Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1177/00219983241240628
İbrahim Şen
Polylactic acid (PLA) film composites filled with two clays, Raw Kaolin (KAO), an inorganic structure, and Leonardite (LEO), an organic structure, as well as KAO/LEO mixtures, were prepared via solvent casting method. The main aim of this research was to investigate both the individual and the synergetic effects of LEO and KAO; they are incorporated together into a PLA matrix. The influence of these fillers content on the morphological and structural characteristics of the composites was investigated by the DSC, TGA, FT-IR, SEM, XRD, color, haze, and opacity analysis. According to the TGA analysis, significant decreases in Tmax2 were observed with the addition of LEO in PLA. It is also seen in films with KAO/LEO that support this result. Utilizing the solvent casting method, two melting points were formed in PLA films. The P0 film has lower Tg, Tcc, and Tm1 values than other films. However, there were small changes in Tg and Tm2 values in all films. Up to 7.5% amount of LEO and KAO, the mechanical properties of the films improved. The 3L film exhibited the best mechanical properties. The filler materials used were mostly homogeneously distributed, according to the SEM analysis, and as the amount increased, agglomerations were observed in the fillings on the surface. The addition of LEO and KAO changed the surface color, visual appearance, and opacity significantly. The haze values of films are near 100. These film composites have been shown to improve many properties of the P0 film.
通过溶剂浇铸法制备了填充了两种粘土（无机结构的生高岭土（KAO）和有机结构的莱昂纳多石（LEO）以及 KAO/LEO 混合物）的聚乳酸（PLA）薄膜复合材料。本研究的主要目的是研究 LEO 和 KAO 共同加入聚乳酸基体后的单独效应和协同效应。通过 DSC、TGA、傅立叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜、XRD、颜色、雾度和不透明度分析，研究了这些填料含量对复合材料形态和结构特征的影响。根据 TGA 分析，在聚乳酸中添加 LEO 后，Tmax2 明显降低。在含有 KAO/LEO 的薄膜中也可以看到这一结果。利用溶剂浇铸法，聚乳酸薄膜形成了两个熔点。P0 薄膜的 Tg、Tcc 和 Tm1 值低于其他薄膜。然而，所有薄膜的 Tg 值和 Tm2 值变化都很小。当 LEO 和 KAO 的用量达到 7.5% 时，薄膜的机械性能有所改善。3L 薄膜的机械性能最好。根据扫描电镜分析，所使用的填料大部分分布均匀，随着用量的增加，表面的填料出现了团聚现象。加入 LEO 和 KAO 后，表面颜色、视觉外观和不透明度都发生了显著变化。薄膜的雾度值接近 100。事实证明，这些薄膜复合材料改善了 P0 薄膜的许多性能。
{"title":"Structure, performance, and crystallization behavior of Turkey leonardite and raw kaolin added polylactic acid composite films","authors":"İbrahim Şen","doi":"10.1177/00219983241240628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241240628","url":null,"abstract":"Polylactic acid (PLA) film composites filled with two clays, Raw Kaolin (KAO), an inorganic structure, and Leonardite (LEO), an organic structure, as well as KAO/LEO mixtures, were prepared via solvent casting method. The main aim of this research was to investigate both the individual and the synergetic effects of LEO and KAO; they are incorporated together into a PLA matrix. The influence of these fillers content on the morphological and structural characteristics of the composites was investigated by the DSC, TGA, FT-IR, SEM, XRD, color, haze, and opacity analysis. According to the TGA analysis, significant decreases in Tmax2 were observed with the addition of LEO in PLA. It is also seen in films with KAO/LEO that support this result. Utilizing the solvent casting method, two melting points were formed in PLA films. The P0 film has lower Tg, Tcc, and Tm1 values than other films. However, there were small changes in Tg and Tm2 values in all films. Up to 7.5% amount of LEO and KAO, the mechanical properties of the films improved. The 3L film exhibited the best mechanical properties. The filler materials used were mostly homogeneously distributed, according to the SEM analysis, and as the amount increased, agglomerations were observed in the fillings on the surface. The addition of LEO and KAO changed the surface color, visual appearance, and opacity significantly. The haze values of films are near 100. These film composites have been shown to improve many properties of the P0 film.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140116325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-07DOI: 10.1177/00219983241240472
Hojjat Mousavi, Cyrus Amini
Composite materials, particularly honeycomb composites, are widely utilized in various industries, including aerospace, due to their high energy absorption against the impact and exceptional strength-to-weight ratio. This study aims to leverage the plastic and elastic properties of these materials to develop a simplified numerical model that incorporates orthotropic properties for core modeling. By doing so, the need for detailed honeycomb structure modeling is eliminated, resulting in reduced computational costs and time. A comprehensive three-dimensional finite element model, accounting for structural intricacies, is presented based on experimental data from a reputable source (isotropic model) and its equivalent finite element model (orthotropic model). The model is validated by the experimental results, demonstrating good agreement. The study also investigates parameters such as energy absorption, the internal energy of the core and faces, maximum displacement, and maximum contact force under low-velocity impact scenarios with spherical and cylindrical projectiles. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the orthotropic model, particularly in showcasing greater energy absorption in the core of the sandwich panel when subjected to a cylindrical impactor.
{"title":"Efficient homogenization of honeycomb sandwich panels using orthotropic core simplification and Finite Element Method-based method: A comparative study","authors":"Hojjat Mousavi, Cyrus Amini","doi":"10.1177/00219983241240472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241240472","url":null,"abstract":"Composite materials, particularly honeycomb composites, are widely utilized in various industries, including aerospace, due to their high energy absorption against the impact and exceptional strength-to-weight ratio. This study aims to leverage the plastic and elastic properties of these materials to develop a simplified numerical model that incorporates orthotropic properties for core modeling. By doing so, the need for detailed honeycomb structure modeling is eliminated, resulting in reduced computational costs and time. A comprehensive three-dimensional finite element model, accounting for structural intricacies, is presented based on experimental data from a reputable source (isotropic model) and its equivalent finite element model (orthotropic model). The model is validated by the experimental results, demonstrating good agreement. The study also investigates parameters such as energy absorption, the internal energy of the core and faces, maximum displacement, and maximum contact force under low-velocity impact scenarios with spherical and cylindrical projectiles. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the orthotropic model, particularly in showcasing greater energy absorption in the core of the sandwich panel when subjected to a cylindrical impactor.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140074228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.1177/00219983241239121
Yuji Okada
Our objective is to achieve the societal implementation of the Circular Economy Program for Automobile Carbon Fibers. This involves recycling carbon fibers sourced from carbon fiber reinforced plastics/carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRP/CFRTP) discarded from automobiles and reintegrating them into the manufacturing processes of automobiles. Although, the existing carbon fiber recycling technology recycles the carbon fiber into a finely chopped state; it is not the original continuous carbon fiber product. A novel recycling technology is elucidated herein, referred to as the electrolytic sulfuric acid method (ESAM). The ESAM recycles carbon fibers by decomposing only the resin component of CFRP/CFRTP into CO2 and water using oxidative active species generated by electrolytic sulfuric acid. This method can (1) be applied to all resins, (2) maintains strength of the recycled carbon fibers, and (3) regenerates continuous carbon fibers. Moreover, it is the only technology applicable to CFRP pressure tanks. The successful recycling of continuous carbon fiber from pressure tanks has been achieved, enabling the production of new tanks and unidirectional CFRTP tape. This technology recycles the original continuous carbon fiber product, thus enabling a “close” resource circulation cycle. We have not yet confirmed the number of times recycling can be performed. However, according to the method described in this paper, the recycling process can yield continuous carbon fibers without a decrease in physical properties. Therefore, theoretically, it becomes possible to recycle indefinitely and revert the fibers to their original state, provided that the strength reduction during product use is not a significant consideration.
{"title":"Continuous carbon fiber recycling technology using the electrolytic sulfuric acid method","authors":"Yuji Okada","doi":"10.1177/00219983241239121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241239121","url":null,"abstract":"Our objective is to achieve the societal implementation of the Circular Economy Program for Automobile Carbon Fibers. This involves recycling carbon fibers sourced from carbon fiber reinforced plastics/carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRP/CFRTP) discarded from automobiles and reintegrating them into the manufacturing processes of automobiles. Although, the existing carbon fiber recycling technology recycles the carbon fiber into a finely chopped state; it is not the original continuous carbon fiber product. A novel recycling technology is elucidated herein, referred to as the electrolytic sulfuric acid method (ESAM). The ESAM recycles carbon fibers by decomposing only the resin component of CFRP/CFRTP into CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and water using oxidative active species generated by electrolytic sulfuric acid. This method can (1) be applied to all resins, (2) maintains strength of the recycled carbon fibers, and (3) regenerates continuous carbon fibers. Moreover, it is the only technology applicable to CFRP pressure tanks. The successful recycling of continuous carbon fiber from pressure tanks has been achieved, enabling the production of new tanks and unidirectional CFRTP tape. This technology recycles the original continuous carbon fiber product, thus enabling a “close” resource circulation cycle. We have not yet confirmed the number of times recycling can be performed. However, according to the method described in this paper, the recycling process can yield continuous carbon fibers without a decrease in physical properties. Therefore, theoretically, it becomes possible to recycle indefinitely and revert the fibers to their original state, provided that the strength reduction during product use is not a significant consideration.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140057482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-04DOI: 10.1177/00219983241238057
Merve Özkutlu Demirel, Mahide B Öztürkmen, Müzeyyen Savaş, Evren Mutlugün, Talha Erdem, Yahya Öz
The aerospace industry has progressively grown its use of composites. Electrically conductive nanocomposites are among important modern materials for this sector. We report on a bulk composite containing silver nanowires (AgNW) and an aerospace grade epoxy for use in carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs). AgNWs’ surfaces were also modified to enhance their ability to be dispersed in epoxy. Composites were obtained by use of three-roll milling which is of major interest for industrial applications, especially for the aerospace sector, since the process is scalable and works for aerospace grade resins with high curing temperatures. Our main objective is to improve the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance of CFRPs via improving the properties of the resin material. The addition of AgNWs did not considerably alter the flexural strength of the epoxy, however the composite with surface-modified AgNWs has a 46 % higher flexural strength. Adding AgNWs over a low threshold concentration of 0.05 wt% significantly enhanced the electrical conductivity. Conductivities above the percolation threshold lie around 102 S/m. At a concentration of 5 wt% AgNW, the EMI shielding efficiency (SE) of epoxy increased from 3.49 to 12.31 dB. Moreover, the thermal stability of the epoxy was unaffected by AgNWs. As a result, it was discovered that (surface modified) AgNWs improved the (multifunctional) capabilities of the aerospace grade epoxy resin which might be used in CFRPs to further enhance properties of composites parts, demonstrating suitability of AgNWs’ as a reinforcement material in aerospace applications.
{"title":"Effects of silver nanowires and their surface modification on electromagnetic interference, transport and mechanical properties of an aerospace grade epoxy","authors":"Merve Özkutlu Demirel, Mahide B Öztürkmen, Müzeyyen Savaş, Evren Mutlugün, Talha Erdem, Yahya Öz","doi":"10.1177/00219983241238057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241238057","url":null,"abstract":"The aerospace industry has progressively grown its use of composites. Electrically conductive nanocomposites are among important modern materials for this sector. We report on a bulk composite containing silver nanowires (AgNW) and an aerospace grade epoxy for use in carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs). AgNWs’ surfaces were also modified to enhance their ability to be dispersed in epoxy. Composites were obtained by use of three-roll milling which is of major interest for industrial applications, especially for the aerospace sector, since the process is scalable and works for aerospace grade resins with high curing temperatures. Our main objective is to improve the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance of CFRPs via improving the properties of the resin material. The addition of AgNWs did not considerably alter the flexural strength of the epoxy, however the composite with surface-modified AgNWs has a 46 % higher flexural strength. Adding AgNWs over a low threshold concentration of 0.05 wt% significantly enhanced the electrical conductivity. Conductivities above the percolation threshold lie around 10<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> S/m. At a concentration of 5 wt% AgNW, the EMI shielding efficiency (SE) of epoxy increased from 3.49 to 12.31 dB. Moreover, the thermal stability of the epoxy was unaffected by AgNWs. As a result, it was discovered that (surface modified) AgNWs improved the (multifunctional) capabilities of the aerospace grade epoxy resin which might be used in CFRPs to further enhance properties of composites parts, demonstrating suitability of AgNWs’ as a reinforcement material in aerospace applications.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140025775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.1177/00219983241235856
Elías Ledesma-Orozco, Julio C. Galvis-Chacón, Alejandro E. Rodríguez-Sánchez
In laminated composite materials design, optimization mainly targets the stacking sequence configuration, which is defined by the lamina thickness and fiber orientations within each layer. Recent studies emphasize the increasing role of Machine Learning in promoting innovative composite designs by facilitating the accurate modeling of essential properties such as strength and stiffness. This study introduces two metamodels that utilize feed-forward artificial neural networks, taking laminate thickness and fiber steering angles as input parameters. The output variables, including strain energy density and the Tsai-Wu failure index, enable the prediction of stacking sequence configurations for laminated materials, a capability confirmed in a case study. The results showcase neural network models with the ability to predict these variables, achieving coefficients of determination above 0.90 for testing data. Consequently, this modeling approach has the potential to be a tool for designers, aiding in decision-making processes for the subsequent optimization of stiffness and strength in structural components made of laminated composite materials.
{"title":"Neural networks modeling of strain energy density and Tsai-Wu index in laminated composites","authors":"Elías Ledesma-Orozco, Julio C. Galvis-Chacón, Alejandro E. Rodríguez-Sánchez","doi":"10.1177/00219983241235856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241235856","url":null,"abstract":"In laminated composite materials design, optimization mainly targets the stacking sequence configuration, which is defined by the lamina thickness and fiber orientations within each layer. Recent studies emphasize the increasing role of Machine Learning in promoting innovative composite designs by facilitating the accurate modeling of essential properties such as strength and stiffness. This study introduces two metamodels that utilize feed-forward artificial neural networks, taking laminate thickness and fiber steering angles as input parameters. The output variables, including strain energy density and the Tsai-Wu failure index, enable the prediction of stacking sequence configurations for laminated materials, a capability confirmed in a case study. The results showcase neural network models with the ability to predict these variables, achieving coefficients of determination above 0.90 for testing data. Consequently, this modeling approach has the potential to be a tool for designers, aiding in decision-making processes for the subsequent optimization of stiffness and strength in structural components made of laminated composite materials.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140005564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.1177/00219983241236868
Ruoyu Li, Zhonghai Xu, Chaocan Cai, Xiaodong He
In the article, we propose a new method to generate representative volume element (RVE) of random spatial distributions with cylindrical fibers and spherical particles based on the Improved Artificial Bee Colony (IABC) algorithm. In this employed bee phase of IABC, the proposed algorithm adopts a new search strategy, which improves the computational efficiency. To analyze the differences between the fiber distribution generated by this algorithm and the actual fiber distribution, we conducted statistical analysis on the distribution of the generated RVE. The statistical analysis results of the nearest neighbor distance (NND), Second-order intensity function, and pair correlation function were in good agreement with the experiment and complete spatial randomness (CSR) patterns. In addition, the predicted elastic properties were compared with experimental measurements and theoretical prediction methods. The results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. This algorithm can quickly generate the RVE of cylindrical fibers and spherical particles with volume fractions of 80% and 62%, and the calculation time for generating the RVE of cylindrical fibers is about 17s.
{"title":"A novel algorithm to generate representative volume elements with cylindrical fibers and sphere particles","authors":"Ruoyu Li, Zhonghai Xu, Chaocan Cai, Xiaodong He","doi":"10.1177/00219983241236868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241236868","url":null,"abstract":"In the article, we propose a new method to generate representative volume element (RVE) of random spatial distributions with cylindrical fibers and spherical particles based on the Improved Artificial Bee Colony (IABC) algorithm. In this employed bee phase of IABC, the proposed algorithm adopts a new search strategy, which improves the computational efficiency. To analyze the differences between the fiber distribution generated by this algorithm and the actual fiber distribution, we conducted statistical analysis on the distribution of the generated RVE. The statistical analysis results of the nearest neighbor distance (NND), Second-order intensity function, and pair correlation function were in good agreement with the experiment and complete spatial randomness (CSR) patterns. In addition, the predicted elastic properties were compared with experimental measurements and theoretical prediction methods. The results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. This algorithm can quickly generate the RVE of cylindrical fibers and spherical particles with volume fractions of 80% and 62%, and the calculation time for generating the RVE of cylindrical fibers is about 17s.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140005408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.1177/00219983241237359
Sergio Luiz Moni Ribeiro Filho, Carlos Thomas Garcia, Luís Miguel P Durão, André Luis Christoforo, Vaclav Ondra, Márcio Eduardo Silveira, Tulio Hallak Panzera, Fabrizio Scarpa
Hybrid composites are an advanced solution that offers multifunctional capabilities, including exceptional strength-to-weight ratios, vibrational damping and impact absorption. This work describes the damping capacity and flexural behaviour of a hybrid fibrous-particulate system composed of glass/carbon fabrics and three distinct micro-inclusions: silica particles, carbon waste microfibres, and cement. A statistical methodology based on the full factorial design is applied to identify the effects of fibre stacking sequence, including carbon-C5, glass-G5, C2G3, G3C2, GCGCG and CG3C, microparticle inclusions and matrix/fibre volume fraction (40/60 and 60/40) on damping and bending responses. A non-linear finite element (FE) analysis is conducted to explore the stress distribution based on the stacking sequence and predict the failure mechanisms of the hybrid laminate. The results indicate significant interaction effects, with hybrid architectures showcasing approximately 33% higher performance compared to glass fibre composites. A greater dependence on the fibre layup sequence is found for the damping factor, flexural modulus and strength. Notably, the incorporation of silica microparticles leads to an increase in flexural strength. Furthermore, a greater volume fraction of the matrix phase enhances the rheological efficiency in terms of the fibre-particle interface. Carbon fibre layers placed symmetrically on both beam sides (CG3C) and bottom layers (G3C2) significantly enhance the bending performance of hybrid composites.
{"title":"Assessment of damping and flexural behaviour of hybrid fibre-particulate composites","authors":"Sergio Luiz Moni Ribeiro Filho, Carlos Thomas Garcia, Luís Miguel P Durão, André Luis Christoforo, Vaclav Ondra, Márcio Eduardo Silveira, Tulio Hallak Panzera, Fabrizio Scarpa","doi":"10.1177/00219983241237359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241237359","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid composites are an advanced solution that offers multifunctional capabilities, including exceptional strength-to-weight ratios, vibrational damping and impact absorption. This work describes the damping capacity and flexural behaviour of a hybrid fibrous-particulate system composed of glass/carbon fabrics and three distinct micro-inclusions: silica particles, carbon waste microfibres, and cement. A statistical methodology based on the full factorial design is applied to identify the effects of fibre stacking sequence, including carbon-C<jats:sub>5</jats:sub>, glass-G<jats:sub>5</jats:sub>, C<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>G<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>, G<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, GCGCG and CG<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>C, microparticle inclusions and matrix/fibre volume fraction (40/60 and 60/40) on damping and bending responses. A non-linear finite element (FE) analysis is conducted to explore the stress distribution based on the stacking sequence and predict the failure mechanisms of the hybrid laminate. The results indicate significant interaction effects, with hybrid architectures showcasing approximately 33% higher performance compared to glass fibre composites. A greater dependence on the fibre layup sequence is found for the damping factor, flexural modulus and strength. Notably, the incorporation of silica microparticles leads to an increase in flexural strength. Furthermore, a greater volume fraction of the matrix phase enhances the rheological efficiency in terms of the fibre-particle interface. Carbon fibre layers placed symmetrically on both beam sides (CG<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>C) and bottom layers (G<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) significantly enhance the bending performance of hybrid composites.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140005422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-27DOI: 10.1177/00219983241236943
M.R Khatami-Ghazvini, M Haghighi-Yazdi, M.M Shokrieh
The progressive fatigue damage (PFD) model is a comprehensive method to simulate the fatigue damage behavior of laminated composites under multiaxial cyclic stress. The generalized material property degradation (GMD) technique is a component of the PFD model. Also, the fatigue life modeling of a UD ply under a uniaxial state of stress is a subcomponent of the GMD technique. The present article compares and evaluates the results achieved by using different fatigue life models within the GMD technique. For this purpose, three commonly used fatigue life models (the normalized fatigue life model, the Luders fatigue life model, and the unified fatigue life model) were considered. Based on the capabilities of these models in predicting the fatigue life of unidirectional plies, a combined fatigue life model is developed and integrated into the progressive fatigue damage model. The results demonstrate that using the combined fatigue life model improves the prediction accuracy of the PFD model.
渐进疲劳损伤（PFD）模型是模拟多轴循环应力下层状复合材料疲劳损伤行为的综合方法。广义材料属性退化（GMD）技术是 PFD 模型的组成部分。此外，单轴应力状态下 UD 层的疲劳寿命建模也是 GMD 技术的一个子部分。本文比较并评估了在 GMD 技术中使用不同疲劳寿命模型所取得的结果。为此，考虑了三种常用的疲劳寿命模型（归一化疲劳寿命模型、Luders 疲劳寿命模型和统一疲劳寿命模型）。根据这些模型在预测单向层疲劳寿命方面的能力，我们开发了一种组合疲劳寿命模型，并将其集成到渐进疲劳损伤模型中。结果表明，使用综合疲劳寿命模型提高了渐进疲劳破坏模型的预测精度。
{"title":"Progressive fatigue damage modeling of laminated composites using a novel combined fatigue life model","authors":"M.R Khatami-Ghazvini, M Haghighi-Yazdi, M.M Shokrieh","doi":"10.1177/00219983241236943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241236943","url":null,"abstract":"The progressive fatigue damage (PFD) model is a comprehensive method to simulate the fatigue damage behavior of laminated composites under multiaxial cyclic stress. The generalized material property degradation (GMD) technique is a component of the PFD model. Also, the fatigue life modeling of a UD ply under a uniaxial state of stress is a subcomponent of the GMD technique. The present article compares and evaluates the results achieved by using different fatigue life models within the GMD technique. For this purpose, three commonly used fatigue life models (the normalized fatigue life model, the Luders fatigue life model, and the unified fatigue life model) were considered. Based on the capabilities of these models in predicting the fatigue life of unidirectional plies, a combined fatigue life model is developed and integrated into the progressive fatigue damage model. The results demonstrate that using the combined fatigue life model improves the prediction accuracy of the PFD model.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140005286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-24DOI: 10.1177/00219983241236872
Pedro Sousa, Xiao Liu, Stepan V. Lomov, Jan Ivens
The compaction of a fabric reinforcement in a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) allows to determine the achievable fiber volume fraction across a wide range of pressures, a valuable information for composite manufacturing. As seen in the first international compressibility benchmark, inaccuracies in the fabric stack thickness measurement, the approach to compliance correction and the non-parallelism between compaction plates resulted in highly inaccurate compression curves. In this paper, the different variability sources affecting indirect thickness methods, based on the machine displacement, and direct methods with laser sensors are presented and its impact on the accuracy is estimated. In conclusion, both thickness measurement methods produced similar results; however, the thickness measured by direct methods experienced more variability due to minor changes in the rig’s displacement or the orientations between plates, combined with other sources of variability such as external interferences or vibrations from the compaction plate which led to variations in measurement precision throughout the tests.
{"title":"Achieving highly accurate cavity thickness measurements in fabric compaction","authors":"Pedro Sousa, Xiao Liu, Stepan V. Lomov, Jan Ivens","doi":"10.1177/00219983241236872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241236872","url":null,"abstract":"The compaction of a fabric reinforcement in a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) allows to determine the achievable fiber volume fraction across a wide range of pressures, a valuable information for composite manufacturing. As seen in the first international compressibility benchmark, inaccuracies in the fabric stack thickness measurement, the approach to compliance correction and the non-parallelism between compaction plates resulted in highly inaccurate compression curves. In this paper, the different variability sources affecting indirect thickness methods, based on the machine displacement, and direct methods with laser sensors are presented and its impact on the accuracy is estimated. In conclusion, both thickness measurement methods produced similar results; however, the thickness measured by direct methods experienced more variability due to minor changes in the rig’s displacement or the orientations between plates, combined with other sources of variability such as external interferences or vibrations from the compaction plate which led to variations in measurement precision throughout the tests.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":"255 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139952062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-24DOI: 10.1177/00219983241236875
Kun Wang, Weiyi Kong, Liming Xu, Nan Zhang, Chao Li, Deng’an Cai, Guangming Zhou
Due to the excellent mechanical properties and strong design flexibility, the 3D woven composite engine casing shows great potential in high performance fields. This article adopted the method of double-layer weaving and adding yarn to achieve the variable thickness of the 3D woven composite engine casing. The purpose of this article is to study the compression performance and failure mechanism of this variable thickness casing in different thickness zones through experiments and numerical simulations to lay a foundation for future optimization and inclusiveness research on this casing with complex thickness changes. Three types of representative volume cells are established for progressive damage analysis. 3D-Hashin criteria and von-Mises stress criterion are used as damage criteria for yarns and matrix. The progressive damage process and the proportion of damage in the inner and outer layers of three types of 3D woven tubes under axial compression load are analyzed. Results show that the main failure modes of the three types of tubes are yarn-matrix compressive cracking along direction 3 and matrix failure. The damages are mostly concentrated in the warp bending area. The proportions of warp yarn damage in the inner and outer layers of three tubes are different.
{"title":"Progressive damage analysis of double-layer variable thickness 3D woven composite scaled engine casing","authors":"Kun Wang, Weiyi Kong, Liming Xu, Nan Zhang, Chao Li, Deng’an Cai, Guangming Zhou","doi":"10.1177/00219983241236875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241236875","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the excellent mechanical properties and strong design flexibility, the 3D woven composite engine casing shows great potential in high performance fields. This article adopted the method of double-layer weaving and adding yarn to achieve the variable thickness of the 3D woven composite engine casing. The purpose of this article is to study the compression performance and failure mechanism of this variable thickness casing in different thickness zones through experiments and numerical simulations to lay a foundation for future optimization and inclusiveness research on this casing with complex thickness changes. Three types of representative volume cells are established for progressive damage analysis. 3D-Hashin criteria and von-Mises stress criterion are used as damage criteria for yarns and matrix. The progressive damage process and the proportion of damage in the inner and outer layers of three types of 3D woven tubes under axial compression load are analyzed. Results show that the main failure modes of the three types of tubes are yarn-matrix compressive cracking along direction 3 and matrix failure. The damages are mostly concentrated in the warp bending area. The proportions of warp yarn damage in the inner and outer layers of three tubes are different.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":"255 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139952012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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