Journal of The Energy Institute最新文献_第8页

In-situ catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using low-dose alkali metal salts: The effect of salt type and temperature

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of The Energy Institute

Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102012

Zhongwei Wang , Chen Zhang , Sunwen Xia , Yong Dong

To elucidate the chemical activation mechanism in the in-situ catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using low-dose alkali salts, this study examined the effect of alkali salt type and temperature on char properties by co-pyrolysis of low-dose potash alkali salt (1:10 mass ratio of molten salt to biomass) and biomass. The results revealed distinct differences in pyrolysis behavior, char yields, and porosities among various alkali salts. Notably, the experimental group with the addition of KOH yielded the highest carbon production of 25.3 wt% with a microporous area of 342.6 m²/g compared to 19.2 wt% char yield and 39.5 m²/g by direct pyrolysis. KCl and KNO₃ facilitated the breakdown of glycosidic bonds, enabling biomass pyrolysis at lower temperatures (a reduction of 79.5 °C and 74 °C, respectively, compared to the raw material). Furthermore, a mechanism for in-situ catalytic pyrolysis at different temperatures using low-dose alkali salts was proposed. Potassium salts promote the cleavage of amino acid hydrogen bonds in biomass at low temperatures, accelerating the removal of phenolic hydroxyl groups and leading to the precipitation of large amounts of volatile matter to increase the mesopore area at low temperature (<400 °C). At 400–500 °C, KOH interacted with the char skeleton to generate active sites, where OH⁻ ions combined with free carbonyl and hydroxyls. Potassium ions simultaneously acted as template agents within etched pores, enhancing specific surface area to 448.64 m²/g. At 800 °C, potassium salts promoted the polycondensation of carbonyl, hydroxyl, and ether-bonding groups into polybenzene ring char structures, significantly increasing char yield. The pyrolytic char prepared with a low dose of KOH was rich in oxygenated groups, demonstrating its high suitability for catalytic applications.

{"title":"In-situ catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using low-dose alkali metal salts: The effect of salt type and temperature","authors":"Zhongwei Wang , Chen Zhang , Sunwen Xia , Yong Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To elucidate the chemical activation mechanism in the in-situ catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using low-dose alkali salts, this study examined the effect of alkali salt type and temperature on char properties by co-pyrolysis of low-dose potash alkali salt (1:10 mass ratio of molten salt to biomass) and biomass. The results revealed distinct differences in pyrolysis behavior, char yields, and porosities among various alkali salts. Notably, the experimental group with the addition of KOH yielded the highest carbon production of 25.3 wt% with a microporous area of 342.6 m<sup>2</sup>/g compared to 19.2 wt% char yield and 39.5 m<sup>2</sup>/g by direct pyrolysis. KCl and KNO₃ facilitated the breakdown of glycosidic bonds, enabling biomass pyrolysis at lower temperatures (a reduction of 79.5 °C and 74 °C, respectively, compared to the raw material). Furthermore, a mechanism for in-situ catalytic pyrolysis at different temperatures using low-dose alkali salts was proposed. Potassium salts promote the cleavage of amino acid hydrogen bonds in biomass at low temperatures, accelerating the removal of phenolic hydroxyl groups and leading to the precipitation of large amounts of volatile matter to increase the mesopore area at low temperature (<400 °C). At 400–500 °C, KOH interacted with the char skeleton to generate active sites, where OH⁻ ions combined with free carbonyl and hydroxyls. Potassium ions simultaneously acted as template agents within etched pores, enhancing specific surface area to 448.64 m<sup>2</sup>/g. At 800 °C, potassium salts promoted the polycondensation of carbonyl, hydroxyl, and ether-bonding groups into polybenzene ring char structures, significantly increasing char yield. The pyrolytic char prepared with a low dose of KOH was rich in oxygenated groups, demonstrating its high suitability for catalytic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102012"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An additional value for the disposed wastes: An experimental and RSM optimization study based on the enhancement of waste plastic oil/diesel fuel blend with optimum B2O3 nanoparticles for cleaner emissions

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of The Energy Institute

Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102013

Samet Uslu

In the current study, the ability of waste cable pyrolysis oil (WCPO) and boron oxide (B₂O₃) nanoparticles to improve diesel engine response was evaluated. Firstly, WCPO was produced and 20 % was determined as the most suitable mixture ratio for diesel engines. Then, different amounts (20, 40, and 60 ppm) of B₂O₃ were added to the fuel mixture containing 20 % WCPO/80 % diesel to strengthen the negative aspects of WCPO. The addition of 20 % WCPO reduced BTHE by an average of 7.93 % and with the positive effect of the addition of 20 ppm B₂O₃, this reduction was increased to an average of 0.83 %. Furthermore, the addition of B2O3 nanoparticles decreased CO and HC emissions, whereas the addition of 20 % WCPO enhanced them. HC decreased by 27.18 % with 20 ppm B₂O₃, after increasing by an average of 5.61 % with WCPO20 compared to diesel. Likewise, for CO, there was a 67.96 % increase with WCPO20 and a 5.92 % drop with 20 ppm B₂O₃. However, response surface methodology (RSM) optimization was also carried out to determine the ideal concentration of B₂O₃ because nanoparticles are expensive. In RSM optimization, the quantity of B₂O₃ (QoN) and engine load were modeled as variables, and brake thermal efficiency (BTHE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), nitrogen oxide (NO_x), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) were modeled as responses. According to the model, the optimum B₂O₃ amount was determined as 22 ppm at 1500 W load. Under these conditions, the best results for BTHE, BSFC, NO_x, CO, HC, and CO₂ are 24.5755 %, 387.533 g/kWh, 523.141 ppm, 0.0413 %, 23.7139 ppm, and 5.2072 % respectively. Moreover, the composite desirability value was within acceptable limits at 0.7156. In addition, the maximum difference between the RSM and the experimental results was 4.81 %, indicating that the RSM gave successful results in this study.

{"title":"An additional value for the disposed wastes: An experimental and RSM optimization study based on the enhancement of waste plastic oil/diesel fuel blend with optimum B2O3 nanoparticles for cleaner emissions","authors":"Samet Uslu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the current study, the ability of waste cable pyrolysis oil (WCPO) and boron oxide (B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) nanoparticles to improve diesel engine response was evaluated. Firstly, WCPO was produced and 20 % was determined as the most suitable mixture ratio for diesel engines. Then, different amounts (20, 40, and 60 ppm) of B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> were added to the fuel mixture containing 20 % WCPO/80 % diesel to strengthen the negative aspects of WCPO. The addition of 20 % WCPO reduced BTHE by an average of 7.93 % and with the positive effect of the addition of 20 ppm B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, this reduction was increased to an average of 0.83 %. Furthermore, the addition of B2O3 nanoparticles decreased CO and HC emissions, whereas the addition of 20 % WCPO enhanced them. HC decreased by 27.18 % with 20 ppm B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, after increasing by an average of 5.61 % with WCPO20 compared to diesel. Likewise, for CO, there was a 67.96 % increase with WCPO20 and a 5.92 % drop with 20 ppm B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. However, response surface methodology (RSM) optimization was also carried out to determine the ideal concentration of B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> because nanoparticles are expensive. In RSM optimization, the quantity of B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (QoN) and engine load were modeled as variables, and brake thermal efficiency (BTHE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), nitrogen oxide (NO<sub>x</sub>), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) were modeled as responses. According to the model, the optimum B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> amount was determined as 22 ppm at 1500 W load. Under these conditions, the best results for BTHE, BSFC, NO<sub>x</sub>, CO, HC, and CO<sub>2</sub> are 24.5755 %, 387.533 g/kWh, 523.141 ppm, 0.0413 %, 23.7139 ppm, and 5.2072 % respectively. Moreover, the composite desirability value was within acceptable limits at 0.7156. In addition, the maximum difference between the RSM and the experimental results was 4.81 %, indicating that the RSM gave successful results in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102013"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tailoring active lattice oxygen in CeO2-Based oxygen carriers for enhanced chemical looping dry reforming of methane

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of The Energy Institute

Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102014

Yanhui Long , Liboting Gao , Na Yang , Ang Cao , Yilin Zhang , Wee-Liat Ong , Xiaodong Li , Xin Tu , Hao Zhang , Jianhua Yan

In this work, we highlight the significance of tailoring lattice oxygen activity through controlled morphologies of CeO₂-based oxygen carriers for achieving enhanced performance in chemical looping dry reforming of methane (CL-DRM). By combining physical-chemical characterizations (Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscoy) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we demonstrate that the bulk oxygen mobility, surface oxygen reactivity, and methane activation ability strongly depend on the morphology of CeO₂. Notably, Pd/CeO₂-Rod (Pd/CeO₂-R), which has a unique (110) crystal surface, had the highest CH₄ conversion (66 %) and exceptional syngas yields ∼1.7 and 3 times greater than those of Pd/CeO₂-Cube (Pd/CeO₂-C) and Pd/CeO₂-Octahedron (Pd/CeO₂-O), respectively, while maintaining high CO yields during the CO₂ splitting step at 550 °C. These results underscore the feasibility and importance of tailoring the active lattice oxygen in Ce-based oxygen carriers for optimizing chemical looping processes through morphology modulation.

{"title":"Tailoring active lattice oxygen in CeO2-Based oxygen carriers for enhanced chemical looping dry reforming of methane","authors":"Yanhui Long , Liboting Gao , Na Yang , Ang Cao , Yilin Zhang , Wee-Liat Ong , Xiaodong Li , Xin Tu , Hao Zhang , Jianhua Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we highlight the significance of tailoring lattice oxygen activity through controlled morphologies of CeO<sub>2</sub>-based oxygen carriers for achieving enhanced performance in chemical looping dry reforming of methane (CL-DRM). By combining physical-chemical characterizations (Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscoy) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we demonstrate that the bulk oxygen mobility, surface oxygen reactivity, and methane activation ability strongly depend on the morphology of CeO<sub>2</sub>. Notably, Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub>-Rod (Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub>-R), which has a unique (110) crystal surface, had the highest CH<sub>4</sub> conversion (66 %) and exceptional syngas yields ∼1.7 and 3 times greater than those of Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub>-Cube (Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub>-C) and Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub>-Octahedron (Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub>-O), respectively, while maintaining high CO yields during the CO<sub>2</sub> splitting step at 550 °C. These results underscore the feasibility and importance of tailoring the active lattice oxygen in Ce-based oxygen carriers for optimizing chemical looping processes through morphology modulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102014"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A generalized neural network for accurate estimation of soot temperature in laminar flames using a single RGB image

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of The Energy Institute

Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102001

J. Portilla , J.J. Cruz , F. Escudero , R. Demarco , A. Fuentes , G. Carvajal

Soot temperature is a relevant factor related to the efficiency of combustion processes. Artificial neural networks have started to be used to estimate soot temperature distributions in laminar flames by analyzing images captured with optical setup of varying complexity. These networks often achieve greater accuracy and precision than traditional methods that rely on explicit theoretical models and numerical approaches. However, most prior studies validate the neural networks on limited subsets of canonical flames, which may lead to overfitting. For these methods to be practically useful, a trained network should generalize across diverse flame conditions without needing retraining.

This paper introduces the use of Attention U-Net models for soot pyrometry, utilizing only broadband flame emission images captured with a RGB camera. Simulation results demonstrate that the Attention U-Net achieves more accurate temperature estimations compared to previously reported learning-based methods. Additionally, we evaluate the model’s generalization capabilities, showing that a network trained on simulated data maintains high accuracy when applied to images of laminar flames across various experimental conditions with errors below 30 K. Tests with experimental data further reveal that the proposed approach, using a single , produces temperature estimates comparable to those obtained through well-established techniques that require more complex equipment and processing. Moreover, the network exhibits strong robustness to measurement noise and remains effective in flames with low soot loading, where traditional reference techniques suffer from reduced signal-to-noise ratios and diminished accuracy.

{"title":"A generalized neural network for accurate estimation of soot temperature in laminar flames using a single RGB image","authors":"J. Portilla , J.J. Cruz , F. Escudero , R. Demarco , A. Fuentes , G. Carvajal","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soot temperature is a relevant factor related to the efficiency of combustion processes. Artificial neural networks have started to be used to estimate soot temperature distributions in laminar flames by analyzing images captured with optical setup of varying complexity. These networks often achieve greater accuracy and precision than traditional methods that rely on explicit theoretical models and numerical approaches. However, most prior studies validate the neural networks on limited subsets of canonical flames, which may lead to overfitting. For these methods to be practically useful, a trained network should generalize across diverse flame conditions without needing retraining.</div><div>This paper introduces the use of Attention U-Net models for soot pyrometry, utilizing only broadband flame emission images captured with a RGB camera. Simulation results demonstrate that the Attention U-Net achieves more accurate temperature estimations compared to previously reported learning-based methods. Additionally, we evaluate the model’s generalization capabilities, showing that a network trained on simulated data maintains high accuracy when applied to images of laminar flames across various experimental conditions with errors below 30 K. Tests with experimental data further reveal that the proposed approach, using a single , produces temperature estimates comparable to those obtained through well-established techniques that require more complex equipment and processing. Moreover, the network exhibits strong robustness to measurement noise and remains effective in flames with low soot loading, where traditional reference techniques suffer from reduced signal-to-noise ratios and diminished accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102001"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Production of ultra-microporous carbon from mottled bamboo pyrolysis: Multiple roles of low-dose additive CuCl2 on the product characteristics

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of The Energy Institute

Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102015

Rui Fang , Sunwen Xia , Chen Zhang , Yalin Wang , Yihui Tao , Dong Wang , Hairui Yang , Haiping Yang

Copper (II) chloride (CuCl₂) serve as a novel low-dose activator to produce ultra-microporous carbon during biomass catalytic pyrolysis. To understand the multiple roles of CuCl₂, a pyrolysis experiment was conducted in a fixed bed reactor at temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 °C, using CuCl₂ and mottled bamboo (MB) in a mass ratio of 0.1:1. At low temperatures of 400 °C, CuCl₂ promoted rapid precipitation of volatiles and deoxidation of fixed carbon, resulting in a decrease of the O/C ratio of carbon from 0.231 to 0.135. At high temperatures of 600∼700 °C, the bio-oil rich in ketones (83 %) and carbon material abundant in ultramicropores (72 %) were produced simultaneously. The pore expansion mechanisms were clearly analyzed: CuCl₂ promoted the expansion of mesopores, micropores (1–2 nm) and ultra-micropores (0.54 nm) through templating, dehydration at 400 °C, and etching carbon skeletons at 500–800 °C, respectively.

{"title":"Production of ultra-microporous carbon from mottled bamboo pyrolysis: Multiple roles of low-dose additive CuCl2 on the product characteristics","authors":"Rui Fang , Sunwen Xia , Chen Zhang , Yalin Wang , Yihui Tao , Dong Wang , Hairui Yang , Haiping Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper (II) chloride (CuCl<sub>2</sub>) serve as a novel low-dose activator to produce ultra-microporous carbon during biomass catalytic pyrolysis. To understand the multiple roles of CuCl<sub>2</sub>, a pyrolysis experiment was conducted in a fixed bed reactor at temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 °C, using CuCl<sub>2</sub> and mottled bamboo (MB) in a mass ratio of 0.1:1. At low temperatures of 400 °C, CuCl<sub>2</sub> promoted rapid precipitation of volatiles and deoxidation of fixed carbon, resulting in a decrease of the O/C ratio of carbon from 0.231 to 0.135. At high temperatures of 600∼700 °C, the bio-oil rich in ketones (83 %) and carbon material abundant in ultramicropores (72 %) were produced simultaneously. The pore expansion mechanisms were clearly analyzed: CuCl<sub>2</sub> promoted the expansion of mesopores, micropores (1–2 nm) and ultra-micropores (0.54 nm) through templating, dehydration at 400 °C, and etching carbon skeletons at 500–800 °C, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102015"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhanced bio-oil production from Co-pyrolysis of cotton seed and polystyrene waste; fuel upgrading by metal-doped activated carbon catalysts

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of The Energy Institute

Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102007

Mahshid Vaghar Mousavi, Behnam Rezvani, Ahmad Hallajisani

There is an increasing concern about fossil fuel depletion and waste management. Therefore, sustainable conversion of waste and biomass to fuel is crucial. This research delves into the conversion of waste material including cotton seed (CS) biomass and polystyrene (PS) waste into valuable bio-oil through co-pyrolysis. The effects of temperature and residence time on bio-oil production yield were investigated. The optimal conditions occurred at 550 °C and 30 min, leading to a bio-oil, gas, and biochar yield of 58 %, 16 %, and 26 % from CS, respectively. Introducing PS in a 3:7 ratio had the greatest positive effect on bio-oil production efficiency compared to the calculated case. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) investigation revealed substantial improvement in hydrocarbons and minimization in the oxygen-rich products by blending the waste plastics at 50 wt%. The study extends to the catalytic upgrading of liquid fuel and aromatic chemicals using activated carbon (AC) catalysts doped with metals like Co, Cu, Fe, and Zn. Analytical methods, such as inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), CHNS, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) characterize the catalysts, revealing varied impacts on fuel composition and performance. Notably, Fe-Zn/AC and Fe-Co/AC catalysts facilitate bio-oil deoxygenation via decarboxylation and decarbonylation. In contrast, AC, Fe-Cu/AC and Fe/AC catalysts indicate a predominance of hydrodeoxygenation. Enhanced monocyclic aromatic compound yields in bio-oil are observed with metal-modified AC catalysts, marking a significant advancement over unmodified AC.

{"title":"Enhanced bio-oil production from Co-pyrolysis of cotton seed and polystyrene waste; fuel upgrading by metal-doped activated carbon catalysts","authors":"Mahshid Vaghar Mousavi, Behnam Rezvani, Ahmad Hallajisani","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is an increasing concern about fossil fuel depletion and waste management. Therefore, sustainable conversion of waste and biomass to fuel is crucial. This research delves into the conversion of waste material including cotton seed (CS) biomass and polystyrene (PS) waste into valuable bio-oil through co-pyrolysis. The effects of temperature and residence time on bio-oil production yield were investigated. The optimal conditions occurred at 550 °C and 30 min, leading to a bio-oil, gas, and biochar yield of 58 %, 16 %, and 26 % from CS, respectively. Introducing PS in a 3:7 ratio had the greatest positive effect on bio-oil production efficiency compared to the calculated case. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) investigation revealed substantial improvement in hydrocarbons and minimization in the oxygen-rich products by blending the waste plastics at 50 wt%. The study extends to the catalytic upgrading of liquid fuel and aromatic chemicals using activated carbon (AC) catalysts doped with metals like Co, Cu, Fe, and Zn. Analytical methods, such as inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), CHNS, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) characterize the catalysts, revealing varied impacts on fuel composition and performance. Notably, Fe-Zn/AC and Fe-Co/AC catalysts facilitate bio-oil deoxygenation via decarboxylation and decarbonylation. In contrast, AC, Fe-Cu/AC and Fe/AC catalysts indicate a predominance of hydrodeoxygenation. Enhanced monocyclic aromatic compound yields in bio-oil are observed with metal-modified AC catalysts, marking a significant advancement over unmodified AC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102007"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Insights into the role of fuel structure and blending in soot formation for C1–C4 hydrocarbon flames

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of The Energy Institute

Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102011

Beibei Yan , Sensen Lu , Shengquan Zhou , Guanyi Chen , Xiaochao Zhu

Soot, a carbonaceous particle formed during the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, not only reduces combustion efficiency but also poses significant risks to human health and the atmospheric environment. The formation of soot is a complex process involving physico-chemical transformations, and variations in fuel structure and fuel blending significantly impact soot production. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of soot formation in C₁–C₄ hydrocarbon fuel flames and the associated influencing factors is crucial for effective soot emission control. This paper systematically reviews the primary mechanisms of soot formation in hydrocarbon flames. It further summarizes the research progress on soot formation during the combustion of C₁–C₄ hydrocarbons, with particular focus on how changes in fuel structure and blending affect soot formation. The influence of carbon chain length and saturation on soot formation is discussed, as well as the synergistic effects of blended fuel combustion. Lastly, the impact of non-hydrocarbon additives (e.g., CO, NH₃/H₂, CO₂/H₂O) on soot formation is examined, highlighting the chemical coupling between hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components. These findings provide valuable insights for understanding soot formation, optimizing fuel properties, mitigating soot emissions, and advancing cleaner combustion technologies.

{"title":"Insights into the role of fuel structure and blending in soot formation for C1–C4 hydrocarbon flames","authors":"Beibei Yan , Sensen Lu , Shengquan Zhou , Guanyi Chen , Xiaochao Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soot, a carbonaceous particle formed during the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, not only reduces combustion efficiency but also poses significant risks to human health and the atmospheric environment. The formation of soot is a complex process involving physico-chemical transformations, and variations in fuel structure and fuel blending significantly impact soot production. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of soot formation in C<sub>1</sub>–C<sub>4</sub> hydrocarbon fuel flames and the associated influencing factors is crucial for effective soot emission control. This paper systematically reviews the primary mechanisms of soot formation in hydrocarbon flames. It further summarizes the research progress on soot formation during the combustion of C<sub>1</sub>–C<sub>4</sub> hydrocarbons, with particular focus on how changes in fuel structure and blending affect soot formation. The influence of carbon chain length and saturation on soot formation is discussed, as well as the synergistic effects of blended fuel combustion. Lastly, the impact of non-hydrocarbon additives (e.g., CO, NH<sub>3</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O) on soot formation is examined, highlighting the chemical coupling between hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components. These findings provide valuable insights for understanding soot formation, optimizing fuel properties, mitigating soot emissions, and advancing cleaner combustion technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102011"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dual-fuel dual-direct injection: An efficient and clean combustion technology for diesel engines

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of The Energy Institute

Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102006

Tao Li , Pengyun Zhao , Haibin He , Chunguang Wang , Haitao Zhang , Zhanming Chen , Hao Chen

The reduction of pollutant emissions from diesel engines and achievement of a carbon-neutral transportation sector requires the improvement of traditional diesel engine combustion. Dual-fuel combustion modes have been introduced to promote the application of renewable fuels in diesel engines accordingly. However, traditional dual-fuel combustion is limited by poor stability, low renewable fuel substitution rate, narrow operating conditions, and high pollutant emissions. Dual-fuel direct injection (DFDI) has been proposed to address these problems. This paper critically reviews the latest research on and compares the advantages of DFDI combustion with those of other combustion modes and evaluates the performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics of diesel–gasoline, diesel–natural gas, diesel–methanol, diesel–ammonia, and diesel–hydrogen DFDI engines. When using DFDI, the fuel injection strategy is more flexible, the concentration and activity distributions of the different fuels in the cylinder can be effectively controlled, and there is considerable potential for combustion optimization. Furthermore, the DFDI engine exhibits a higher power output, better thermal efficiency, and significantly improved combustion stability compared to the conventional diesel engine. These advantages broaden the engine working conditions, increase the replacement rate of diesel with renewable fuels, and reduce the emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, soot, and other pollutants.

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引用次数: 0

Production of green phenol by microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of epoxy-based carbon fiber reinforced plastic from wind turbine blades

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of The Energy Institute

Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102005

Yong Yao , Yang Cao , Mumin Rao , Jialiang Yang , Yuanzhong Zhang , Jing Gu , Jingkun Han

Recycling the waste wind turbine blades (WWTBs) is one of the key issues for the sustainable development of wind energy. Microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis offers the potential to obtain valuable products from the WWTBs. In this study, epoxy-based carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) from wind turbine blades was performed to microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis for phenol production. Four zeolite catalysts (ZSM-5, β30, MOR, and MCM-41) were characterized and used for pyrolysis. The solid, liquid, and gaseous products were collected respectively. The compositions of the condensed tar and non-condensed gas were carefully analyzed by GC-MS and GC, respectively. The performance of the catalysts was compared and the effects of microwave power and reactor temperature on the product characteristics were discussed. The results indicate that the conversion of the phenol precursors, including diphenol A, 4-isopropenyl phenol, 4-isopropyl phenol, and 4-allylphenol, to phenol is promoted by the catalysts. β30 shows the best performance for phenol production among the catalysts, benefiting from its high specific surface area and acidity. Increasing the microwave power from 500 W to 800 W favors the initial pyrolysis of epoxy resin, thus improving the phenol yield. 600 W is preferred due to excessively increasing microwave power has a limited effect on promoting phenol generation and has the potential to damage the carbon fibers. Increasing the temperature from 350 °C to 650 °C promotes the cracking of resin and intermediate products. Pyrolysis at 450 °C is preferred due to the highest phenol yield. With the suggested condition (β30, 600 W, and 450 °C), the phenol yield is ∼36.28 % in the tar. The findings of this study provide fundamental information and guidance for the industrial application of directed synthesis of phenol from WWTBs.

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引用次数: 0

Effect of addition of the scrap tires and waste plastics pyrolysis oil residue on the quality of the feed for hydrocracking and FCC

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of The Energy Institute

Pub Date : 2025-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2025.102004

H. Kittel , M. Dragoun , D. Schlehöfer , A. Vráblík

Pyrolysis oil residue (360 °C+) from scrap tires (yield 37 wt%) and waste plastics (yield 10 wt%) has been considered for coprocessing with vacuum distillates by hydrocracking and with atmospheric residue by FCC. The effect of adding of 10 wt% pyrolysis oils residue on the quality of the feedstock of both processes was evaluated. The general properties, fractional, chemical, and elemental composition of pure feedstocks and their mixtures were analyzed. The homogeneity of all feedstocks and compatibility of mixed samples were verified by spot test and observation under the optical microscope. In the coprocessing of scrap tires pyrolysis oil residue, it will be necessary to pay attention to the high acid and iodine numbers, aromatics, iron and nickel content, and the tendency to carbonize, while for the waste plastics pyrolysis oil residue, it will be necessary to pay attention to the high nitrogen and chlorine content. Coprocessed feedstocks were compatible. With FCC technology, both pyrolysis oil residues can be coprocessed; for hydrocracking technology, the waste plastics pyrolysis oil residue will by more convenient. The results will be used to scale up the coprocessing of pyrolysis oil residues.

{"title":"Effect of addition of the scrap tires and waste plastics pyrolysis oil residue on the quality of the feed for hydrocracking and FCC","authors":"H. Kittel , M. Dragoun , D. Schlehöfer , A. Vráblík","doi":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joei.2025.102004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyrolysis oil residue (360 °C+) from scrap tires (yield 37 wt%) and waste plastics (yield 10 wt%) has been considered for coprocessing with vacuum distillates by hydrocracking and with atmospheric residue by FCC. The effect of adding of 10 wt% pyrolysis oils residue on the quality of the feedstock of both processes was evaluated. The general properties, fractional, chemical, and elemental composition of pure feedstocks and their mixtures were analyzed. The homogeneity of all feedstocks and compatibility of mixed samples were verified by spot test and observation under the optical microscope. In the coprocessing of scrap tires pyrolysis oil residue, it will be necessary to pay attention to the high acid and iodine numbers, aromatics, iron and nickel content, and the tendency to carbonize, while for the waste plastics pyrolysis oil residue, it will be necessary to pay attention to the high nitrogen and chlorine content. Coprocessed feedstocks were compatible. With FCC technology, both pyrolysis oil residues can be coprocessed; for hydrocracking technology, the waste plastics pyrolysis oil residue will by more convenient. The results will be used to scale up the coprocessing of pyrolysis oil residues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17287,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Energy Institute","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102004"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143340103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0