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Effect of Composting on the Behavior of Polyolefin Films – A True-to-Life Experiment 堆肥对聚烯烃薄膜性能的影响<e:2>——一个真实的实验
Pub Date : 2016-05-30 DOI: 10.6000/1929-5030.2016.05.02.5
V. Vargha, Tamás Csoknyay, L. Kárpáti, Gábor Bordós, M. Hartman, J. Háhn, L. Korecz, G. Szarka, Zsolt László, O. Kelemen, S. Szoboszlay
Commercial polypropylene (PP), high-, medium- and low density polyethylene (HDPE, MDPE, LDPE) films, as well as MDPE films containing pro-oxidative additives and thermoplastic starch (TPS) were composted for six weeks together with biologically degradable films, such as poly (lactic acid) (PLA), Ecovio (BASF), Mater Bi(Novamont) and cellophane. Visual appearance of the polyolefin-based films did not change significantly, while the biologically degradable films fell apart. Thickness and mechanical properties of the polyolefin-based films also did not vary significantly after composting. The thickness of the degradable films however increased due to biofilm formation and finally decreased due to biodegradation, and their mechanical properties drastically dropped. FTIR proved the formation of carbonyl absorption of commercial and of the additive-containing films respectively) after composting due to oxidation. The FTIR-spectrum of the biodegradable films showed drastic change after composting. Formation of free radicals was detectable by ESR-spectroscopy, if pro-oxidative additive containing MDPE film was exposed for one week to sunlight, and the intensity of free radical formation increased after composting. The number-average molecular mass of MDPE films containing pro-oxidative additives decreased, low molecular mass fractions appeared and polydispersity increased after composting. Commercial polyolefin films were covered by microorganisms much more densly than films containing pro-oxidative additives detected by SEM. Even TPS did not increase the quantity of microorganisms. Biodegradable films were densly covered by microorganisms of different types and they became porous and holes were observable on their surface. It can be concluded that composting had no significant effect on the behaviour of the commercial PP and PE films. Signs of initial degradation were observable on MDPE films with pro-oxidative additives and TPS after 6 weeks composting, although it cannot be considered as biological degradation. Non of the tested polyolefin films suffered such degree of degradation in compost, as the biologically degradable films. It may be concluded that polyolefin films neither degrade in compost nor they undergo biodegradation.
将商用聚丙烯(PP)、高、中、低密度聚乙烯(HDPE、MDPE、LDPE)薄膜以及含有促氧化添加剂和热塑性淀粉(TPS)的MDPE薄膜与生物可降解薄膜(如聚乳酸(PLA)、Ecovio (BASF)、Mater Bi(Novamont)和玻璃纸)一起堆肥6周。聚烯烃基薄膜的视觉外观没有明显变化,而生物可降解薄膜则分崩离析。聚烯烃基薄膜的厚度和力学性能在堆肥后也没有显著变化。然而,可降解膜的厚度由于生物膜的形成而增加,最终由于生物降解而减少,其力学性能急剧下降。傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)证实了堆肥后由于氧化作用形成羰基吸收膜(分别为商业膜和含添加剂膜)。生物降解膜的ftir光谱在堆肥后发生了较大的变化。采用esr -光谱法检测了含有MDPE膜的促氧化添加剂在阳光下曝晒一周后自由基的形成,堆肥后自由基的形成强度增加。添加促氧化添加剂的MDPE薄膜经过堆肥处理后,其数平均分子质量下降,出现低分子质量分数,多分散性增加。通过扫描电镜检测,商业聚烯烃薄膜被微生物覆盖的密度远高于含有促氧化添加剂的薄膜。即使TPS也没有增加微生物的数量。生物可降解膜被不同类型的微生物密集覆盖,表面多孔,可见孔洞。综上所述,堆肥对商用PP和PE薄膜的性能没有显著影响。添加了促氧化添加剂和TPS的MDPE薄膜在堆肥6周后出现了初步降解的迹象,但不能认为是生物降解。所有测试的聚烯烃薄膜在堆肥中都没有生物可降解薄膜那样的降解程度。由此可见,聚烯烃薄膜在堆肥中既不能降解,也不能进行生物降解。
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引用次数: 0
Sol–Gel Synthesis and Crystal Nucleation of Photosensitive Au/Ag- Containing Glasses of Lithium Silicate System 硅酸锂体系含金/银光敏玻璃的溶胶<e:2>凝胶合成及结晶成核研究
Pub Date : 2016-05-30 DOI: 10.6000/1929-5030.2016.05.02.4
G. A. Sycheva
A sol–gel method has been proposed for obtaining the sintering mixture used in the preparing of a photosensitive Au/Ag-containing glasses of the Li 2 O - SiO 2 system. It has been established that the use of sol–gel method for the production of the batch for synthesizing photosensitive Au/Ag-containing glasses gives more homogeneous distribution of Au/Ag metals in the bulk of the glass. Crystal-nucleation main characteristics have been defined in a large area of compounds of photo-structured compositions of a lithium–silicate system (23.4–46.0 Li 2 O mol % by analysis) both for spontaneous and catalyzed nucleations. The spontaneous (homogeneous) nucleation happened in the samples without any photosensitive metals and with photosensitive gold–silver additives (0.05 wt % above 100%) without irradiation; the catalyzed (heterogeneous) nucleation happened in the samples with photosensitive silver ore gold additives under x-ray CuK I± irradiation. The ranges of the compositions of the glasses in which the effect of catalyzing irradiation is reversed (suppressing nucleation in accordance with the autocatalytic mechanism) under certain conditions. The spontaneous and catalyzed nucleation of crystals in the glasses of Li 2 O – SiO 2 system caused by the addition of photosensitive impurities and X-ray irradiation was analyzed in glasses with a very wide range of compositions in Li 2 O – SiO 2 system. Composition ranges with positive (+) and negative (-) differences in the rates of catalyzed and spontaneous steady-state nucleation were established. This finding point is favorable for obtaining photostructured (photosensitive) materials. The concentration limit was determined to be 37.98 mol % Li 2 O. About this value, we observe a modification of the mechanism of nucleation of crystals. The behavior of crystal nucleation in photostructured glasses under X-ray irradiation changes to the reverse: autocatalytic nucleation is suppressed rather than induced by x-ray CuK I± irradiation. These peculiarities of crystallization mechanism in glasses under study give one the possibility to choose the correct composition range depending on the problems facing researchers.
提出了一种溶胶- -凝胶法制备光敏含金/银玻璃的烧结混合物。研究表明,采用溶胶 -凝胶法制备光敏含金/银玻璃能使Au/Ag金属在玻璃体中分布更加均匀。晶体成核的主要特征已经在锂-硅-硅体系(23.4 - 46.0 Li 2o mol %)的光结构组成的化合物中被定义为自发成核和催化成核。在不添加任何光敏金属和添加光敏金€银添加剂(0.05 wt %以上100%)的情况下,样品自发(均匀)成核;在x射线CuK - 1±照射下,加入光敏银矿金添加剂的样品发生催化(非均相)成核。在一定条件下,催化辐照的作用被逆转(根据自催化机理抑制成核)的玻璃的组成范围。分析了光敏杂质的加入和x射线照射对Li 2o O - sio2体系玻璃中晶体自发成核和催化成核的影响。在催化成核速率和自发成核速率上建立了正(+)和负(-)差异的组成范围。这一发现点有利于获得光结构(光敏)材料。测定的浓度极限为37.98 mol % Li 2o。在此值附近,我们观察到晶体成核机理的改变。在x射线照射下,光结构玻璃的晶体成核行为发生了相反的变化:x射线CuK辐照抑制而不是诱导自催化成核。所研究的玻璃结晶机理的这些特点,使人们有可能根据研究人员面临的问题选择正确的组成范围。
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引用次数: 0
New General Models for Evaluating Interactions in Non-Regular Solutions and Adsorption Energies Based on Both Hansen’s and Drago’s Parameters 基于hansen<e:2>和drago<e:2>参数评价非规则溶液中相互作用和吸附能的新通用模型
Pub Date : 2016-05-30 DOI: 10.6000/1929-5030.2016.05.02.1
M. Buchmann, N. Ho, R. Lamartine, I. Bonnamour
This study aims at providing a model for the internal mixing energy of two liquids. The concerned variables are the solute molar volume V (cm 3 /mol.), the cohesion parameters and the Drago's parameters. The model is based on the following fundamental novelties: The fragmentation of molar cohesive energy I”E coh (kJ/mol) into two distinct categories. Indeed, the dispersive and polar cohesion energies are magnetic and electrical in nature, and the cohesive energy of the chemical bonds (Hydrogen Bond) is due to charge transfer and orbital overlap. The origins of these two categories of energy are different, requiring two different treatments in use. For the first time, a relationship has been established between the cohesive energy from chemical bonds I”E h (kJ/mol) and Drago's parameters E a , E b , C a , and C b (KJ 1/ 2 mol -1/2 ). A simple equation has been proposed for the salvation energy of a gaseous solute in a liquid solvent. This equation contains a term for the perturbation energy of the solvent in the presence of the solute, namely the cavity formation energy, and different types of interaction energies between the solvent and the solute at infinite dilution. Based on calorimetric data published, the proposed model is compared with the classic model in terms of the mixing energy. The result shows a clear advantage of the new model over the old or conventional one. Clearly, this new model should provide a new method to determine the interaction parameters or interaction capacities of complex pharmaceutical molecules using a series of simple and well-chosen solvents.
本研究旨在为两种液体的内部混合能提供一个模型。相关变量为溶质摩尔体积V (cm3 /mol.)、内聚参数和Drago参数。该模型基于以下基本创新:摩尔结合能(kJ/mol)的碎片化分为两个不同的类别。事实上,色散和极性内聚能本质上是磁性和电性的,化学键(氢键)的内聚能是由于电荷转移和轨道重叠。这两类能源的来源不同,在使用时需要两种不同的处理方法。首次建立了化学键的内聚能I′h (kJ/mol)与Drago参数E a、E b、C a和C b (kJ 1/ 2mol -1/2)之间的关系。提出了气态溶质在液态溶剂中的拯救能的一个简单方程。该方程包含溶质存在时溶剂的摄动能项,即空腔形成能,以及无限稀释时溶剂与溶质之间不同类型的相互作用能。根据已发表的量热数据,将该模型与经典模型在混合能量方面进行了比较。结果表明,新模型明显优于旧模型或传统模型。显然,这个新模型应该提供一种新的方法来确定复杂药物分子的相互作用参数或相互作用能力,使用一系列简单和精心选择的溶剂。
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引用次数: 1
Colloidal Hydroxyapatite/Poly(Acrylic Acid) Hybrids Using Calcium Sucrate and Ammoniumdihydrogen Orthophosphate 用硫酸钙和正磷酸二氢铵制备胶状羟基磷灰石/聚丙烯酸杂合体
Pub Date : 2016-01-26 DOI: 10.6000/1929-5030.2016.05.01.2
W. Wijesinghe, M. Mantilaka, A. Weerasinghe, K. M. N. D. Silva, T. Gamagedara, R. Rajapakse
This manuscript is concerned with a simple and novel method to synthesize hydroxyapatite-poly(acylic acid) hybrid materials for broad range of applications. In this method, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles are synthesized using calcium sucrate and ammoniumdihydrogen orthophosphate in the presence of poly(acrylic acid). Increase in poly(acrylic acid) concentration in the synthesis medium results in the increase in the hydrodynamic radius of particle size allowing increased hydration. Poly(acylic acid) tends to control both crystallite size and colloidal stability. Increase in poly(acrylic acid) concentration decreases the crystallite size of the products but considerably increases their shelf life as stable colloidal solutions. Thermo gravimetric analysis shows that there are no combustible or volatile impurities present in these samples. This is further supported by FT-IR studies, which show three types of interactions between hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and poly(acrylic acid).
本文介绍了一种合成羟基磷灰石-聚丙烯酸杂化材料的新方法,具有广泛的应用前景。在这种方法中,羟基磷灰石纳米颗粒是在聚丙烯酸的存在下,用硫酸钙和正磷酸二氢铵合成的。合成介质中聚丙烯酸浓度的增加导致颗粒尺寸的流体动力半径的增加,从而增加水化作用。聚(丙烯酸)倾向于控制晶粒大小和胶体稳定性。聚丙烯酸浓度的增加降低了产品的晶粒尺寸,但大大增加了它们作为稳定胶体溶液的保质期。热重分析表明,这些样品中不存在可燃或挥发性杂质。FT-IR研究进一步支持了这一观点,该研究显示羟基磷灰石纳米颗粒与聚丙烯酸之间存在三种类型的相互作用。
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引用次数: 2
Absorption Wavelength Extension for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Varying the Substituents of Chiral Salen Cu(II) Complexes 改变手性Salen Cu(II)配合物取代基对染料敏化太阳能电池吸收波长的影响
Pub Date : 2016-01-25 DOI: 10.6000/1929-5030.2016.05.01.4
R. Shoji, Shun Ikenomoto, Nobumitsu Sunaga, M. Sugiyama, T. Akitsu
New chiral salen-type Cu(II) complexes ( 1-9 ) were prepared, and the effects of different substituent groups on their absorption spectra were evaluated using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Electron withdrawing groups resulted in a red-shift and an increase in the peak intensity. According to cyclic voltammetry analyses, the introduction of electron withdrawing groups brought the redox potentials (E 0 ) in agreement with the orbital level energies determined via TD-DFT. The reduction potentials for 1-9 are less than −0.500 V, and therefore, it is electrochemically possible to dope electrons in TiO 2 . In addition, the oxidation potentials are greater than +0.200 V, indicating that it is electrochemically possible to regenerate the dyes. Preproduction dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated using compounds 1-9 generated electricity. In particular, the DSSC prepared using 2 (which has electron withdrawing groups and the largest maximum absorption) exceeded the power conversion efficiency of DSSC fabricated using N3 , which is a commonly used Ru(II) complex.
制备了新的手性salen型Cu(II)配合物(1-9),并利用时间依赖密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)评价了不同取代基对其吸收光谱的影响。吸电子基团导致了红移和峰强度的增加。根据循环伏安法分析,引入吸电子基团使氧化还原电位(e0)与通过TD-DFT测定的轨道能级能一致。1-9的还原电位小于 0.500 V,因此在电化学上可以将电子掺杂到tio2中。此外,氧化电位大于+0.200 V,表明该染料在电化学上是可以再生的。利用化合物1-9制备的预生产染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)可以发电。特别是用2(具有吸电子基团和最大吸收)制备的DSSC,其功率转换效率超过了用N3(一种常用的Ru(II)配合物)制备的DSSC。
{"title":"Absorption Wavelength Extension for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Varying the Substituents of Chiral Salen Cu(II) Complexes","authors":"R. Shoji, Shun Ikenomoto, Nobumitsu Sunaga, M. Sugiyama, T. Akitsu","doi":"10.6000/1929-5030.2016.05.01.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5030.2016.05.01.4","url":null,"abstract":"New chiral salen-type Cu(II) complexes ( 1-9 ) were prepared, and the effects of different substituent groups on their absorption spectra were evaluated using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Electron withdrawing groups resulted in a red-shift and an increase in the peak intensity. According to cyclic voltammetry analyses, the introduction of electron withdrawing groups brought the redox potentials (E 0 ) in agreement with the orbital level energies determined via TD-DFT. The reduction potentials for 1-9 are less than −0.500 V, and therefore, it is electrochemically possible to dope electrons in TiO 2 . In addition, the oxidation potentials are greater than +0.200 V, indicating that it is electrochemically possible to regenerate the dyes. Preproduction dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated using compounds 1-9 generated electricity. In particular, the DSSC prepared using 2 (which has electron withdrawing groups and the largest maximum absorption) exceeded the power conversion efficiency of DSSC fabricated using N3 , which is a commonly used Ru(II) complex.","PeriodicalId":15165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Solution Chemistry and Modeling","volume":"43 1","pages":"48-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84761318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Recent Advances on Design and Synthesis of Chiral Imidazolium Ionic Liquids and their Applications in Green Asymmetric Synthesis 手性咪唑类离子液体的设计、合成及其在绿色不对称合成中的应用
Pub Date : 2016-01-25 DOI: 10.6000/1929-5030.2016.05.01.1
A. Saha, Soumen Payra, Subhash Banerjee
Over the past decade, catalysis by ionic liquids (ILs) has experienced a tremendous growth in the context of “Green Chemistry”, and there are numerous examples of a variety of catalytic reactions that have been successfully carried out in such neoteric media.The great enthusiasm for catalysis in ILs is not only driven by the curiosity of chemists, but also due to the growing awareness of developing greener reactions or process media in catalytic science and greener catalytic technologies due their advantages of unique physical and chemical properties as compared to traditional volatile organic solvents.Recently, development of chiral ionic liquids and their applications in asymmetric synthesis have attracted much attention as these reactions have widespread applications in the synthesis of chiral drugs and pharmaceutical industries. Asymmetric induction is mainly achieved by the use of chiral substrates or reagents, chiral catalysts or enzymes. Owing to the vast number of structurally different room temperature ILS that have been synthesized, this review focuses on imidazolium ionic liquids that possess chirality either in the imidazolium moiety or in the anion moiety. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent breakthrough of Chiral ILs in chirality transfer or chiral recognition when used as solvent or co-solvent: the case of task specific ionic liquids is beyond the scope of this review. In the first part, the synthesis of of CILs has been presented and the second part of the review has been devoted on the applications of such CILs in green asymmetric synthesis as well as various pharmaceutical industries.
在过去的十年中,离子液体(ILs)的催化作用在 œGreen化学领域取得了巨大的发展,并且有许多在这种近代介质中成功进行的各种催化反应的例子。人们对化学催化的极大热情不仅来自于化学家的好奇心,也来自于越来越多的人意识到在催化科学和绿色催化技术中开发更绿色的反应或工艺介质,因为它们与传统的挥发性有机溶剂相比具有独特的物理和化学性质。近年来,手性离子液体的发展及其在不对称合成中的应用受到了广泛的关注,因为这些反应在手性药物的合成和制药工业中有着广泛的应用。不对称诱导主要通过使用手性底物或试剂、手性催化剂或酶来实现。由于目前已经合成了大量结构各异的室温离子液体,本文主要综述了咪唑类或阴离子类具有手性的离子液体。本文综述了手性离子液体作为溶剂或助溶剂在手性转移或手性识别方面的最新进展,但对特定任务离子液体的研究不在本文的讨论范围内。第一部分介绍了CILs的合成方法,第二部分综述了CILs在绿色不对称合成和各种制药工业中的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Theoretical Interpretation of Polarized Light-Induced Supramolecular Orientation on the Basis of Normal Mode Analysis of Azobenzene as Hybrid Materials in PMMA with Chiral Schiff Base Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) Complexes 基于偶氮苯与手性席夫碱Ni(II)、Cu(II)、Zn(II)配合物在PMMA中杂化材料偏振光诱导超分子取向的理论解释
Pub Date : 2016-01-25 DOI: 10.6000/1929-5030.2016.05.01.3
Maiko Ito, T. Akitsu, M. Palafox
We have prepared hybrid materials of azobenzene and chiral Schiff base Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes and investigated their linearly or circularly polarized UV (ultraviolet) light-induced supramolecular orientation with polarized electronic and IR spectra or CD (circular dichroism) spectra. The experimental FT-IR (Fourier transfer-infrared) spectra of azobenzene molecules were recorded at room temperature, and the results were compared with quantum chemical theoretical values using B3LYP, M052X, and M062X DFT (density functional theory) methods. The interaction of azobenzene with PMMA was simulated. Molecular geometry, vibrational wavenumbers, and thermodynamic parameters were calculated in all these systems. With the help of specific scaling procedures for the computed wavenumbers, the experimentally observed FT-IR bands were analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. Most modes had wavenumbers in the expected range, and the error obtained was in general very low. Several general conclusions were deduced.
我们制备了偶氮苯与手性席夫碱Ni(II)、Cu(II)和Zn(II)配合物的杂化材料,并利用极化电子光谱和红外光谱或圆二色光谱研究了它们的线或圆极化紫外诱导超分子取向。利用B3LYP、M052X和M062X密度泛函方法,记录了偶氮苯分子在室温下的实验傅里叶转移红外光谱,并与量子化学理论值进行了比较。模拟了偶氮苯与PMMA的相互作用。在所有这些系统中计算了分子几何、振动波数和热力学参数。在计算波数的特定标度程序的帮助下,实验观察到的FT-IR波段被分析并分配给分子的不同正常模式。大多数模态的波数都在预期范围内,得到的误差一般都很低。得出了几个一般性的结论。
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引用次数: 11
Determination of Ion-Pair Formation Constants for MA+ Ions (M = Ca, Sr, Ba, Cu, Cd) with A- = Picrate Ion in Water by Picric Acid Extraction into Benzene 苦味酸萃取苯法测定水中MA+离子(M = Ca, Sr, Ba, Cu, Cd)与A-苦味酸离子的离子对形成常数
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.6000/1929-5030.2016.05.02.2
Y. Kudo, S. Nakajima, N. Horiuchi
Ion-pair formation constants ( K MA 0 ) for MA + = MPic + and MCl + in water were determined at 298 K and ionic strength → 0 by extraction experiments of picric acid (HPic) in the presence of M(II) in the water phase into benzene (Bz) and by potentiometry with a commercial Cl - -selective electrode, respectively. Here, M denotes Ca(II), Sr(II), Ba(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II). In adding Pb(II) data, a relation between K MA 0 values was K MCl 0
在298 K和离子强度→0条件下,分别用苦荞酸(HPic)在M(II)存在的水相中萃取成苯(Bz)和商用Cl -选择电极电位法测定了水中MA + = MPic +和MCl +的离子对形成常数(K MA 0)。其中,M表示Ca(II)、Sr(II)、Ba(II)、Cu(II)、Cd(II)。在添加Pb(II)数据时,对于给定的M(II), K MA 0值之间的关系为K MCl 0
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引用次数: 0
Volumetric Study of the Binary Mixtures Containing a Branched Hexane and an Isomeric Chlorobutane 含支链己烷和异分异构体氯丁烷二元混合物的体积研究
Pub Date : 2015-12-18 DOI: 10.6000/1929-5030.2015.04.04.3
H. Guerrero, Félix M. Royo, C. Lafuente
This paper reports densities at atmospheric pressure and at three temperatures T = (283.15, 298.15, and 313.15) K of eight binary mixtures involving a branched hexane (3-methylpentane or 2,2-dimethylbutane) and each one of the isomeric chlorobutanes (1-chlorobutane, 2-chlorobutane, 1-chloro-2-methylpropane or 2-chloro-2-methylpropane). Excess volumes were calculated from experimental densities and correlated with the Redlich-Kister equation. Moreover, the excess volumes were analysed using the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory.
本文报道了八种二元混合物在大气压和三种温度T =(283.15, 298.15和313.15)K下的密度,这些混合物包括一个支链己烷(3-甲基戊烷或2,2-二甲基丁烷)和每一个异构体氯丁烷(1-氯丁烷,2-氯丁烷,1-氯-2-甲基丙烷或2-氯-2-甲基丙烷)。根据实验密度计算多余体积,并与Redlich-Kister方程相关。此外,使用Prigogine-Flory-Patterson理论对多余体积进行了分析。
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引用次数: 0
New Conditions of Saturation of Aqueous Solutions for the Modeling of Regions of Solid Phases 模拟固相区域的水溶液饱和新条件
Pub Date : 2015-12-18 DOI: 10.6000/1929-5030.2015.04.04.4
R. Yusupov, Z. Dinh, S. A. Bakhteev
In modeling the regions of precipitation and formation of thin films, we used four conditions: 1. The rule of solubility product; 2. The rule of molecular solubility; 3. The rule of solubility by intermediate; 4. Condition of precipitate of priority. This technique was used to build mathematical models of equilibriums from the pH of solution, concentration of reactants, and temperature. Mathematical models were also developed on the basis of experimental data obtained by potentiometry, residual concentration, thermogravimetry, etc. This model considers fluctuations of the pH of solution and predicts the chemical composition of compounds. It has been demonstrated that in synthesizing target compounds, the possibility of processes of fluctuations must be taken into account. A systemic mathematical model has been designed to optimize the synthesis of thin films and target compounds.
在模拟薄膜的沉淀和形成区域时,我们使用了四个条件:1。溶解度积法则;2. 分子溶解度规律;3.中间体溶解规律;4. 优先沉淀的条件。该技术被用于从溶液pH、反应物浓度和温度建立平衡的数学模型。并根据电位法、残留浓度法、热重法等实验数据建立了数学模型。该模型考虑了溶液pH值的波动,并预测了化合物的化学成分。已经证明,在合成目标化合物时,必须考虑到波动过程的可能性。设计了一个系统的数学模型来优化薄膜和目标化合物的合成。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Journal of Applied Solution Chemistry and Modeling
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