Pub Date : 2022-12-09DOI: 10.20473/jfiki.v9i32022.298-304
Sherlo Maulana, Santi Nurul Kamilah, C. Muslim, A. Ruyani, R. Astuti
Background: In the scientific community, there is no consensus that paraquat, a widely used herbicide, has a strong relationship with the occurrence of Parkinson’s disease. A reliable epidemiological explanation of how paraquat can induce parkinsonism is urgently needed because it relates to the agriculture community's potential public health problem. Objective: In this study, mice exposed to aerosols of paraquat solution were assessed by behavioral assays designed to observe whether mice exposed to paraquat aerosols develop cardinal symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, such as tremor-at-rest, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. Methods: To obtain the intended information, we carried out the observation on distal extremities, catalepsy test, wire suspension test, and swimming test consisting of the head position sub-test, the involvement of limbs sub-test, and the swimming direction test, respectively, to both the group of mice exposed to paraquat aerosols and the one which is not. Results: According to the result of the independent-samples t-test calculation on the data obtained from behavioral assays, a significant difference is shown only by the wire suspension test used to assess the development of forelimb rigidity and not the others. Conclusion: Therefore, this study showed that daily exposure for a week to paraquat aerosols insignificantly causes tremor-at-rest, bradykinesia, and postural instability in studied mice but dramatically affects their forelimb performance in the form of rigidity.
{"title":"Assessing the Neurotoxicological Effect of the Acute Paraquat Aerosols Exposure in Causing Parkinsonism on Mouse through Behavioral Assays","authors":"Sherlo Maulana, Santi Nurul Kamilah, C. Muslim, A. Ruyani, R. Astuti","doi":"10.20473/jfiki.v9i32022.298-304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v9i32022.298-304","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In the scientific community, there is no consensus that paraquat, a widely used herbicide, has a strong relationship with the occurrence of Parkinson’s disease. A reliable epidemiological explanation of how paraquat can induce parkinsonism is urgently needed because it relates to the agriculture community's potential public health problem. Objective: In this study, mice exposed to aerosols of paraquat solution were assessed by behavioral assays designed to observe whether mice exposed to paraquat aerosols develop cardinal symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, such as tremor-at-rest, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. Methods: To obtain the intended information, we carried out the observation on distal extremities, catalepsy test, wire suspension test, and swimming test consisting of the head position sub-test, the involvement of limbs sub-test, and the swimming direction test, respectively, to both the group of mice exposed to paraquat aerosols and the one which is not. Results: According to the result of the independent-samples t-test calculation on the data obtained from behavioral assays, a significant difference is shown only by the wire suspension test used to assess the development of forelimb rigidity and not the others. Conclusion: Therefore, this study showed that daily exposure for a week to paraquat aerosols insignificantly causes tremor-at-rest, bradykinesia, and postural instability in studied mice but dramatically affects their forelimb performance in the form of rigidity.","PeriodicalId":17684,"journal":{"name":"JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48829345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-09DOI: 10.20473/jfiki.v9i32022.235-241
M. Hidayatullah, M. Yuwono, R. Primaharinastiti
Background: Nephrolithiasis is a condition in which there are one or more kidney stones in the pelvis or calyces. Luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin are marker compounds in the extracts of Plantago major, Sonchus arvensis, Strobilanthes crispus and Orthosiphon stamineus which have nephrolithiasis activity. To control the quality of herbal medicines, a TLC-Densitometry method was developed in this study using luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin as phytochemical markers. Objective: The present work aimed to develop optimal conditions for analyzing luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin. Methods: Determination of optimal conditions for analysis is carried out by determining the composition of the mobile phase, chamber saturation time, and analysis wavelength. Silica gel 60 F254 was used as the stationary phase. Stability tests were carried out by analyzing standards and samples at 0, 4, 8, and 24 hours. Results: The best separation that produces symmetrical peaks of herbal medicine was achieved under isocratic conditions using the composition of the mobile phase chloroform : acetone: dichloromethane : acetonitrile : formic acid (6 : 2: 2 : 0,05 : 0.05 v/v/v/v/ v) with a wavelength of 335 nm with a saturation time of 30 minutes. Conclusion: In this study, the optimal conditions for the analysis of luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin. Luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin are unstable during 8 hours of storage. Therefore, standard solutions and samples must be made fresh to maintain stability.
{"title":"Optimization Method and Stability Test to Determinate Luteolin, Quercetin, Apigenin, and Sinensetin Levels in Herbal Medicines Using TLC-Densitometry","authors":"M. Hidayatullah, M. Yuwono, R. Primaharinastiti","doi":"10.20473/jfiki.v9i32022.235-241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v9i32022.235-241","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nephrolithiasis is a condition in which there are one or more kidney stones in the pelvis or calyces. Luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin are marker compounds in the extracts of Plantago major, Sonchus arvensis, Strobilanthes crispus and Orthosiphon stamineus which have nephrolithiasis activity. To control the quality of herbal medicines, a TLC-Densitometry method was developed in this study using luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin as phytochemical markers. Objective: The present work aimed to develop optimal conditions for analyzing luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin. Methods: Determination of optimal conditions for analysis is carried out by determining the composition of the mobile phase, chamber saturation time, and analysis wavelength. Silica gel 60 F254 was used as the stationary phase. Stability tests were carried out by analyzing standards and samples at 0, 4, 8, and 24 hours. Results: The best separation that produces symmetrical peaks of herbal medicine was achieved under isocratic conditions using the composition of the mobile phase chloroform : acetone: dichloromethane : acetonitrile : formic acid (6 : 2: 2 : 0,05 : 0.05 v/v/v/v/ v) with a wavelength of 335 nm with a saturation time of 30 minutes. Conclusion: In this study, the optimal conditions for the analysis of luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin. Luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and sinensetin are unstable during 8 hours of storage. Therefore, standard solutions and samples must be made fresh to maintain stability.","PeriodicalId":17684,"journal":{"name":"JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47314876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-09DOI: 10.20473/jfiki.v9i32022.252-261
Dwi Novita Sari, Wahyu Utami, Elida Zairina
Background: Hypertension is currently a non-contagious disease that primarily affects the elderly population in Indonesia. Medication adherence is critical in managing hypertension and reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality. Previous research has found that loneliness and support received by older adults with hypertension influence medication adherence. Objective: This study aimed to examine the impact of feeling lonely and receiving social support on medication adherence in the elderly with hypertension at the Community Health Center in Surabaya. Methods: The study design of this research was a descriptive cross-sectional study from December 2021 to March 2022. A total of 235 eligible subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The instruments used in the data collection were the patient's information form, UCLA-Loneliness Scale, MOS-Social Support Survey, and the ARMS (Adherence to Refill and Medication Scale). Results: The results revealed that the correlation between loneliness and social support was significantly associated with medication adherence in the elderly with hypertension (p < 0.05). In addition, other factors, such as occupation status, living status, comorbidity, the number of drugs taken, and antihypertensive drug therapy, showed a significant correlation with medication adherence (p < 0,05). The most influential factor on medication adherence was loneliness (35.5%), followed by social support (24.4%), the number of drugs taken (7.1%), antihypertensive drug therapy (monotherapy or combination therapy (2.5%), occupation status (2.4%), comorbidity (1.6%), and living status (0.2%). Conclusion: This study confirms that feeling lonely and receiving social support affect medication adherence in the elderly with hypertension at the Community Health Center in Surabaya.
{"title":"The Influence of Feeling Lonely and Received Social Support on Medication Adherence in Elderly with Hypertension","authors":"Dwi Novita Sari, Wahyu Utami, Elida Zairina","doi":"10.20473/jfiki.v9i32022.252-261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v9i32022.252-261","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hypertension is currently a non-contagious disease that primarily affects the elderly population in Indonesia. Medication adherence is critical in managing hypertension and reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality. Previous research has found that loneliness and support received by older adults with hypertension influence medication adherence. Objective: This study aimed to examine the impact of feeling lonely and receiving social support on medication adherence in the elderly with hypertension at the Community Health Center in Surabaya. Methods: The study design of this research was a descriptive cross-sectional study from December 2021 to March 2022. A total of 235 eligible subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The instruments used in the data collection were the patient's information form, UCLA-Loneliness Scale, MOS-Social Support Survey, and the ARMS (Adherence to Refill and Medication Scale). Results: The results revealed that the correlation between loneliness and social support was significantly associated with medication adherence in the elderly with hypertension (p < 0.05). In addition, other factors, such as occupation status, living status, comorbidity, the number of drugs taken, and antihypertensive drug therapy, showed a significant correlation with medication adherence (p < 0,05). The most influential factor on medication adherence was loneliness (35.5%), followed by social support (24.4%), the number of drugs taken (7.1%), antihypertensive drug therapy (monotherapy or combination therapy (2.5%), occupation status (2.4%), comorbidity (1.6%), and living status (0.2%). Conclusion: This study confirms that feeling lonely and receiving social support affect medication adherence in the elderly with hypertension at the Community Health Center in Surabaya.","PeriodicalId":17684,"journal":{"name":"JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48687373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-09DOI: 10.20473/jfiki.v9i32022.229-234
Fairuz Yaumil Afra, Widji Soeratri, D. Purwanto
Background: The addition of alpha-lipoic acid in Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Green Tea Extract (NLC-GTE) has potential to increase effectiveness of anti-aging preparations. It happened because alpha-lipoic acid can increase stability and antioxidant activity. Objective: Comparing the physical characteristics and stability of NLC-GTE with or without alpha-lipoic acid. Methods: NLC-GTE manufactured using the High Shear Homogenization method. NLC-GTE was divided into two formulas, without the addition of alpha-lipoic acid for F1 and with the addition of alpha-lipoic acid for F2. The characteristics and physical stability were tested, including organoleptic, pH, particle size, and polydispersity index. Stability test was held using the thermal cycling method. Results: Based on characteristic test, it was found that F2 had larger particle size value than F1. The average particle size value of F1 is 313.9 ± 0.76 nm and 423.4 ± 0.75 nm for F2. The F1 and F2 preparations had a polydispersity index value below 0.3, so they were homogeneous. The average pH value of F1 is 5.998 ± 0.01, and F2 is 4.798 ± 0.004. The physical stability test showed a difference before and after the sixth day in particle size and pH, but it was still in the range, so it was safe. However, there was a separation in F1 after day 6. Conclusion: Based on the characteristics and physical stability tests, F1 (without alpha-lipoic acid) and F2 (with alpha-lipoic acid) had differences in particle size and pH. From the physical stability test, it can be concluded that F2 is more stable than F1.
{"title":"Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on the Characteristics and Physical Stability of NLC-Green Tea Extract","authors":"Fairuz Yaumil Afra, Widji Soeratri, D. Purwanto","doi":"10.20473/jfiki.v9i32022.229-234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v9i32022.229-234","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The addition of alpha-lipoic acid in Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Green Tea Extract (NLC-GTE) has potential to increase effectiveness of anti-aging preparations. It happened because alpha-lipoic acid can increase stability and antioxidant activity. Objective: Comparing the physical characteristics and stability of NLC-GTE with or without alpha-lipoic acid. Methods: NLC-GTE manufactured using the High Shear Homogenization method. NLC-GTE was divided into two formulas, without the addition of alpha-lipoic acid for F1 and with the addition of alpha-lipoic acid for F2. The characteristics and physical stability were tested, including organoleptic, pH, particle size, and polydispersity index. Stability test was held using the thermal cycling method. Results: Based on characteristic test, it was found that F2 had larger particle size value than F1. The average particle size value of F1 is 313.9 ± 0.76 nm and 423.4 ± 0.75 nm for F2. The F1 and F2 preparations had a polydispersity index value below 0.3, so they were homogeneous. The average pH value of F1 is 5.998 ± 0.01, and F2 is 4.798 ± 0.004. The physical stability test showed a difference before and after the sixth day in particle size and pH, but it was still in the range, so it was safe. However, there was a separation in F1 after day 6. Conclusion: Based on the characteristics and physical stability tests, F1 (without alpha-lipoic acid) and F2 (with alpha-lipoic acid) had differences in particle size and pH. From the physical stability test, it can be concluded that F2 is more stable than F1.","PeriodicalId":17684,"journal":{"name":"JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41548900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1307
M. Arifin, Y. Noviani, Safira Nafisa, Agisha Sheilabel
Temulawak rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza R.) is efficacious as antidiabetic because it has curcuminoid compounds. The aim of the research was to make, characterize, and optimize the nanoparticle formula of dried temulawak rhizome extract. The rhizomes were macerated using 96% ethanol. The curcuminoid content of the thick extract was determined using a spectrophotometer and dried extract using a spray dryer. The dried extract was formulated into nanosuspension using ionic gelation method by mixing a concentration of 0.1–0.5% dried extract with a mixture of 0.2% chitosan and 0.1% sodium tripolyphosphate in a 2:1–5:1 ratio. Characterization was carried out including: particle morphology, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Response data were analyzed by factorial 22 design using Minitab18 software to determine the optimum formula. The concentration of curcuminoids in the thick extract was 15.96%. The morphology of the nanosuspension was spherical, with a particle size of 114.7–399.3 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.429–0.597, a zeta potential of 35.1–48.6 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 61.08–73.37%. The optimum formula was obtained with a composition of 0.44% extract and chitosan: Na-TPP (2:1) with a desirability value, d= 0.8984. It can be concluded that the factorial design of 22 can be used to determine the optimum formula for dried extract of temulawak rhizome using the ionic gelation method.
{"title":"Preparation, Characterization, and Optimization of Ionic Gelated Nanoparticles Dried Extract of Temulawak Rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza R.) using a Factorial Design 22","authors":"M. Arifin, Y. Noviani, Safira Nafisa, Agisha Sheilabel","doi":"10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1307","url":null,"abstract":"Temulawak rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza R.) is efficacious as antidiabetic because it has curcuminoid compounds. The aim of the research was to make, characterize, and optimize the nanoparticle formula of dried temulawak rhizome extract. The rhizomes were macerated using 96% ethanol. The curcuminoid content of the thick extract was determined using a spectrophotometer and dried extract using a spray dryer. The dried extract was formulated into nanosuspension using ionic gelation method by mixing a concentration of 0.1–0.5% dried extract with a mixture of 0.2% chitosan and 0.1% sodium tripolyphosphate in a 2:1–5:1 ratio. Characterization was carried out including: particle morphology, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Response data were analyzed by factorial 22 design using Minitab18 software to determine the optimum formula. The concentration of curcuminoids in the thick extract was 15.96%. The morphology of the nanosuspension was spherical, with a particle size of 114.7–399.3 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.429–0.597, a zeta potential of 35.1–48.6 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 61.08–73.37%. The optimum formula was obtained with a composition of 0.44% extract and chitosan: Na-TPP (2:1) with a desirability value, d= 0.8984. It can be concluded that the factorial design of 22 can be used to determine the optimum formula for dried extract of temulawak rhizome using the ionic gelation method.","PeriodicalId":17684,"journal":{"name":"JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82893852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1277
Y. Desmiaty, Liliek Nurhidayati, N. M. D. Sandhiutami, Reczky Muhammad Ramdhan Hasan, Kharinta Adella Meynderth, Dianita Ayu Noviastuti
Arabica coffee is one of the mainstay commodities in the Indonesian plantation sector. Geographical differences and the environment where coffee grow can affect the characteristic, phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of the beans. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of 10 items of commercial Arabica coffee beans in Indonesia. The extraction of 10 coffee beans was carried out by kinetic maceration in 1 hour with 70% ethanol, then evaporated. Each extract was examined for morphology, phytochemical screening, assay of caffeine content using HPLC method, levels of flavan-3-ol, total flavonoid content (TFC), total polyphenolic content (TPC), antioxidant determination using DPPH and FRAP methods. All bean samples showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, coumarins, and tannins. The chemical content determination showed caff eine content of 1.5-2.9%; flavan-3-ol content 4.85-12.38cat/g extract; TFC 9.71–23.67QE/g extract; and TPC 21.8–76.26GAE/g extract. Tests of antioxidant capacity using the DPPH reveal an inhibiting effect with varying IC₅₀ values from 19.49-81.41g/mL and using the FRAP method gave IC₅₀ values from 18.01-61.2g/mL. This study indicates that coffee samples have the same phytochemical characteristics and also have an important antioxidant activity, which justifies its potential to be developed into antioxidant nutraceuticals.
{"title":"The Characteristics of Some Commercial Arabica Coffee Beans in Indonesia","authors":"Y. Desmiaty, Liliek Nurhidayati, N. M. D. Sandhiutami, Reczky Muhammad Ramdhan Hasan, Kharinta Adella Meynderth, Dianita Ayu Noviastuti","doi":"10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1277","url":null,"abstract":"Arabica coffee is one of the mainstay commodities in the Indonesian plantation sector. Geographical differences and the environment where coffee grow can affect the characteristic, phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of the beans. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of 10 items of commercial Arabica coffee beans in Indonesia. The extraction of 10 coffee beans was carried out by kinetic maceration in 1 hour with 70% ethanol, then evaporated. Each extract was examined for morphology, phytochemical screening, assay of caffeine content using HPLC method, levels of flavan-3-ol, total flavonoid content (TFC), total polyphenolic content (TPC), antioxidant determination using DPPH and FRAP methods. All bean samples showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, coumarins, and tannins. The chemical content determination showed caff eine content of 1.5-2.9%; flavan-3-ol content 4.85-12.38cat/g extract; TFC 9.71–23.67QE/g extract; and TPC 21.8–76.26GAE/g extract. Tests of antioxidant capacity using the DPPH reveal an inhibiting effect with varying IC₅₀ values from 19.49-81.41g/mL and using the FRAP method gave IC₅₀ values from 18.01-61.2g/mL. This study indicates that coffee samples have the same phytochemical characteristics and also have an important antioxidant activity, which justifies its potential to be developed into antioxidant nutraceuticals.","PeriodicalId":17684,"journal":{"name":"JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84667969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1255
Yulius Evan Christian, D. Rahmat, Y. Farida
Advantages of Cantigi (Vaccinium varingiaefolium Miq.) include anti-inflammatory, Spasmolytic, Antiviral, and Hypotensive Properties. The objective of this study was to standardize the Cantigi leaf extract. Non-specific parameters include total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, water content, dry loss, determination of heavy metals (Hg, As, Cd, Pb, hydroquinone), mold number, yeast, total plate count, and solvent residue. Specific parameters included extracts soluble in ethanol and water. Cantigi leaves are extracted by kinetic maceration using solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol. To obtain a thick extract, 96% ethanol extract was evaporated using a rotary evaporator. The experiment produced 44.5 g of the cantigi leaf extract in 96% ethanol. Phytochemical screening presents alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, essential oils, and quinones. Ethanol soluble extract was 9.49% and that of the water-soluble extract was 22.21%. A total of ash 3.66%, an acid insoluble ash 0.35%, water content 6.31%, and drying loss 6.49%. Results of the heavy metal contamination test revealed that no traces of Hg, As, Cd, Pb, or hydroquinone were found, along with 10 yeast molds, 10 plates, and 0.005% residual ethanol solvent. Based on the results, cantigi leaf extract met the standard of extract quality.
{"title":"Standardization of Ethanol Extract 96% Cantigi Leaves (Vaccinium varingiaefolium Miq.)","authors":"Yulius Evan Christian, D. Rahmat, Y. Farida","doi":"10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1255","url":null,"abstract":"Advantages of Cantigi (Vaccinium varingiaefolium Miq.) include anti-inflammatory, Spasmolytic, Antiviral, and Hypotensive Properties. The objective of this study was to standardize the Cantigi leaf extract. Non-specific parameters include total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, water content, dry loss, determination of heavy metals (Hg, As, Cd, Pb, hydroquinone), mold number, yeast, total plate count, and solvent residue. Specific parameters included extracts soluble in ethanol and water. Cantigi leaves are extracted by kinetic maceration using solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol. To obtain a thick extract, 96% ethanol extract was evaporated using a rotary evaporator. The experiment produced 44.5 g of the cantigi leaf extract in 96% ethanol. Phytochemical screening presents alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, essential oils, and quinones. Ethanol soluble extract was 9.49% and that of the water-soluble extract was 22.21%. A total of ash 3.66%, an acid insoluble ash 0.35%, water content 6.31%, and drying loss 6.49%. Results of the heavy metal contamination test revealed that no traces of Hg, As, Cd, Pb, or hydroquinone were found, along with 10 yeast molds, 10 plates, and 0.005% residual ethanol solvent. Based on the results, cantigi leaf extract met the standard of extract quality.","PeriodicalId":17684,"journal":{"name":"JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90601561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1135
Ani Riani Hasana, S. Siswandono, Marcellino Rudyanto
Anthranilamide derivatives exhibit anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antibacterial, antiangiogenic, and anticoagulant properties. With an early in silico examination of its analgesic capabilities, this study aimed to generate a novel anthranilamide molecule by altering 2-Benzamido-N-Benzylbenzamide. Modification of anthranilamide with 1/2/3-chloro benzoyl chloride by acylation resulted in the design, synthesis, characterization, and research of the analgesic effects of 2-benzamido-N-benzoylbenzamide derivatives. 2-(2-chlorobenzamido)-N-(2-chlorobenzoyl)benzamide, 2-(3-chlorobenzamido)-N-(3-chlorobenzoyl)benzamide, and 2-(4-chlorobenzamido)-N-(4-chlorobenzoyl)benzamide were prepared. The nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction method was used to prepare these three chemicals by interaction with anthranylamide and benzoyl chloride molecules. Melting point and thin-layer chromatography were used to check the purity of the synthesis fi ndings. The structure was confi rmed by UV-Vis and infrared spectrophotometry.
蒽甲酰胺衍生物具有抗炎、解热、抗菌、抗血管生成和抗凝血等特性。通过对其镇痛能力的早期计算机检测，本研究旨在通过改变2-苯并氨基- n -苯并氨基产生一种新的蒽酰胺分子。摘要以1/2/3-氯苯甲酰氯对邻苯甲酰胺进行酰化修饰，设计、合成了2-苯甲酰胺- n -苯甲酰苯甲酰胺衍生物，并对其镇痛作用进行了表征和研究。分别制备了2-(2-氯苯甲酰基)- n -(2-氯苯甲酰基)苯酰胺、2-(3-氯苯甲酰基)- n -(3-氯苯甲酰基)苯酰胺和2-(4-氯苯甲酰基)- n -(4-氯苯甲酰基)苯酰胺。采用亲核酰基取代反应方法，通过与蒽酰胺和苯甲酰氯分子相互作用，制备了这三种化学物质。采用熔点色谱法和薄层色谱法对合成产物的纯度进行了检测。通过紫外-可见和红外分光光度法对其结构进行了确证。
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Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1198
Baso Didik Hikmawan, Swastika Praharyawan, Kintoko Kintoko
Pigmen fikosianin (PC) dari sianobakteria telah banyak menunjukkan efek farmasetikal termasuk salah satunya efek antioksidan. Biosintesis PC oleh sianobakteria dipengaruh oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya ketersediaan nitrogen dan intensitas cahaya yang dipaparkan selama kultivasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh kadar nitrogen dan intensitas cahaya optimum untuk biosintesis PC serta mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dari PC yang diisolasi dari sianobakteria laut BTM 11. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental laboratorik dengan mengamati respon PC dari variasi pemberian natrium nitrat (NaNO3) sebagai sumber nitrogen dalam media serta intensitas cahaya yang berbeda. PC dari hasil nitrogen dan intensitas cahaya yang optimum diuji aktivitas antioksidannya dengan metode penangkapan radikal bebas 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Data hasil perlakuan variasi NaNO3 dan intensitas cahaya dianalisis dengan one-way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan apabila p<0,05. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan respon kadar PC dari tiap variasi konsentrasi NaNO3 Kadar PC tertinggi didapat dari media dengan konsentrasi NaNO3 525,0 mg dan intensitas cahaya optimum 4.500 lux Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan menunjukkan PC memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 91,89 μg/mL sedangkan IC50 dari asam askorbat sebesar 2,39 μg/mL.
{"title":"Optimalisasi Produksi Fikosianin pada Sianobakteria Laut BTM 11 dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidannya","authors":"Baso Didik Hikmawan, Swastika Praharyawan, Kintoko Kintoko","doi":"10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1198","url":null,"abstract":"Pigmen fikosianin (PC) dari sianobakteria telah banyak menunjukkan efek farmasetikal termasuk salah satunya efek antioksidan. Biosintesis PC oleh sianobakteria dipengaruh oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya ketersediaan nitrogen dan intensitas cahaya yang dipaparkan selama kultivasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh kadar nitrogen dan intensitas cahaya optimum untuk biosintesis PC serta mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dari PC yang diisolasi dari sianobakteria laut BTM 11. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental laboratorik dengan mengamati respon PC dari variasi pemberian natrium nitrat (NaNO3) sebagai sumber nitrogen dalam media serta intensitas cahaya yang berbeda. PC dari hasil nitrogen dan intensitas cahaya yang optimum diuji aktivitas antioksidannya dengan metode penangkapan radikal bebas 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Data hasil perlakuan variasi NaNO3 dan intensitas cahaya dianalisis dengan one-way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan apabila p<0,05. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan respon kadar PC dari tiap variasi konsentrasi NaNO3 Kadar PC tertinggi didapat dari media dengan konsentrasi NaNO3 525,0 mg dan intensitas cahaya optimum 4.500 lux Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan menunjukkan PC memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 91,89 μg/mL sedangkan IC50 dari asam askorbat sebesar 2,39 μg/mL.","PeriodicalId":17684,"journal":{"name":"JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84635042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1164
Mellisa Laura Mintoro
Faktor eksternal lingkungan seperti paparan sinar matahari yang ekstrim dapat menganggu keseimbangan kulit dan menyebabkan kulit menjadi kering. Oleh itu, dibutuhkan suatu produk perawatan kulit seperti pelembab. Pada penelitian ini, sediaan topikal pelembab ini dikombinasikan dengan bahan alam yakni buah melon orange (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus) untuk menambah nilai guna dari sediaan. Buah melon orange mengandung senyawa humektan sukrosa sekaligus senyawa antioksidan yang mampu menormalkan kondisi kulit kering. Metode ekstraksi terpilih adalah metode perasan. Konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan adalah 10% (F1), 20% (F2) dan 30% (F3). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak melon orange terhadap mutu fisik, efektivitas daya melembabkan, daya antioksidan serta mengetahui formula sediaan krim pelembab terbaik. Evaluasi sediaan meliputi mutu fisik, efektivitas daya pelembab, dan aktivitas antioksidan sediaan. Aktivitas antioksidan diuji menggunakan metode DPPH. Hasil analisa statisitik menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak melon orange berpengaruh signifikan terhadap mutu fisik : pH, viskositas, daya sebar, daya tercucikan air, daya lekat dan efektivitas daya pelembab. Peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak menyebabkan peningkatan signifikan pada efektivitas daya pelembab sediaan yang mengandung senyawa pelembab sintetis. Formula terbaik yang memenuhi spesifikasi uji mutu fisik dan efektivitas serta memiliki nilai tambah khasiat antioksidan adalah F2 (konsentrasi ekstrak 20%).
环境外部因素，如极端暴露在阳光下，会破坏皮肤的平衡，使皮肤干燥。因此，它需要一种护肤品，如保湿霜。在这项研究中，保湿剂型将其与天然的橙瓜(Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus)结合起来，为剂型更有价值。西瓜橙含有化合物humektan蔗糖和化合物的抗氧化剂能恢复皮肤干燥的情况。选择的提取方法是触觉方法。采用的萃取浓度为10% (F1)、20% (F2)和30% (F3)。本研究旨在探讨橙瓜提取物浓度的增加对身体素质的影响,保湿、抗氧化剂和资源发现sediaan公式的有效性最好的保湿霜。剂型评估包括物理质量、保湿功能和抗氧化剂活性。测试用DPPH方法抗氧化能力。统计分析表明，橙汁提取物浓度的增加对身体质量有显著影响:pH、粘度、散射力、水能、粘性和保湿功率。萃取物浓度的增加导致了含有合成润肤霜化合物的剂型能效的显著增加。最好的配方符合物理质量和有效性测试规范，并具有抗氧化剂功效的增加值为F2(萃取浓度为20%)。
{"title":"Formulasi Sediaan Pelembab Ekstrak Buah Melon Orange (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus) Dalam Bentuk Krim","authors":"Mellisa Laura Mintoro","doi":"10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v20i2.1164","url":null,"abstract":"Faktor eksternal lingkungan seperti paparan sinar matahari yang ekstrim dapat menganggu keseimbangan kulit dan menyebabkan kulit menjadi kering. Oleh itu, dibutuhkan suatu produk perawatan kulit seperti pelembab. Pada penelitian ini, sediaan topikal pelembab ini dikombinasikan dengan bahan alam yakni buah melon orange (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus) untuk menambah nilai guna dari sediaan. Buah melon orange mengandung senyawa humektan sukrosa sekaligus senyawa antioksidan yang mampu menormalkan kondisi kulit kering. Metode ekstraksi terpilih adalah metode perasan. Konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan adalah 10% (F1), 20% (F2) dan 30% (F3). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak melon orange terhadap mutu fisik, efektivitas daya melembabkan, daya antioksidan serta mengetahui formula sediaan krim pelembab terbaik. Evaluasi sediaan meliputi mutu fisik, efektivitas daya pelembab, dan aktivitas antioksidan sediaan. Aktivitas antioksidan diuji menggunakan metode DPPH. Hasil analisa statisitik menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak melon orange berpengaruh signifikan terhadap mutu fisik : pH, viskositas, daya sebar, daya tercucikan air, daya lekat dan efektivitas daya pelembab. Peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak menyebabkan peningkatan signifikan pada efektivitas daya pelembab sediaan yang mengandung senyawa pelembab sintetis. Formula terbaik yang memenuhi spesifikasi uji mutu fisik dan efektivitas serta memiliki nilai tambah khasiat antioksidan adalah F2 (konsentrasi ekstrak 20%).","PeriodicalId":17684,"journal":{"name":"JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72962738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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