The article deals with the analysis of modern scientific approaches to critical studies. The current importance of the science of literature critical studies has been analyzed from different perspectives. The author tries to justify in which issues of literature the perspective of this field is more important. There are also the peculiarities of the methodology of science, the main scientific directions and ideas about the name of the discipline. Special emphasis was placed on national comparative studies. It is well known that literature critical studies as an independent branch of science emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century. The uniqueness of this field is that it determines the place and contribution of national literatures to world civilization by comparing them with each other. There are relatively little-studied areas of literature critical studies in our country. Some foreign experts are trying to prove that the head of the discipline has stuck in a dead end having no perspectives. Comparison in the broadest sense is the process of perceiving the commonalities and differences of life events. However, the function of this discipline is not limited to finding the properties in X and in Y. In fact, what is the importance of literature critical studies as a science today? The article is devoted to a critical assessment of this issue from different perspectives. The peculiarities of the formation of the discipline are also analyzed. It is claimed that the task of the article is to teach students to use theoretical knowledge, practical skills, modern comparative methods and techniques, to distinguish between national and cultural features of the studied literature, to understand the relationship of national literature with world literature and to draw conclusions based on the analysis.
{"title":"MODERN PRINCIPLES OF COMPARATIVE LITERATURE","authors":"A. Akhmedova","doi":"10.36078/987654503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36078/987654503","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the analysis of modern scientific approaches to critical studies. The current importance of the science of literature critical studies has been analyzed from different perspectives. The author tries to justify in which issues of literature the perspective of this field is more important. There are also the peculiarities of the methodology of science, the main scientific directions and ideas about the name of the discipline. Special emphasis was placed on national comparative studies. It is well known that literature critical studies as an independent branch of science emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century. The uniqueness of this field is that it determines the place and contribution of national literatures to world civilization by comparing them with each other. There are relatively little-studied areas of literature critical studies in our country. Some foreign experts are trying to prove that the head of the discipline has stuck in a dead end having no perspectives. Comparison in the broadest sense is the process of perceiving the commonalities and differences of life events. However, the function of this discipline is not limited to finding the properties in X and in Y. In fact, what is the importance of literature critical studies as a science today? The article is devoted to a critical assessment of this issue from different perspectives. The peculiarities of the formation of the discipline are also analyzed. It is claimed that the task of the article is to teach students to use theoretical knowledge, practical skills, modern comparative methods and techniques, to distinguish between national and cultural features of the studied literature, to understand the relationship of national literature with world literature and to draw conclusions based on the analysis.","PeriodicalId":161777,"journal":{"name":"Philology matters","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126622968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, corpus linguistics has been mentioned in the scientific literature as the main tool for the elaboration of dictionaries and grammar manuals, the creation of corpus analysis, the practical use of corpus, as well as the statistical study of linguistic analysis using corpus. Articles, textbooks, manuals on the creation of general and special electronic corpus have been published, but as the Uzbek language is a relatively new field of corpus linguistics, there is a need for research on some issues. The development of corpus linguistics and the increasing focus on statistical methods of processing linguistic materials have led to the development of a number of techniques related to the usage of parallel or similar texts in different languages. This article is devoted to the stages of creating bilingual parallel corpus and explains the peculiarities of creating parallel corpus of texts. The creation of parallel corpus also has its own research stages. Statistical research in linguistics has a long history, especially since the advent of computers in the fifties of the twentieth century, research in this area has grown rapidly. The purpose of the study is to analyze the scientific views on the creation of the linguistic supply of the program of translation of similes on the basis of parallel texts (English-Uzbek, Uzbek-English), to study the linguistic basis and to study the lexical-semantic relationship of similes in bilingual vocabulary. This article deals with the creation of a parallel corpus of literary texts with English and Uzbek similes, analysis of lexical-semantic relations of similes, formation of a database of text segments based on translation alternatives of similes, scientific proof of linguistic models of English similes in translation and the effect of mentality is scientifically substantiated in the example of the translation of similes. A bilingual simile dictionary also plays an important role in creating a parallel corpus of similes. There is a great need for electronic dictionaries in the field of literary translation. The creation of bilingual and multilingual dictionaries, which embody the subtle nuances of the word, serves as a very important resource for translators, writers, poets, and language users.
{"title":"STAGES OF CREATING PARALLEL CORPUS OF ENGLISH-UZBEK SIMILES","authors":"A. Ahmedova","doi":"10.36078/987654506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36078/987654506","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, corpus linguistics has been mentioned in the scientific literature as the main tool for the elaboration of dictionaries and grammar manuals, the creation of corpus analysis, the practical use of corpus, as well as the statistical study of linguistic analysis using corpus. Articles, textbooks, manuals on the creation of general and special electronic corpus have been published, but as the Uzbek language is a relatively new field of corpus linguistics, there is a need for research on some issues. The development of corpus linguistics and the increasing focus on statistical methods of processing linguistic materials have led to the development of a number of techniques related to the usage of parallel or similar texts in different languages. This article is devoted to the stages of creating bilingual parallel corpus and explains the peculiarities of creating parallel corpus of texts. The creation of parallel corpus also has its own research stages. Statistical research in linguistics has a long history, especially since the advent of computers in the fifties of the twentieth century, research in this area has grown rapidly. The purpose of the study is to analyze the scientific views on the creation of the linguistic supply of the program of translation of similes on the basis of parallel texts (English-Uzbek, Uzbek-English), to study the linguistic basis and to study the lexical-semantic relationship of similes in bilingual vocabulary. This article deals with the creation of a parallel corpus of literary texts with English and Uzbek similes, analysis of lexical-semantic relations of similes, formation of a database of text segments based on translation alternatives of similes, scientific proof of linguistic models of English similes in translation and the effect of mentality is scientifically substantiated in the example of the translation of similes. A bilingual simile dictionary also plays an important role in creating a parallel corpus of similes. There is a great need for electronic dictionaries in the field of literary translation. The creation of bilingual and multilingual dictionaries, which embody the subtle nuances of the word, serves as a very important resource for translators, writers, poets, and language users.","PeriodicalId":161777,"journal":{"name":"Philology matters","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128696975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article deals with the characterization of terminological units from the aspects of lexico-semantic structures which are specific for all their semantic features due to the means of linguistic approaches. The main semantic properties of terminological units of language didactics can be studied using linguistic analysis. The criteria could be defined as following: 1) terms which are formed by lexico-semantic ways; 2) polysemantic terms; 3) terms – synonyms; 4) terms – antonyms. Semantic changes in the formation of terms owing to their polysemantic features and relationships of meanings may be found through the context. The main processes of formation and dynamic development of the terminological system of this science have been investigated thanks to materials of the English, Russian and Uzbek languages. However, it is important to define the role of a national context in the development of the terminology system of language didactics undertaking cross-cultural analysis, existing problems of comparative study of terminology, and searching relevant terms in the Russian and Uzbek languages. Semantic development of a term improves general meaning belonging to a term and changes according to its forms. However, functioning sphere of a term connects constantly developing scientific opinions for improving notions in the field of linguistics. There are a number of absolute synonyms among terms, given that it is possible to remove doubling in the subsystem or using semantic differentiation for the nomination of new conceptions. Differentiation of synonymic microsystem as opposite process of fusing a separate terminological micro-system, so another microsystem serves for determining a developing special vocabulary in all its historical sections. As a result of it there occurs the fusion of lexico-semantic variants of a single term, introduced in the integrating subsystem, but another subsystem which combines all similarity features of components of the lexical unit, transfers into poly-semantic lexical unit. The aim of the research is to improve the necessity of defining the main factors and sources of the formation and dynamic development of terminological units of this science and their usage in different socio-cultural contexts, including specific features and differences in the expansion of terms of the language didactics according to corresponding culture.
{"title":"CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE DIDACTIC TERMS IN LINE WITH THEIR LEXICO-SEMANTIC STRUCTURE","authors":"Ikhtiyor Bazarov","doi":"10.36078/987654505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36078/987654505","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the characterization of terminological units from the aspects of lexico-semantic structures which are specific for all their semantic features due to the means of linguistic approaches. The main semantic properties of terminological units of language didactics can be studied using linguistic analysis. The criteria could be defined as following: 1) terms which are formed by lexico-semantic ways; 2) polysemantic terms; 3) terms – synonyms; 4) terms – antonyms.\u0000Semantic changes in the formation of terms owing to their polysemantic features and relationships of meanings may be found through the context. The main processes of formation and dynamic development of the terminological system of this science have been investigated thanks to materials of the English, Russian and Uzbek languages. However, it is important to define the role of a national context in the development of the terminology system of language didactics undertaking cross-cultural analysis, existing problems of comparative study of terminology, and searching relevant terms in the Russian and Uzbek languages.\u0000Semantic development of a term improves general meaning belonging to a term and changes according to its forms. However, functioning sphere of a term connects constantly developing scientific opinions for improving notions in the field of linguistics.\u0000There are a number of absolute synonyms among terms, given that it is possible to remove doubling in the subsystem or using semantic differentiation for the nomination of new conceptions. Differentiation of synonymic microsystem as opposite process of fusing a separate terminological micro-system, so another microsystem serves for determining a developing special vocabulary in all its historical sections. As a result of it there occurs the fusion of lexico-semantic variants of a single term, introduced in the integrating subsystem, but another subsystem which combines all similarity features of components of the lexical unit, transfers into poly-semantic lexical unit.\u0000The aim of the research is to improve the necessity of defining the main factors and sources of the formation and dynamic development of terminological units of this science and their usage in different socio-cultural contexts, including specific features and differences in the expansion of terms of the language didactics according to corresponding culture.","PeriodicalId":161777,"journal":{"name":"Philology matters","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123805804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today, the Internet has united the world community into a single virtual space, making it the fastest means of receiving and disseminating information. The unprecedented development of information and communication technologies, the digitalization of traditional techniques has had a direct positive impact on the development of journalism to collect, process, and disseminate information quickly and efficiently, and in particular to present new forms of presentation to the audience in the coordination of voice, text, photography, and video. The Internet is a part of modern society, modern culture that emphasizes the mutual understanding of people, especially through new forms and means. Given the disappearance of time, space, culture and national boundaries, there is no doubt that the Internet will provide effective management of intercultural dialogue because of new information technologies. This means that in the virtual world, a person communicates with representatives of different cultures, both orally and in writing. Nowadays, in addition to the traditional text, various symbols are used in written speech. As a result, all aspects of social life, including culture, will be exchanged. If the message sent is clear and concise, it indicates that the meeting was effective. The Internet space is visible in a variety of symbols, pictures, info graphics, diagrams, videos, audio images, formed information technology, from the simple text of the message. This, of course, attracts the user's attention and indicates an increase in the need for virtuality rather than reality. This has led to the formation of new formats of information transmission in the Internet media under the influence of digital technologies. Capabilities of Internet media, such as hypertext, interactivity and multimedia, unique projects based on the synthesis of different media platforms have been created. Multimedia formats such as storytelling and longgrid have become very popular. Now the user needs audio and video materials instead of text format. The information and data provided by the Internet through the hypertext capabilities of the media is very compact and creates a number of conveniences for the user. The interactive ability of the Internet media enables the user to meet with other members of the audience and share the information they receive through various social networks. The multimedia capabilities of the Internet media serve to enrich the content of the web page with audio and video means. It is obvious that the multimedia capabilities of the Internet media are setting new perspectires for the dissemination and delivery of information to the user, because speed, objectivity and modernity are the requirements of today.
{"title":"MULTIMEDIA FEATURES OF INTERNET MEDIA","authors":"D. Aminova","doi":"10.36078/987654513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36078/987654513","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the Internet has united the world community into a single virtual space, making it the fastest means of receiving and disseminating information. The unprecedented development of information and communication technologies, the digitalization of traditional techniques has had a direct positive impact on the development of journalism to collect, process, and disseminate information quickly and efficiently, and in particular to present new forms of presentation to the audience in the coordination of voice, text, photography, and video.\u0000The Internet is a part of modern society, modern culture that emphasizes the mutual understanding of people, especially through new forms and means. Given the disappearance of time, space, culture and national boundaries, there is no doubt that the Internet will provide effective management of intercultural dialogue because of new information technologies. This means that in the virtual world, a person communicates with representatives of different cultures, both orally and in writing. Nowadays, in addition to the traditional text, various symbols are used in written speech. As a result, all aspects of social life, including culture, will be exchanged. If the message sent is clear and concise, it indicates that the meeting was effective. The Internet space is visible in a variety of symbols, pictures, info graphics, diagrams, videos, audio images, formed information technology, from the simple text of the message. This, of course, attracts the user's attention and indicates an increase in the need for virtuality rather than reality. This has led to the formation of new formats of information transmission in the Internet media under the influence of digital technologies. Capabilities of Internet media, such as hypertext, interactivity and multimedia, unique projects based on the synthesis of different media platforms have been created. Multimedia formats such as storytelling and longgrid have become very popular. Now the user needs audio and video materials instead of text format. The information and data provided by the Internet through the hypertext capabilities of the media is very compact and creates a number of conveniences for the user. The interactive ability of the Internet media enables the user to meet with other members of the audience and share the information they receive through various social networks. The multimedia capabilities of the Internet media serve to enrich the content of the web page with audio and video means. It is obvious that the multimedia capabilities of the Internet media are setting new perspectires for the dissemination and delivery of information to the user, because speed, objectivity and modernity are the requirements of today.","PeriodicalId":161777,"journal":{"name":"Philology matters","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127159578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article provides a structural analysis of the titles “Between Two Doors” by Utkir Khoshimov, “Eternal Gates” by Isajon Sultan and “Rebellion and Humility” by Ulugbek Hamdam. The author explains the writers’ creative goal in the title of a work of art, the role of plot elements and the composition of novels in revealing the essence of the title. Criteria that are important for naming the author’s works are classified, and chronotopic representation is analyzed. In the course of the research, the principles of the structural method were applied, the relevance of the title of works to events and the direction of each storyline in revealing the content of the title were described. The analysis of the works proves that each expresses the essence of the work, the role of the title in the structure of the text is unique, that is, before the text, the title is the first semiotic sign seen by the reader, as well as the meaning of the title mediates between the reader and the work. A creative comprehension of the chronotope as a means used for arranging the work composition, structure, and constructing an epic field of the text demands a special approach to understanding the aesthetic character of the work. Since the chronotope includes all the elements of a fictional work, it is impossible to present the plot, composition, conflict, system of characters, feelings and the mood of the characters without the description of the chronotope. The chronotope is accepted to be one of the poetic means to demonstrate the reality as well as to be a literary process that is basic for the expression of the reality in the compositional construction and illustration of the plot relying on the writer’s intention and the ideological conception of the literary work. The literary time enables to cognate the literary world picture created by the author in terms of the descriptive subject and object of the work. Utkir Hoshimov’s “Between Two Doors”, Isajon Sultan’s “Eternal Gates”, and Ulugbek Hamdam’s “Rebellion and Humility” were selected as the object of the research. The article uses comparative-typological, structural and complex methods of analysis.
{"title":"CHRONOTOPE INTERPRETATION OF MODERN UZBEK NOVELS’ TITLES","authors":"Bahor B. Turaeva","doi":"10.36078/987654501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36078/987654501","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides a structural analysis of the titles “Between Two Doors” by Utkir Khoshimov, “Eternal Gates” by Isajon Sultan and “Rebellion and Humility” by Ulugbek Hamdam. The author explains the writers’ creative goal in the title of a work of art, the role of plot elements and the composition of novels in revealing the essence of the title. Criteria that are important for naming the author’s works are classified, and chronotopic representation is analyzed. In the course of the research, the principles of the structural method were applied, the relevance of the title of works to events and the direction of each storyline in revealing the content of the title were described. The analysis of the works proves that each expresses the essence of the work, the role of the title in the structure of the text is unique, that is, before the text, the title is the first semiotic sign seen by the reader, as well as the meaning of the title mediates between the reader and the work. A creative comprehension of the chronotope as a means used for arranging the work composition, structure, and constructing an epic field of the text demands a special approach to understanding the aesthetic character of the work. Since the chronotope includes all the elements of a fictional work, it is impossible to present the plot, composition, conflict, system of characters, feelings and the mood of the characters without the description of the chronotope. The chronotope is accepted to be one of the poetic means to demonstrate the reality as well as to be a literary process that is basic for the expression of the reality in the compositional construction and illustration of the plot relying on the writer’s intention and the ideological conception of the literary work. The literary time enables to cognate the literary world picture created by the author in terms of the descriptive subject and object of the work.\u0000Utkir Hoshimov’s “Between Two Doors”, Isajon Sultan’s “Eternal Gates”, and Ulugbek Hamdam’s “Rebellion and Humility” were selected as the object of the research. The article uses comparative-typological, structural and complex methods of analysis.","PeriodicalId":161777,"journal":{"name":"Philology matters","volume":"250-253 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126939144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the current measures in higher education are being related straight to both online and offline platforms, blended learning can be a prototype model in increasing quality and content factors of this stage of education, thereby providing teachers and students with connected and continuous education in practice. In many studies related to the issues mentioned above, blended learning, its practical functions are central to the discussion. Besides that, doing scientific investigations on the correlation between competencies and technologies in TFL plays a constructive role in creating a competitive educational environment for everyone. The study aimed to test blended learning technologies in improving students’ writing competence in essay writing skills. As for the tasks of the study, they are: (1) to analyze the importance of course design in conducting lessons on writing skills successfully; (2) to practically experiment collaborative learning between a teacher and students on both platforms; (3) to investigate benefits of e-assessment in evaluating students’ writing tasks in the environment of blended learning. The experimental study was carried out among teachers and second-year students of Uzbekistan State World Languages University (UzSWLU) with the help of qualitative and quantitative types of data collection. First, the qualitative method was used while interviewing teachers about the implemented methods, technologies, and approaches at the end of the study. Then, the second type of data collection – quantitative was used as a form of questionnaire among the participants (students) of the research on virtual platforms to obtain results of blended learning in fostering essay writing skills. According to the research findings, blended learning has a considerable impact on training students as future personnel by assisting them in fostering their communicative and subcompetencies in practice.
{"title":"BLENDED LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES: COURSE DESIGN, COLLABORATION AND ASSESSMENT IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ ESSAY WRITING SKILLS","authors":"Solijon Azizov","doi":"10.36078/987654497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36078/987654497","url":null,"abstract":"As the current measures in higher education are being related straight to both online and offline platforms, blended learning can be a prototype model in increasing quality and content factors of this stage of education, thereby providing teachers and students with connected and continuous education in practice. In many studies related to the issues mentioned above, blended learning, its practical functions are central to the discussion. Besides that, doing scientific investigations on the correlation between competencies and technologies in TFL plays a constructive role in creating a competitive educational environment for everyone. The study aimed to test blended learning technologies in improving students’ writing competence in essay writing skills. As for the tasks of the study, they are: (1) to analyze the importance of course design in conducting lessons on writing skills successfully; (2) to practically experiment collaborative learning between a teacher and students on both platforms; (3) to investigate benefits of e-assessment in evaluating students’ writing tasks in the environment of blended learning. The experimental study was carried out among teachers and second-year students of Uzbekistan State World Languages University (UzSWLU) with the help of qualitative and quantitative types of data collection. First, the qualitative method was used while interviewing teachers about the implemented methods, technologies, and approaches at the end of the study. Then, the second type of data collection – quantitative was used as a form of questionnaire among the participants (students) of the research on virtual platforms to obtain results of blended learning in fostering essay writing skills. According to the research findings, blended learning has a considerable impact on training students as future personnel by assisting them in fostering their communicative and subcompetencies in practice.","PeriodicalId":161777,"journal":{"name":"Philology matters","volume":"29 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128055483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lyrical works hare not lost their importance since the earliest times to the present day as they are tuned in a certain tone, short in size compared to other literary geners, can be stored quickly and easily in people's memory, have a wide range of aesthetic effects, are suitable for different age and literary training of readers and possess a variety of genres. A significant part of Uzbek classical literature is lyrical works. The ghazal genre is one of the most important of these lyrical works. The lyrics of the classical period are diverse in terms of a genre and include a variety of genres, such as fard, rubai, tuyuk, qit’a, ghazal, muhammas, musaddas, masnavi and qasida. Each has its own genesis and history of development. Especially, ghazal is a popular genre in oriental poetry. Originally it emerged as a genre of poetry created exclusively on the theme of love, and over time, the range of possibilities in terms of both theme and form expanded. Poems of this genre have long occupied a prominent place in the poetry. In this article, the lexical and terminological meanings of the ghazal, a brief genesis, the stages of its development as a genre, changes in form and content, internal and external factors that led to its expansion, the main Arabic and Persian works of the ghazal genre and representatives of Uzbek literature, their contributions to the content and form of the genre are analyzed. In carrying out these analyses, the author of the article refers to the works of classical theorists such as Kudama ibn Jafar, Shamsuddin Muhammad ibn Kays Razi, Kabul Muhammad, Rashididdin Watwat, Sheikh Ahmad Tarazi, Husayn Waz Kashifi and the history of Arabic, Persian, Uzbek literature, in particular, the orientalists as Kanani, Y.E.Bertels, I.M.Filshtinsky, M.L.Reysner, A.Mirzoev, A.Atesh, A.Hayitmetov, O.Nosirov, R.Orzibekov and others who studied the ghazal genre. The researcher compares their scientific works, opinions, similarities, differences, explaines, and comments on the history and characteristics of the ghazal genre.
{"title":"HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GHAZAL GENRE","authors":"D. Tukhlieva","doi":"10.36078/987654494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36078/987654494","url":null,"abstract":"Lyrical works hare not lost their importance since the earliest times to the present day as they are tuned in a certain tone, short in size compared to other literary geners, can be stored quickly and easily in people's memory, have a wide range of aesthetic effects, are suitable for different age and literary training of readers and possess a variety of genres.\u0000A significant part of Uzbek classical literature is lyrical works. The ghazal genre is one of the most important of these lyrical works. The lyrics of the classical period are diverse in terms of a genre and include a variety of genres, such as fard, rubai, tuyuk, qit’a, ghazal, muhammas, musaddas, masnavi and qasida. Each has its own genesis and history of development. Especially, ghazal is a popular genre in oriental poetry. Originally it emerged as a genre of poetry created exclusively on the theme of love, and over time, the range of possibilities in terms of both theme and form expanded. Poems of this genre have long occupied a prominent place in the poetry. In this article, the lexical and terminological meanings of the ghazal, a brief genesis, the stages of its development as a genre, changes in form and content, internal and external factors that led to its expansion, the main Arabic and Persian works of the ghazal genre and representatives of Uzbek literature, their contributions to the content and form of the genre are analyzed.\u0000In carrying out these analyses, the author of the article refers to the works of classical theorists such as Kudama ibn Jafar, Shamsuddin Muhammad ibn Kays Razi, Kabul Muhammad, Rashididdin Watwat, Sheikh Ahmad Tarazi, Husayn Waz Kashifi and the history of Arabic, Persian, Uzbek literature, in particular, the orientalists as Kanani, Y.E.Bertels, I.M.Filshtinsky, M.L.Reysner, A.Mirzoev, A.Atesh, A.Hayitmetov, O.Nosirov, R.Orzibekov and others who studied the ghazal genre. The researcher compares their scientific works, opinions, similarities, differences, explaines, and comments on the history and characteristics of the ghazal genre.","PeriodicalId":161777,"journal":{"name":"Philology matters","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126176912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article, dealing with the centenary anniversary of James Jones, presents her own subdivision of his creative work into periods, given that the author of the article was the first researcher in the former USSR and the USA defending her monographic work in 1981 on “Problems of War and Peace in James Jones’s creative work”. The aim of her article is to highlight the role of a short story genre in evolution of American writers, including James Jones, choosing their themes and further confirming the manner and peculiarities of their writing style in their novels. The main part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the short stories (which were only 13), published by James Jones in his collection entitled “The Ice-cream Headache” and Other Stories”. The researcher presented her interesting classification of them, showing their different grouping by themes, main characters with their psychology that affected their behavior and, naturally, the writer’s intention to show his attitude to the events described in each story.
{"title":"JAMES JONES AND HIS SHORT STORIES ON LIFE CHALLENGES FACED BY AMERICANS IN THE XX CENTURY","authors":"E. Muratova","doi":"10.36078/987654490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36078/987654490","url":null,"abstract":"The article, dealing with the centenary anniversary of James Jones, presents her own subdivision of his creative work into periods, given that the author of the article was the first researcher in the former USSR and the USA defending her monographic work in 1981 on “Problems of War and Peace in James Jones’s creative work”. The aim of her article is to highlight the role of a short story genre in evolution of American writers, including James Jones, choosing their themes and further confirming the manner and peculiarities of their writing style in their novels. The main part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the short stories (which were only 13), published by James Jones in his collection entitled “The Ice-cream Headache” and Other Stories”. The researcher presented her interesting classification of them, showing their different grouping by themes, main characters with their psychology that affected their behavior and, naturally, the writer’s intention to show his attitude to the events described in each story.","PeriodicalId":161777,"journal":{"name":"Philology matters","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124907473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on the role of intercultural pragmatics in modern foreign languages teaching and, on the notion, issues of intercultural pragmatics. It also analyses the importance of intercultural communication in the teaching of foreign languages, pragmatic aspects of intercultural communication, the interdependence of linguistic and cultural phenomena. While pragmatics is a branch of linguistics, intercultural pragmatism is developing as a new supplement to pragmatics. The process of intercultural communication includes linguistic and socio-cultural elements. The importance of intercultural communication in the study of a foreign language is that it eliminates cultural misunderstandings, mistrust and helps to adapt to other civilizational traditions of intercultural communication. Nowadays, according to communicative language teaching the main focus is on the development of communicative competence in foreign languages teaching. Sociolinguistic and pragmatic competencies are the integral aspects of this competence. Cultural and social factors are important in developing intercultural communicative competences in order to avoid difficulties that may arise in understanding interlocutors of different cultural backgrounds. Knowledge of the components of a language and cultural foundations such as phraseological units, words and proverbs help to overcome difficulties in intercultural communication and lead not only to understanding of “foreign” culture through “own” culture, but also the pragmatic factors that arise in this case. Given that English is the lingua franca in the world, there are many problems with intercultural pragmatics in the process of communication in this language. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of intercultural communication competence in the process of teaching English. However, there are a number of problems in the process of teaching a foreign language. The problem can be divided into linguistic, lingua-didactic and methodological aspects.
{"title":"THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERCULTURAL PRAGMATICS IN TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE","authors":"Zebuniso Isanova","doi":"10.36078/987654499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36078/987654499","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the role of intercultural pragmatics in modern foreign languages teaching and, on the notion, issues of intercultural pragmatics. It also analyses the importance of intercultural communication in the teaching of foreign languages, pragmatic aspects of intercultural communication, the interdependence of linguistic and cultural phenomena. While pragmatics is a branch of linguistics, intercultural pragmatism is developing as a new supplement to pragmatics. The process of intercultural communication includes linguistic and socio-cultural elements. The importance of intercultural communication in the study of a foreign language is that it eliminates cultural misunderstandings, mistrust and helps to adapt to other civilizational traditions of intercultural communication. Nowadays, according to communicative language teaching the main focus is on the development of communicative competence in foreign languages teaching. Sociolinguistic and pragmatic competencies are the integral aspects of this competence. Cultural and social factors are important in developing intercultural communicative competences in order to avoid difficulties that may arise in understanding interlocutors of different cultural backgrounds. Knowledge of the components of a language and cultural foundations such as phraseological units, words and proverbs help to overcome difficulties in intercultural communication and lead not only to understanding of “foreign” culture through “own” culture, but also the pragmatic factors that arise in this case.\u0000Given that English is the lingua franca in the world, there are many problems with intercultural pragmatics in the process of communication in this language. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of intercultural communication competence in the process of teaching English. However, there are a number of problems in the process of teaching a foreign language. The problem can be divided into linguistic, lingua-didactic and methodological aspects.","PeriodicalId":161777,"journal":{"name":"Philology matters","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116171221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the process of global development in all areas of science, various new knowledge has appeared. Including fantasy in world literature fantasy which began to be considered as one of the significant directions of the literature. In this article, the researcher proves the fact that fantasy has its own fundamental basis in the formation of this area, and the scientific theory of myths, fairy tales and knights, components of the fantasy content. The author justifies his scientific and theoretical approach to the scientific views of foreign scientists with respect to Fantasy. This attracted the attention of all literary critics and readers, and also caused various confusing ideas about fantasy. While each phenomenon in the literature has its own history and cause, the origin of fantasy has its fundamental basis for the creation. In the fantasy literature, there are often epics, myths, and works in the spirit of love, satire, historical works, utopian fairy tales, folk tales and parables. It is very important to study them at the stage of development of modern fantasy literature. Using in fantasy various small epic types contributes to the emergence of means of enrichment in its diversity and impressions. The aim of the study is to provide readers with literary criticism on fantasy works and their components on a scientific basis and improve their views on fantasy, and also awaken their interest in fantasy. In this regard, many sources were used. The study used the hermeneutic method. In the result of the study, the works of fantasy and their features will be disclosed. Provided scientific and theoretical approaches are also confirmed by reasonable examples from various scientific literature.
{"title":"SCIENTIFIC INTERPRETATION OF FANTASY WORKS AND THEIR TYPES","authors":"D. Nasriddinov","doi":"10.36078/987654492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36078/987654492","url":null,"abstract":"In the process of global development in all areas of science, various new knowledge has appeared. Including fantasy in world literature fantasy which began to be considered as one of the significant directions of the literature. In this article, the researcher proves the fact that fantasy has its own fundamental basis in the formation of this area, and the scientific theory of myths, fairy tales and knights, components of the fantasy content. The author justifies his scientific and theoretical approach to the scientific views of foreign scientists with respect to Fantasy. This attracted the attention of all literary critics and readers, and also caused various confusing ideas about fantasy. While each phenomenon in the literature has its own history and cause, the origin of fantasy has its fundamental basis for the creation. In the fantasy literature, there are often epics, myths, and works in the spirit of love, satire, historical works, utopian fairy tales, folk tales and parables. It is very important to study them at the stage of development of modern fantasy literature. Using in fantasy various small epic types contributes to the emergence of means of enrichment in its diversity and impressions. \u0000The aim of the study is to provide readers with literary criticism on fantasy works and their components on a scientific basis and improve their views on fantasy, and also awaken their interest in fantasy. In this regard, many sources were used. The study used the hermeneutic method. In the result of the study, the works of fantasy and their features will be disclosed. Provided scientific and theoretical approaches are also confirmed by reasonable examples from various scientific literature.","PeriodicalId":161777,"journal":{"name":"Philology matters","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128355894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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