T. Spivey, W. Frame, D. Dodds, Andrea S. Jones, K. Edmisten, D. Jordan, R. Wells
In addition to cost of seed and agrichemicals, cotton growers are often enticed to apply additional inputs in the quest for plant health. It is not known, however, whether these additional inputs are cost effective. The objectives of this study were to evaluate current extension recommendations compared to several additional inputs on yield and economic gain. In addition, differences in plant populations, plant heights and thrips damage were assessed. Additional inputs included enhanced soil fertility, in-furrow and foliar fungicides, in-furrow insecticide, and late foliar applied potassium. Each of the inputs was included as an individual treatment, a combined treatment with all five inputs, and a control treatment based on each state’s extension recommendations in the trial. Each treatment was included at both an early and late planting date from 2014 through 2016 in Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia. No additional inputs increased fiber yield or economic gain significantly compared to the controls. Plant populations and plant heights at five weeks after planting (WAP) were not influenced by inputs except for a reduction in plant population of the 150% fertility treatment when compared to local extension recommendations in 2016. Thrips injury rating at three WAP was reduced by treatments including the in-furrow insecticide compared to the control in two of three years in both North Carolina and Virginia The data indicate that these additional inputs are for use under specific circumstances or thresholds and should not be used as a blanket agronomic treatment in the name of plant health.
{"title":"Upland Cotton Growth and Yield Response to Enhanced Inputs Across the Mid-south and Southeast Cotton Belt","authors":"T. Spivey, W. Frame, D. Dodds, Andrea S. Jones, K. Edmisten, D. Jordan, R. Wells","doi":"10.56454/dtns6637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/dtns6637","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to cost of seed and agrichemicals, cotton growers are often enticed to apply additional inputs in the quest for plant health. It is not known, however, whether these additional inputs are cost effective. The objectives of this study were to evaluate current extension recommendations compared to several additional inputs on yield and economic gain. In addition, differences in plant populations, plant heights and thrips damage were assessed. Additional inputs included enhanced soil fertility, in-furrow and foliar fungicides, in-furrow insecticide, and late foliar applied potassium. Each of the inputs was included as an individual treatment, a combined treatment with all five inputs, and a control treatment based on each state’s extension recommendations in the trial. Each treatment was included at both an early and late planting date from 2014 through 2016 in Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia. No additional inputs increased fiber yield or economic gain significantly compared to the controls. Plant populations and plant heights at five weeks after planting (WAP) were not influenced by inputs except for a reduction in plant population of the 150% fertility treatment when compared to local extension recommendations in 2016. Thrips injury rating at three WAP was reduced by treatments including the in-furrow insecticide compared to the control in two of three years in both North Carolina and Virginia The data indicate that these additional inputs are for use under specific circumstances or thresholds and should not be used as a blanket agronomic treatment in the name of plant health.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70803274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Maeda, J. T. Cothren, J. Heilman, C. Fernández, G. Morgan, V. Costa, M. Maeda
Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important socioeconomic crop throughout most of the southern U.S. In Texas, cotton is the lead cash crop and its productivity is often limited by abiotic stress events such as drought and elevated ambient temperatures. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) applications triggered by canopy temperature and forecasted ambient temperatures on field-grown cotton plants. Yield and crop morphological responses to 1-MCP applications were investigated in field studies conducted during the summers of 2012 to 2014 at the Texas A&M University Field Laboratory in Burleson County, TX. Positive effects of 1-MCP were found for fruit retention in 2013 and 2014 for both irrigated and dryland studies; however, a negative impact was found in the 2012 irrigated study. By harvest, 1-MCP applications had no effect on final cotton yield or fiber quality parameters. Applications of 1-MCP affected some morphological characteristics of cotton plants; however, it did not improve crop yield.
{"title":"1-Methylcyclopropene Effects on Field-Grown Cotton: Morphological Characteristics and Yield","authors":"M. Maeda, J. T. Cothren, J. Heilman, C. Fernández, G. Morgan, V. Costa, M. Maeda","doi":"10.56454/nhxj2340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/nhxj2340","url":null,"abstract":"Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important socioeconomic crop throughout most of the southern U.S. In Texas, cotton is the lead cash crop and its productivity is often limited by abiotic stress events such as drought and elevated ambient temperatures. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) applications triggered by canopy temperature and forecasted ambient temperatures on field-grown cotton plants. Yield and crop morphological responses to 1-MCP applications were investigated in field studies conducted during the summers of 2012 to 2014 at the Texas A&M University Field Laboratory in Burleson County, TX. Positive effects of 1-MCP were found for fruit retention in 2013 and 2014 for both irrigated and dryland studies; however, a negative impact was found in the 2012 irrigated study. By harvest, 1-MCP applications had no effect on final cotton yield or fiber quality parameters. Applications of 1-MCP affected some morphological characteristics of cotton plants; however, it did not improve crop yield.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70804691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reed C. Storey, John T. Buol, A. N. Eytcheson, D. Reynolds, J. T. Irby, C. L. Smith
Widespread use of glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn in rotation with cotton increases the incidence of volunteer GR corn in subsequent cotton stands. Experiments were conducted in Mississippi in 2011 and 2012 to determine cotton response to volunteer corn present at 0.3, 1.6, or 3.2 plants per m of crop row allowed to persist for zero, one, two, six, eight, 10 and 12 weeks after emergence or until cotton harvest. Cotton maturity was accelerated at a density of 3.2 plants per m of crop row. Neither cotton height nor yield was affected by corn removal timing at the low corn density. Cotton height and yield decreased as the time of corn removal was delayed at the medium and high corn densities. No differences in cotton height were observed from increasing corn density at removal timings up to two weeks after cotton emergence (WACE). At each corn removal timing four WACE and beyond, increasing corn density led to reductions in cotton height. No differences in cotton yield were observed from increasing density at corn removal timings zero or one WACE; increases in corn density at removal timings beyond one WACE generally led to reductions in cotton yield. These data indicate medium to high populations of volunteer corn generally should be removed by four to six WACE to prevent height reductions and yield loss.
{"title":"The Effect of Duration of Corn (Zea mays) Interference on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Growth and Yield","authors":"Reed C. Storey, John T. Buol, A. N. Eytcheson, D. Reynolds, J. T. Irby, C. L. Smith","doi":"10.56454/pwae5740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/pwae5740","url":null,"abstract":"Widespread use of glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn in rotation with cotton increases the incidence of volunteer GR corn in subsequent cotton stands. Experiments were conducted in Mississippi in 2011 and 2012 to determine cotton response to volunteer corn present at 0.3, 1.6, or 3.2 plants per m of crop row allowed to persist for zero, one, two, six, eight, 10 and 12 weeks after emergence or until cotton harvest. Cotton maturity was accelerated at a density of 3.2 plants per m of crop row. Neither cotton height nor yield was affected by corn removal timing at the low corn density. Cotton height and yield decreased as the time of corn removal was delayed at the medium and high corn densities. No differences in cotton height were observed from increasing corn density at removal timings up to two weeks after cotton emergence (WACE). At each corn removal timing four WACE and beyond, increasing corn density led to reductions in cotton height. No differences in cotton yield were observed from increasing density at corn removal timings zero or one WACE; increases in corn density at removal timings beyond one WACE generally led to reductions in cotton yield. These data indicate medium to high populations of volunteer corn generally should be removed by four to six WACE to prevent height reductions and yield loss.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70804861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rainfall future events are predicted to decline to 30 to 127 mm in the majority of counties of the Texas High Plains and Rolling Plains because of climate change. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the major crop grown on the High Plains of Texas, and the lower humidity associated with the predicted reduction in rain raises the possibility of increased vegetative water-deficit stress and reproductive dehydration stress. This study assesses the vegetative and reproductive developmental processes of commercial cotton cultivar-response following water-deficit stress, specifically during flowering and boll development. Cultivars showed a significant relationship between the leaf water-deficit stress levels during boll development and final seed cotton yields. However, the cultivar Phytogen 72 (PHY72) was an exception to this observation. PHY72 exhibited excellent leaf water-deficit stress tolerance yet had reduced seed cotton yields compared with the other cultivars evaluated. Genetic analysis of the sensitivity of the PHY 72 pollen suggested a maternal deficiency in the tapetum development of the PHY 72 pollen coat resulting in increased dehydration sensitivity. Structural differences in pollen coat development in two cultivars (PHY 72 and NM67) were observed under both scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. Predicted reduced rainfall and higher temperatures in the future, may necessitate approaches to improve not only vegetation tolerance to stress but also reproductive tolerance both of which may be important for breeding the new generation of crops.
{"title":"Assessment of Cotton Leaf and Yield Responses to Water-Deficit Stress During Flowering and Boll Development","authors":"John J. Burke, M. Ulloa","doi":"10.56454/vauu8696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/vauu8696","url":null,"abstract":"Rainfall future events are predicted to decline to 30 to 127 mm in the majority of counties of the Texas High Plains and Rolling Plains because of climate change. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the major crop grown on the High Plains of Texas, and the lower humidity associated with the predicted reduction in rain raises the possibility of increased vegetative water-deficit stress and reproductive dehydration stress. This study assesses the vegetative and reproductive developmental processes of commercial cotton cultivar-response following water-deficit stress, specifically during flowering and boll development. Cultivars showed a significant relationship between the leaf water-deficit stress levels during boll development and final seed cotton yields. However, the cultivar Phytogen 72 (PHY72) was an exception to this observation. PHY72 exhibited excellent leaf water-deficit stress tolerance yet had reduced seed cotton yields compared with the other cultivars evaluated. Genetic analysis of the sensitivity of the PHY 72 pollen suggested a maternal deficiency in the tapetum development of the PHY 72 pollen coat resulting in increased dehydration sensitivity. Structural differences in pollen coat development in two cultivars (PHY 72 and NM67) were observed under both scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. Predicted reduced rainfall and higher temperatures in the future, may necessitate approaches to improve not only vegetation tolerance to stress but also reproductive tolerance both of which may be important for breeding the new generation of crops.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70805606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Costs related to herbicide use have increased greatly due to evolution and proliferation of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S.). The use of cover crops in conservation tillage offers advantages such as weed suppression through physical and allelopathic effects. A field study was initiated in fall 2013 and 2014 in Fayetteville, AR to determine the impact of cereal rye (Secale cereal L.) seeding rate and planting method on weed control and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield. Cereal rye seeding rates were 56, 112, and 168 kg ha-1 in absence or presence of a herbicide program. Planting methods consisted of drilled and broadcast. No differences were observed between planting methods in any parameter evaluated. In both years, cereal rye biomass production increased as seeding rate increased. When herbicides were not applied, cereal rye at 56 kg ha-1 provided the least weed control. Cereal rye at 112 and 168 kg ha-1 provided comparable levels of Palmer amaranth control. At 8 wk after cotton planting, all plots treated with a commonly used herbicide program had 99% or greater grass control, regardless of the seeding rate. Yields from plots with a standard herbicide program were greater than from plots without herbicide. Yield improvement was observed due to use of cereal cover crop compared to no cover crop in 2014, whereas no differences were observed in 2015.
由于抗草甘膦的苋菜(Amaranthus palmeri S.)的进化和扩散，与除草剂使用相关的成本大大增加。在保护性耕作中使用覆盖作物具有通过物理和化感作用抑制杂草等优点。2013年和2014年秋季，在美国阿肯色州费耶特维尔(Fayetteville)开展了一项田间研究，以确定谷物黑麦(Secale cereal L.)播率和种植方法对杂草控制和棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)产量的影响。在无除草剂或有除草剂的情况下，黑麦的播种率分别为56、112和168 kg hm -1。种植方式有钻孔和撒播两种。不同的种植方法在任何评估参数上均无差异。在这两年中，谷物黑麦生物量产量随播种率的增加而增加。在不施用除草剂的情况下，56 kg hm -1的黑麦对杂草的控制效果最差。112和168 kg hm -1的谷物黑麦提供了相当水平的苋菜控制。在棉花种植后8周，无论播种率如何，所有使用常用除草剂处理的地块都有99%或更高的草控。施用标准除草剂的地块的产量高于未施用除草剂的地块。2014年，由于使用谷物覆盖作物，与不使用覆盖作物相比，产量有所提高，而2015年没有发现差异。
{"title":"Impact of Cereal Rye Seeding Rate and Planting Method on Weed Control in Cotton","authors":"Matheus Palhano, J. Norsworthy, T. Barber","doi":"10.56454/dtcx7926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/dtcx7926","url":null,"abstract":"Costs related to herbicide use have increased greatly due to evolution and proliferation of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S.). The use of cover crops in conservation tillage offers advantages such as weed suppression through physical and allelopathic effects. A field study was initiated in fall 2013 and 2014 in Fayetteville, AR to determine the impact of cereal rye (Secale cereal L.) seeding rate and planting method on weed control and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield. Cereal rye seeding rates were 56, 112, and 168 kg ha-1 in absence or presence of a herbicide program. Planting methods consisted of drilled and broadcast. No differences were observed between planting methods in any parameter evaluated. In both years, cereal rye biomass production increased as seeding rate increased. When herbicides were not applied, cereal rye at 56 kg ha-1 provided the least weed control. Cereal rye at 112 and 168 kg ha-1 provided comparable levels of Palmer amaranth control. At 8 wk after cotton planting, all plots treated with a commonly used herbicide program had 99% or greater grass control, regardless of the seeding rate. Yields from plots with a standard herbicide program were greater than from plots without herbicide. Yield improvement was observed due to use of cereal cover crop compared to no cover crop in 2014, whereas no differences were observed in 2015.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70803256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Raper, Shawn A. Butler, Savana D. Denton, L. Steckel, R. Hayes
Glufosinate remains an important postemergence (POST) herbicide for controlling glyphosate-resistant Amaranthus palmeri (S. Wats) in auxin-tolerant trait systems. Although visual injury from glufosinate applications to WideStrike cultivars is expected, concerns have been raised on the visual injury noted in XtendFlex cultivars, particularly with sequential late-POST glufosinate applications or when S-metolachlor is tank-mixed with glufosinate. Field trials were established in Jackson, TN during 2015 and 2017 and in Huntersville, TN during 2016. Herbicide treatments included an untreated; one, two, and three sequential applications of glufosinate; and glufosinate + S-metolachlor followed by (FB) glufosinate FB glufosinate + S-metolachlor. Applications began 40 days after planting and sequential applications were made every 10 to 14 days. Cultivars included DP 1522 B2XF (DeltaPine, Bayer CropScience, St. Louis, MO), PHY 333 WRF (Phytogen, Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, IN), and ST 4946 GLB2 (Stoneville, BASF Corp., Florham Park, NJ). Visual injury ratings varied across timing, treatment, cultivar, and site-year. Three sequential applications of glufosinate with two applications of S-metolachlor caused 7 to 20%, 2 to 15%, and 1 to 8% injury 10 days after the last application in PHY 333 WRF, DP 1522 B2XF, and ST 4946 GLB2, respectively. Cultivar lint yield and fiber quality did not vary by herbicide treatment. Producers who apply glufosinate should expect increasing visual injury from LibertyLink to XtendFlex to WideStrike cultivars, with a sharp increase in visual injury from XtendFlex to WideStrike cultivars; however, sequential, labeled applications of glufosinate with or without two applications of S-metolachlor will likely not impact yields of LibertyLink, WideStrike, or XtendFlex cultivars.
{"title":"LibertyLink®, WideStrike® and XtendFlex® Tolerance to Late Postemergence Applications of Glufosinate and S-Metolachlor","authors":"T. Raper, Shawn A. Butler, Savana D. Denton, L. Steckel, R. Hayes","doi":"10.56454/idwb5334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/idwb5334","url":null,"abstract":"Glufosinate remains an important postemergence (POST) herbicide for controlling glyphosate-resistant Amaranthus palmeri (S. Wats) in auxin-tolerant trait systems. Although visual injury from glufosinate applications to WideStrike cultivars is expected, concerns have been raised on the visual injury noted in XtendFlex cultivars, particularly with sequential late-POST glufosinate applications or when S-metolachlor is tank-mixed with glufosinate. Field trials were established in Jackson, TN during 2015 and 2017 and in Huntersville, TN during 2016. Herbicide treatments included an untreated; one, two, and three sequential applications of glufosinate; and glufosinate + S-metolachlor followed by (FB) glufosinate FB glufosinate + S-metolachlor. Applications began 40 days after planting and sequential applications were made every 10 to 14 days. Cultivars included DP 1522 B2XF (DeltaPine, Bayer CropScience, St. Louis, MO), PHY 333 WRF (Phytogen, Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, IN), and ST 4946 GLB2 (Stoneville, BASF Corp., Florham Park, NJ). Visual injury ratings varied across timing, treatment, cultivar, and site-year. Three sequential applications of glufosinate with two applications of S-metolachlor caused 7 to 20%, 2 to 15%, and 1 to 8% injury 10 days after the last application in PHY 333 WRF, DP 1522 B2XF, and ST 4946 GLB2, respectively. Cultivar lint yield and fiber quality did not vary by herbicide treatment. Producers who apply glufosinate should expect increasing visual injury from LibertyLink to XtendFlex to WideStrike cultivars, with a sharp increase in visual injury from XtendFlex to WideStrike cultivars; however, sequential, labeled applications of glufosinate with or without two applications of S-metolachlor will likely not impact yields of LibertyLink, WideStrike, or XtendFlex cultivars.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70803618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scheduling irrigation events in the humid Southeast can be challenging due to unreliable rainfall patterns. The objective of this study was to evaluate three water potential strategies for scheduling irrigation events in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using shallow subsurface drip irrigation (S3DI) with respect to lint yield and quality, irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE), and value water-use efficiency (VWUE). Research was conducted in 2012 through 2016 in southwest Georgia, U.S. using an S3DI system. Water potential sensors were installed at 25- and 50-cm soil depth. Irrigation treatments and events occurred when the average water potential values were: -40 kPa (treatment I1), -70 kPa (treatment I2), -70/-40/-60 kPa (treatment I3) (emergence to 1st square/1st square to 1st cracked boll/1st cracked boll to defoliation) and a dryland control. All irrigated treatments had higher yield (1975 kg ha-1) than dryland (987 kg ha-1) except during 2013 (wet year). When 2013 data was deleted, there was no lint yield difference across years (p = 0.07) or across irrigation treatments (p = 0.06). Irrigation treatments I2 and I3 applied 170 mm less irrigation water compared to I1. There were differences in lint quality by irrigation treatment and year, but quality values were within acceptable ranges little or no price deductions. Dry year IWUE for treatments I2 and I3 averaged 3.1 kg lint mm-1 compared with I1 at 2.2 kg lint mm-1. For VWUE, both I2 and I3 had 44% greater value per unit of irrigation applied compared with I1. Either I2 or I3 can be used for scheduling irrigation events efficiently and economically.
由于降雨模式不可靠，在潮湿的东南部地区安排灌溉活动可能具有挑战性。摘要本研究旨在评价浅埋滴灌(S3DI)对棉花产量和质量、灌溉用水效率(IWUE)和价值用水效率(VWUE)的三种水势调度策略。研究于2012年至2016年在美国乔治亚州西南部进行，使用的是S3DI系统。水势传感器分别安装在土壤深度25 cm和50 cm处。当平均水势值分别为-40 kPa(处理I1)、-70 kPa(处理I2)、-70/-40/-60 kPa(处理I3)(出苗至第1方/第1方至第1裂铃/第1裂铃至落叶)和旱地对照时，灌溉处理和事件发生。除2013年丰水年外，所有灌溉处理的产量(1975 kg ha-1)均高于旱地处理(987 kg ha-1)。当删除2013年数据时，皮棉产量在不同年份(p = 0.07)和不同灌溉处理(p = 0.06)之间没有差异。灌溉处理I2和I3比I1减少了170 mm的灌溉水量。不同灌溉处理和年份的棉絮质量存在差异，但质量值在可接受范围内，很少或没有价格扣减。处理I2和I3的旱年IWUE平均为3.1 kg棉mm-1，而处理I1为2.2 kg棉mm-1。对于VWUE, I2和I3的单位灌溉价值都比I1高44%。I2或I3都可以用于高效和经济地调度灌溉事件。
{"title":"Three Soil Water Potential Strategies to Schedule Irrigation Events using S3DI in Cotton","authors":"R. Sorensen, M. Lamb","doi":"10.56454/igew7497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/igew7497","url":null,"abstract":"Scheduling irrigation events in the humid Southeast can be challenging due to unreliable rainfall patterns. The objective of this study was to evaluate three water potential strategies for scheduling irrigation events in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using shallow subsurface drip irrigation (S3DI) with respect to lint yield and quality, irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE), and value water-use efficiency (VWUE). Research was conducted in 2012 through 2016 in southwest Georgia, U.S. using an S3DI system. Water potential sensors were installed at 25- and 50-cm soil depth. Irrigation treatments and events occurred when the average water potential values were: -40 kPa (treatment I1), -70 kPa (treatment I2), -70/-40/-60 kPa (treatment I3) (emergence to 1st square/1st square to 1st cracked boll/1st cracked boll to defoliation) and a dryland control. All irrigated treatments had higher yield (1975 kg ha-1) than dryland (987 kg ha-1) except during 2013 (wet year). When 2013 data was deleted, there was no lint yield difference across years (p = 0.07) or across irrigation treatments (p = 0.06). Irrigation treatments I2 and I3 applied 170 mm less irrigation water compared to I1. There were differences in lint quality by irrigation treatment and year, but quality values were within acceptable ranges little or no price deductions. Dry year IWUE for treatments I2 and I3 averaged 3.1 kg lint mm-1 compared with I1 at 2.2 kg lint mm-1. For VWUE, both I2 and I3 had 44% greater value per unit of irrigation applied compared with I1. Either I2 or I3 can be used for scheduling irrigation events efficiently and economically.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70803829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Assessing genetic diversity and population structure is prerequisite to the systematic utilization and conservation of germplasm resources of crop plants. The genetic diversity and population structure in a combined panel of 557 Gossypium hirsutum L. accessions including 375 cultivars and 182 race stocks using 114 pairs of simple sequence repeat primers were evaluated in the current study. Six G. barbadense L. accessions were included as an out-group. Genotyping the diversity panel of 563 accessions with the markers identified a total of 819 alleles and 662 alleles within G. hirsutum. Population structure analysis identified one G. barbadense group and five G. hirsutum groups corresponding to southwestern cultivars, Mexican collections, western cultivars, southeastern and mid-south cultivars, and Guatemalan collections. Average genetic distance of 0.253 indicated a moderate level of genetic diversity in this panel. Analysis of molecular variance revealed a low level of differentiation among cultivated cotton groups compared to landrace accessions. Genetic diversity and population structure analyses suggest landraces of Guatemala could be a potential source of novel genetic variability for U.S. cotton. Further, multiple core sets with different levels of allele richness were identified. The diversity panel and the core sets identified could be a good resource for broadening the genetic base of U.S. cotton and for genetic analysis of agronomic traits.
{"title":"Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Elite U.S. and Race Stock Accessions of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)","authors":"Linglong Zhu, Priyanka Tyagi, Baljinder Kaur, Vasu Kuraparthy","doi":"10.56454/gluv4792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/gluv4792","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing genetic diversity and population structure is prerequisite to the systematic utilization and conservation of germplasm resources of crop plants. The genetic diversity and population structure in a combined panel of 557 Gossypium hirsutum L. accessions including 375 cultivars and 182 race stocks using 114 pairs of simple sequence repeat primers were evaluated in the current study. Six G. barbadense L. accessions were included as an out-group. Genotyping the diversity panel of 563 accessions with the markers identified a total of 819 alleles and 662 alleles within G. hirsutum. Population structure analysis identified one G. barbadense group and five G. hirsutum groups corresponding to southwestern cultivars, Mexican collections, western cultivars, southeastern and mid-south cultivars, and Guatemalan collections. Average genetic distance of 0.253 indicated a moderate level of genetic diversity in this panel. Analysis of molecular variance revealed a low level of differentiation among cultivated cotton groups compared to landrace accessions. Genetic diversity and population structure analyses suggest landraces of Guatemala could be a potential source of novel genetic variability for U.S. cotton. Further, multiple core sets with different levels of allele richness were identified. The diversity panel and the core sets identified could be a good resource for broadening the genetic base of U.S. cotton and for genetic analysis of agronomic traits.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70803359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacob Osborne (J.O.) Ware (1888-1977) was an early leader in United States (US) cotton breeding and contributed significantly to the U.S. and Arkansas cotton industries. Dr. Ware bred cotton at the University of Arkansas (UA) from 1920 until 1934, when he became the senior United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) cotton agronomist at Beltsville, MD. He returned to UA in 1950 with a joint UA and USDA appointment. During his tenure, cotton occupied up to 10% of the land area of Arkansas, but state yield never exceeded 545 lb a-1. Essentially all Arkansas cotton production was rain fed with little fertilizer added and with limited insect and disease control options available. Cotton production relied heavily on hand labor, management knowledge was limited, travel was difficult, communication was restricted, and no computers existed. In this environment, Dr. Ware made significant advances in variety development, variety testing, trait evaluation (inheritance and relationship studies), writing extensive cotton breeding reviews, and became an early leader of U.S. cotton breeding. Compared to today’s program, Dr. Ware encountered similarities (geography, the cotton plant, pests, breeding objectives and procedures); disadvantages (low understandings of genetics, production practices, fiber testing, and test procedures; near absence of specialized equipment and methods to document plant releases; poor transportation; and no computer technology); and advantages (less complex traits, more state support, fewer labor and government restrictions; better public relations and less administrative demands). Dr. Ware was not the first cotton breeder at UA but was the first to establish a legacy that remains today.
{"title":"Jacob Osborne Ware, an Early Cotton Breeding Giant","authors":"F. Bourland","doi":"10.56454/izpp5281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/izpp5281","url":null,"abstract":"Jacob Osborne (J.O.) Ware (1888-1977) was an early leader in United States (US) cotton breeding and contributed significantly to the U.S. and Arkansas cotton industries. Dr. Ware bred cotton at the University of Arkansas (UA) from 1920 until 1934, when he became the senior United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) cotton agronomist at Beltsville, MD. He returned to UA in 1950 with a joint UA and USDA appointment. During his tenure, cotton occupied up to 10% of the land area of Arkansas, but state yield never exceeded 545 lb a-1. Essentially all Arkansas cotton production was rain fed with little fertilizer added and with limited insect and disease control options available. Cotton production relied heavily on hand labor, management knowledge was limited, travel was difficult, communication was restricted, and no computers existed. In this environment, Dr. Ware made significant advances in variety development, variety testing, trait evaluation (inheritance and relationship studies), writing extensive cotton breeding reviews, and became an early leader of U.S. cotton breeding. Compared to today’s program, Dr. Ware encountered similarities (geography, the cotton plant, pests, breeding objectives and procedures); disadvantages (low understandings of genetics, production practices, fiber testing, and test procedures; near absence of specialized equipment and methods to document plant releases; poor transportation; and no computer technology); and advantages (less complex traits, more state support, fewer labor and government restrictions; better public relations and less administrative demands). Dr. Ware was not the first cotton breeder at UA but was the first to establish a legacy that remains today.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70803913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Zeng, D. Boykin, Jinfa Zhang, E. Bechere, J. Dever, B. Campbell, T. Raper, Calvin D. Meeks, Wayne Smith, G. Myers, F. Bourland
Determination of an efficient number of testing locations in multiple-location tests for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fiber quality can allow removal of unnecessary locations while maintaining the statistical power in detection of genotype (g) by environment (e) interactions. Fiber quality data from Regional High-Quality (RHQ) tests from 2011 to 2016 were used to determine an efficient number of locations in the tests for fiber quality and relationships among locations for their representativeness and ability to discriminate among genotypes. Covariance parameters of g, location (l), and gl in the original RHQ tests were estimated in a random model. The simulating data with varying number of locations omitted from the original tests were created by performing 100 unique simulations. When locations were reduced to five, the standard deviations (std) of gl increased from 18 to 37% compared to the original tests. Further reduction of locations to four or less increased std of gl from 30 to 217% compared to the original tests. Therefore, five locations were determined to be an efficient number of locations in tests for fiber quality. The discriminating ability and representativeness of the eight locations for fiber properties were calculated as their distances to an "ideal environment", which was designed as a center in GGE biplot graphs for representativeness and discriminating ability. The relationships among locations were different across years. However, by averaging the distances across testing years, the locations of Stoneville, MS; Keiser, AR; Lubbock, TX; and College Station, TX were identified as the most representative testing sites for fiber properties.
{"title":"Analysis of Testing Locations in Regional High-Quality Tests for Cotton Fiber Quality Traits","authors":"L. Zeng, D. Boykin, Jinfa Zhang, E. Bechere, J. Dever, B. Campbell, T. Raper, Calvin D. Meeks, Wayne Smith, G. Myers, F. Bourland","doi":"10.56454/jjtp4776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/jjtp4776","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of an efficient number of testing locations in multiple-location tests for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fiber quality can allow removal of unnecessary locations while maintaining the statistical power in detection of genotype (g) by environment (e) interactions. Fiber quality data from Regional High-Quality (RHQ) tests from 2011 to 2016 were used to determine an efficient number of locations in the tests for fiber quality and relationships among locations for their representativeness and ability to discriminate among genotypes. Covariance parameters of g, location (l), and gl in the original RHQ tests were estimated in a random model. The simulating data with varying number of locations omitted from the original tests were created by performing 100 unique simulations. When locations were reduced to five, the standard deviations (std) of gl increased from 18 to 37% compared to the original tests. Further reduction of locations to four or less increased std of gl from 30 to 217% compared to the original tests. Therefore, five locations were determined to be an efficient number of locations in tests for fiber quality. The discriminating ability and representativeness of the eight locations for fiber properties were calculated as their distances to an \"ideal environment\", which was designed as a center in GGE biplot graphs for representativeness and discriminating ability. The relationships among locations were different across years. However, by averaging the distances across testing years, the locations of Stoneville, MS; Keiser, AR; Lubbock, TX; and College Station, TX were identified as the most representative testing sites for fiber properties.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70803999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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