayiota Papastylianou, Y. Papatheohari, S. Alexandris","doi":"10.1163/22238980-bja10013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22238980-bja10013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000A two-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of water stress, including Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI), on seed, protein and oil yields, for two hybrids of drip-irrigated soybean in Central Greece. The experiment was set up as a split plot design with four replicates, five main plots (irrigation treatments) and two sub-plots (soybean hybrids, ‘PR91M10’ and ‘PR92B63’). Irrigation was applied to provide 100, 75, 50 and 25% of the crop evapotranspiration needs and 0% non-irrigated. Biomass weight, seed yield, oil and protein concentration were measured after harvest. To compute CWSI, lower and upper baselines were developed based on the canopy temperature measurements of I100 and I0 treatments, respectively. Deficit irrigation had a significant effect on biomass, seed, protein and oil yields. Hybrid PR92B63 was more responsive to irrigation and showed higher biomass, seed protein and oil yields, while the more sensitive hybrid PR91M10 had the ability to maintain productivity with increasing degrees of water stress. The rain-fed treatments significantly reduced biomass production and seed yield compared with the fully-irrigated ones. The highest and the lowest protein and oil yields were obtained in the I100 and I0 treatments respectively in both years and cultivars. Statistically significant exponential relationships were determined between CWSI and biomass, seed, protein and oil yields. Generally, CWSI could be used to measure crop water status and to improve irrigation scheduling of the crop and 0.10 for PR92B63 and 0.19 for PR91M10 could be offered as threshold values under the climatic conditions of the region.","PeriodicalId":14689,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42798061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-10DOI: 10.1163/22238980-20201085
S. Vaid, P. Srivastava, S. P. Pachauri, Anita Sharma, D. Rawat, Shailesh Chandra Shankhadhar, A. Shukla
Low Zn in staple food grains like rice is closely related to large scale Zn malnutrition in many countries of the World. Zinc biofortification of rice grains by some cost effective agronomic method is important for low income farmers. To explore the possibility of enhancing the bioavailability of Zn in rice grains besides higher yields of two cultivars, the combinations of varying Zn fertilizer doses with or without inoculation of rhizobacteria consortium under split plot design set up were evaluated in two years field trials. Microbial inoculation + 5 kg Zn ha-1 to I year rice crop resulted in the highest number of effective tillers, grain yields, Zn concentration and uptake in grains and straw and total Zn uptake in both years. Grain yield of rice during two years increased by 19.7-27.9 and 17.1-20.4 percent over control under treatments receiving microbial inoculation + 5 kg Zn ha-1 to I year rice and 5 kg Zn ha-1 alone to I year rice crop, respectively. The highest concentration of Zn (10.9-19.1 mg kg-1) and the lowest concentration of phytic acid (18.5-25.3 g kg-1) in dehulled rice grains were recorded with soil application of 5 kg Zn ha-1; however, the values were at par with those observed under microbial inoculation + 5 kg Zn ha-1 (12.0-17.0 mg Zn kg-1 and 19.2-26.9 g phytic acid kg-1). The percent utilization of soil applied Zn increased with microbial inoculation in both the years and it was relatively higher in NDR 359 as compared to PD 16.
{"title":"Effective zinc mobilization to rice grains using rhizobacterial consortium","authors":"S. Vaid, P. Srivastava, S. P. Pachauri, Anita Sharma, D. Rawat, Shailesh Chandra Shankhadhar, A. Shukla","doi":"10.1163/22238980-20201085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22238980-20201085","url":null,"abstract":"Low Zn in staple food grains like rice is closely related to large scale Zn malnutrition in many countries of the World. Zinc biofortification of rice grains by some cost effective agronomic method is important for low income farmers. To explore the possibility of enhancing the bioavailability of Zn in rice grains besides higher yields of two cultivars, the combinations of varying Zn fertilizer doses with or without inoculation of rhizobacteria consortium under split plot design set up were evaluated in two years field trials. Microbial inoculation + 5 kg Zn ha-1 to I year rice crop resulted in the highest number of effective tillers, grain yields, Zn concentration and uptake in grains and straw and total Zn uptake in both years. Grain yield of rice during two years increased by 19.7-27.9 and 17.1-20.4 percent over control under treatments receiving microbial inoculation + 5 kg Zn ha-1 to I year rice and 5 kg Zn ha-1 alone to I year rice crop, respectively. The highest concentration of Zn (10.9-19.1 mg kg-1) and the lowest concentration of phytic acid (18.5-25.3 g kg-1) in dehulled rice grains were recorded with soil application of 5 kg Zn ha-1; however, the values were at par with those observed under microbial inoculation + 5 kg Zn ha-1 (12.0-17.0 mg Zn kg-1 and 19.2-26.9 g phytic acid kg-1). The percent utilization of soil applied Zn increased with microbial inoculation in both the years and it was relatively higher in NDR 359 as compared to PD 16.","PeriodicalId":14689,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44201098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-26DOI: 10.1163/22238980-20201078
A. Shahzad, A. Bano, S. Siddiqui
Under stress environment of oily sludge, plants develop oxidative stress which effect nutrients uptake, activity of oxidative defence enzymes, cause ion imbalance and toxicity in plants. The present study was designed to develop a combination of bacterial consortium alone and with fertilizers that can help to improve alfalfa growth and plant defence system under stress environment of oily sludge contamination soils. For this study consortium was prepared from Bacillus cereus (Acc KR232400), Bacillus altitudinis (Acc KF859970), Comamonas (Acc KF859971) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Acc KF859973) and was inoculated with fertilizer to oily sludge contaminated soils. A pot experiment was conducted using complete randomized design with three replicates. The plants were harvested at 21 d for estimation of protein, proline and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). The protein, SOD and POD contents in alfalfa were higher in oily sludge than soil without consortium, ammonium nitrate and diamamoiun phosphate. Consortium suppressed the oxidative stress of sludge treated plants. The inoculation of bacterial consortium enhanced the uptake of Ca, Mg, K and Na. The uptake of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Cu and Zn increased significantly with consortium+fertilizer the availability of nutrients in soil with 30% and 60% of oily. Cd content was greater in root than leaves of alfalfa. The bacterial consortium helped to enhance plant growth and plant anti-oxidant enzymes system. The consortium with fertilizer is the best suitable combination for alfalfa that can improve the oxidative enzyme system of alfalfa and increases its growth and development.
{"title":"Effect of bacterial consortium on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plant nutrient uptake and antioxidant enzymes at different levels of oily sludge","authors":"A. Shahzad, A. Bano, S. Siddiqui","doi":"10.1163/22238980-20201078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22238980-20201078","url":null,"abstract":"Under stress environment of oily sludge, plants develop oxidative stress which effect nutrients uptake, activity of oxidative defence enzymes, cause ion imbalance and toxicity in plants. The present study was designed to develop a combination of bacterial consortium alone and with fertilizers that can help to improve alfalfa growth and plant defence system under stress environment of oily sludge contamination soils. For this study consortium was prepared from Bacillus cereus (Acc KR232400), Bacillus altitudinis (Acc KF859970), Comamonas (Acc KF859971) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Acc KF859973) and was inoculated with fertilizer to oily sludge contaminated soils. A pot experiment was conducted using complete randomized design with three replicates. The plants were harvested at 21 d for estimation of protein, proline and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). The protein, SOD and POD contents in alfalfa were higher in oily sludge than soil without consortium, ammonium nitrate and diamamoiun phosphate. Consortium suppressed the oxidative stress of sludge treated plants. The inoculation of bacterial consortium enhanced the uptake of Ca, Mg, K and Na. The uptake of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Cu and Zn increased significantly with consortium+fertilizer the availability of nutrients in soil with 30% and 60% of oily. Cd content was greater in root than leaves of alfalfa. The bacterial consortium helped to enhance plant growth and plant anti-oxidant enzymes system. The consortium with fertilizer is the best suitable combination for alfalfa that can improve the oxidative enzyme system of alfalfa and increases its growth and development.","PeriodicalId":14689,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46217035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-25DOI: 10.1163/22238980-20191110
I. Verstraeten, H. Buyle, S. Werbrouck, M. V. Labeke, D. Geelen
In vitro propagation of the ornamentally interesting species Wikstroemia gemmata is limited by the recalcitrance to form adventitious roots. In this article, two strategies to improve the rooting capacity of in vitro microcuttings are presented. Firstly, the effect of exogenous auxin was evaluated in both light and dark cultivated stem segments and also the sucrose-content of the medium was varied in order to determine better rooting conditions. Secondly, different spectral lights were evaluated and the effect on shoot growth and root induction demonstrated that the exact spectral composition of light is important for successful in vitro growth and development of Wikstroemia gemmata. We show that exogenous auxin cannot compensate for the poor rooting under unfavorable light conditions. Adapting the culture conditions is therefore paramount for successful industrial propagation of Wikstroemia gemmata.
{"title":"In vitro shoot growth and adventitious rooting of Wikstroemia gemmata depends on light quality","authors":"I. Verstraeten, H. Buyle, S. Werbrouck, M. V. Labeke, D. Geelen","doi":"10.1163/22238980-20191110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22238980-20191110","url":null,"abstract":"In vitro propagation of the ornamentally interesting species Wikstroemia gemmata is limited by the recalcitrance to form adventitious roots. In this article, two strategies to improve the rooting capacity of in vitro microcuttings are presented. Firstly, the effect of exogenous auxin was evaluated in both light and dark cultivated stem segments and also the sucrose-content of the medium was varied in order to determine better rooting conditions. Secondly, different spectral lights were evaluated and the effect on shoot growth and root induction demonstrated that the exact spectral composition of light is important for successful in vitro growth and development of Wikstroemia gemmata. We show that exogenous auxin cannot compensate for the poor rooting under unfavorable light conditions. Adapting the culture conditions is therefore paramount for successful industrial propagation of Wikstroemia gemmata.","PeriodicalId":14689,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22238980-20191110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42221418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-25DOI: 10.1163/22238980-20191112
Avi Eliyahu, Zvi Duman, S. Sherf, O. Genin, Y. Cinnamon, M. Abu-Abied, Roy Weinstain, A. Dag, E. Sadot
Summer and autumn in Israel are highly arid with not enough plants in bloom offering nectar and pollen to support the local apiary. This leads to decline in colony health and honey production. To increase food sources for honeybees, we initiated a project to clone elite Eucalyptus trees exhibiting constant and rich blooming from late summer to early winter. We induced adventitious roots from cuttings of two mature Eucalyptus trees of which nectar production and honeybees’ attraction was measured: Eucalyptus brachyphylla and Eucalyptus x trabutii. During the rooting process, a high frequency of cylindrical callus formation instead of roots was obtained. To shed light on the inner anatomy of the callus chunks, we compared their cell organization and cell-wall composition to those of roots. Whereas in the root, cells were organized in circumferential symmetry, no symmetry was found in the callus. Instead, a more chaotic accumulation of meristematic-like cells with sporadic clusters of tracheary elements laid in different directions were observed. The outer cell layer of the callus often included swollen cells with thin cell walls. Most callus cells stained more strongly for cellulose and lignin than cells in the root meristem. In addition, specific antibodies to methylesterified and de-methylesterified pectin showed differential staining of callus vs. root cells indicating cell wall differences. Strikingly, roots were seen to differentiate from the chaotic cell organization of the callus, albeit at low rates. Further investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying callus formation, are required.
以色列的夏季和秋季非常干旱，没有足够的开花植物提供花蜜和花粉来支持当地的养蜂场。这导致蜂群健康和蜂蜜产量下降。为了增加蜜蜂的食物来源，我们启动了一个项目，克隆优质桉树，这些树在夏末到初冬期间开花持续且丰富。以短叶桉(Eucalyptus brachyphylla)和小叶桉(Eucalyptus x trabutii)两棵成熟桉树的插枝为材料，对其花蜜产量和蜜蜂吸引力进行了诱导不定根。在生根过程中，形成圆柱形愈伤组织的频率较高，而不是根。为了阐明愈伤组织块的内部解剖结构，我们将其细胞组织和细胞壁组成与根的细胞组织和细胞壁组成进行了比较。而在根中，细胞呈周向对称组织，而在愈伤组织中没有发现对称组织。相反，观察到的是一种更混乱的分生组织样细胞的积累，其中有分散的气管元件簇分布在不同的方向。愈伤组织的外层细胞层通常包括细胞壁薄的肿胀细胞。大多数愈伤组织细胞比根分生组织细胞对纤维素和木质素的染色更强烈。此外，针对甲基化和去甲基化果胶的特异性抗体显示愈伤组织和根细胞的差异染色，表明细胞壁的差异。引人注目的是，可以看到根从愈伤组织的混乱细胞组织中分化出来，尽管分化率很低。需要进一步研究愈伤组织形成的细胞和分子机制。
{"title":"Vegetative propagation of elite Eucalyptus clones as food source for honeybees (Apis mellifera); adventitious roots versus callus formation","authors":"Avi Eliyahu, Zvi Duman, S. Sherf, O. Genin, Y. Cinnamon, M. Abu-Abied, Roy Weinstain, A. Dag, E. Sadot","doi":"10.1163/22238980-20191112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22238980-20191112","url":null,"abstract":"Summer and autumn in Israel are highly arid with not enough plants in bloom offering nectar and pollen to support the local apiary. This leads to decline in colony health and honey production. To increase food sources for honeybees, we initiated a project to clone elite Eucalyptus trees exhibiting constant and rich blooming from late summer to early winter. We induced adventitious roots from cuttings of two mature Eucalyptus trees of which nectar production and honeybees’ attraction was measured: Eucalyptus brachyphylla and Eucalyptus x trabutii. During the rooting process, a high frequency of cylindrical callus formation instead of roots was obtained. To shed light on the inner anatomy of the callus chunks, we compared their cell organization and cell-wall composition to those of roots. Whereas in the root, cells were organized in circumferential symmetry, no symmetry was found in the callus. Instead, a more chaotic accumulation of meristematic-like cells with sporadic clusters of tracheary elements laid in different directions were observed. The outer cell layer of the callus often included swollen cells with thin cell walls. Most callus cells stained more strongly for cellulose and lignin than cells in the root meristem. In addition, specific antibodies to methylesterified and de-methylesterified pectin showed differential staining of callus vs. root cells indicating cell wall differences. Strikingly, roots were seen to differentiate from the chaotic cell organization of the callus, albeit at low rates. Further investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying callus formation, are required.","PeriodicalId":14689,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22238980-20191112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46286098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-25DOI: 10.1163/22238980-20191119
S. Valladares, E. Varas, J. Vielba, N. Vidal, V. Codesido, R. Castro, C. Sánchez
Adventitious rooting of cuttings is a complex developmental process in forest species, with several exogenous and endogenous factors influencing the outcome of the process. In this study we applied an in vitro working system, comprising two lines of microshoots with the same genotype but at a different ontogenetic stages, in two different tree species (chestnut and oak). We analyzed the expression of a gene encoding an AP2/ERF transcription factor from group VII in the initial hours of the adventitious rooting induction, both in rooting competent and incompetent microshoots. The analysis revealed that expression of this gene is related to wounding, ontogenetic stage and auxin in a complex and species-specific manner. Putative induction of the gene by auxin was also analyzed in the presence of naphthyl-phthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor. In situ expression analysis in chestnut relates the gene activity to cambial divisions and root primordia in rooting competent microshoots, as well as in the root apex. The putative role of the gene during adventitious roots formation is discussed.
{"title":"Expression of a Rap2.12 like-1 ERF gene during adventitious rooting of chestnut and oak microshoots","authors":"S. Valladares, E. Varas, J. Vielba, N. Vidal, V. Codesido, R. Castro, C. Sánchez","doi":"10.1163/22238980-20191119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22238980-20191119","url":null,"abstract":"Adventitious rooting of cuttings is a complex developmental process in forest species, with several exogenous and endogenous factors influencing the outcome of the process. In this study we applied an in vitro working system, comprising two lines of microshoots with the same genotype but at a different ontogenetic stages, in two different tree species (chestnut and oak). We analyzed the expression of a gene encoding an AP2/ERF transcription factor from group VII in the initial hours of the adventitious rooting induction, both in rooting competent and incompetent microshoots. The analysis revealed that expression of this gene is related to wounding, ontogenetic stage and auxin in a complex and species-specific manner. Putative induction of the gene by auxin was also analyzed in the presence of naphthyl-phthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor. In situ expression analysis in chestnut relates the gene activity to cambial divisions and root primordia in rooting competent microshoots, as well as in the root apex. The putative role of the gene during adventitious roots formation is discussed.","PeriodicalId":14689,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22238980-20191119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44622908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-25DOI: 10.1163/22238980-20191114
Johnatan Vilasboa, Cibele Tesser da Costa, H. Matsuura, A. Fett-Neto
Passiflora suberosa L. (Passifloraceae) can be found throughout the Americas, and has several medicinal properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-hemolytic, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic activities. Germination rates of P. suberosa are low, even with dormancy breaking treatments, posing an obstacle for its multiplication. Vegetative propagation is a valuable approach to produce clones of elite individuals with important pharmacological characteristics, affording fast genetic improvement of biomass source for both phytomedicine manufacturing and bioactive compound isolation. Understanding the rooting process of this species is an important step to exploit its full potential in a sustainable way. We investigated adventitious rooting (AR) in absence or presence of exogenous auxin in P. suberosa cuttings, using a non-aerated hydroponic system. Changes in concentration of flavonoids, phenolics, hexoses, starch, and auxin, as well as peroxidase activity, were monitored along AR. Cuttings showed spontaneous rooting, although the application of exogenous indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) yielded higher number of shorter roots. Biochemical parameters, mainly concentration of carbohydrates and total phenolics, as well as peroxidase activity, varied along the course of the experiments. Based on these results, attempts were made to up- or down-modulate rooting responses by applying putative regulators to the growth solution at different time points. It was possible to block the positive effect of auxin on root development, with only minor positive impacts on the modulated control devoid of auxin. Overall analyses suggested that the rooting system proved effective and specific peroxidase activity showed partial correlation with AR, being able to suffer modulation by culture solution factors.
{"title":"Rooting of cuttings of Passiflora suberosa, a medicinal passion fruit species: characterization and modulation by external biochemical factors","authors":"Johnatan Vilasboa, Cibele Tesser da Costa, H. Matsuura, A. Fett-Neto","doi":"10.1163/22238980-20191114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22238980-20191114","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Passiflora suberosa L. (Passifloraceae) can be found throughout the Americas, and has several medicinal properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-hemolytic, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic activities. Germination rates of P. suberosa are low, even with dormancy breaking treatments, posing an obstacle for its multiplication. Vegetative propagation is a valuable approach to produce clones of elite individuals with important pharmacological characteristics, affording fast genetic improvement of biomass source for both phytomedicine manufacturing and bioactive compound isolation. Understanding the rooting process of this species is an important step to exploit its full potential in a sustainable way. We investigated adventitious rooting (AR) in absence or presence of exogenous auxin in P. suberosa cuttings, using a non-aerated hydroponic system. Changes in concentration of flavonoids, phenolics, hexoses, starch, and auxin, as well as peroxidase activity, were monitored along AR. Cuttings showed spontaneous rooting, although the application of exogenous indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) yielded higher number of shorter roots. Biochemical parameters, mainly concentration of carbohydrates and total phenolics, as well as peroxidase activity, varied along the course of the experiments. Based on these results, attempts were made to up- or down-modulate rooting responses by applying putative regulators to the growth solution at different time points. It was possible to block the positive effect of auxin on root development, with only minor positive impacts on the modulated control devoid of auxin. Overall analyses suggested that the rooting system proved effective and specific peroxidase activity showed partial correlation with AR, being able to suffer modulation by culture solution factors.","PeriodicalId":14689,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22238980-20191114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43256431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-25DOI: 10.1163/22238980-20191120
A. Pizarro, C. Díaz-Sala
Maturation-related decline of adventitious root formation is one of the major factors affecting adventitious rooting in forest tree species. We demonstrate that inhibition of polar auxin transport promoted cambium and xylem differentiation in rooting-competent hypocotyl cuttings from Pinus radiata under conditions of adventitious root formation. Treatments with bioactive gibberellins inhibited rooting while at the same time inducing both the differentiation of a continuous ring of cambium and xylem formation. Treatments with inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis did not affect the rooting response. The results demonstrate that xylem parenchyma and procambial cells at the xylem poles of rooting-competent hypocotyl cuttings after excision and under conditions of adventitious root induction become adventitious root meristems or xylem, depending on the directional auxin flow. Gibberellin may interact with this pathway, inducing xylem differentiation and inhibiting rooting. We conclude that modifications of auxin flow at the rooting sites, and the priming of cambial cells to differentiate into xylem during tree ageing, may be associated with the maturation-related decline of adventitious root formation.
{"title":"Effect of polar auxin transport and gibberellins on xylem formation in pine cuttings under adventitious rooting conditions","authors":"A. Pizarro, C. Díaz-Sala","doi":"10.1163/22238980-20191120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22238980-20191120","url":null,"abstract":"Maturation-related decline of adventitious root formation is one of the major factors affecting adventitious rooting in forest tree species. We demonstrate that inhibition of polar auxin transport promoted cambium and xylem differentiation in rooting-competent hypocotyl cuttings from Pinus radiata under conditions of adventitious root formation. Treatments with bioactive gibberellins inhibited rooting while at the same time inducing both the differentiation of a continuous ring of cambium and xylem formation. Treatments with inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis did not affect the rooting response. The results demonstrate that xylem parenchyma and procambial cells at the xylem poles of rooting-competent hypocotyl cuttings after excision and under conditions of adventitious root induction become adventitious root meristems or xylem, depending on the directional auxin flow. Gibberellin may interact with this pathway, inducing xylem differentiation and inhibiting rooting. We conclude that modifications of auxin flow at the rooting sites, and the priming of cambial cells to differentiate into xylem during tree ageing, may be associated with the maturation-related decline of adventitious root formation.","PeriodicalId":14689,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22238980-20191120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49270834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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