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Ignoring within-flower self-fertilization and inbreeding depression biases estimates of selection on floral traits in a perennial alpine herb 忽略花内自花受精和近亲繁殖抑制会使对多年生高山草本植物花性状选择的估计出现偏差
IF 5.3 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.14378
Kai-Hsiu Chen, John R. Pannell

2011),但这些研究通常基于产生的种子数量,而没有考虑到许多种子可能是自交的,并可能遭受近交抑郁(Lloyd,1992)。这些研究也没有考虑花内自交与包括同株异花授粉在内的自交的影响。尽管花内自交和花间自交在遗传学上是相同的,但它们对花卉性状的进化有着不同的影响。例如,通过减少花序中同时出现的花朵数量来减少花朵展示可能是避免同花异株自交的有效机制(Harder & Barrett, 1995; Karron et al.如果我们要全面了解选择如何影响花内雄性和雌性功能分配的时间和数量,我们就需要考虑这些性状不仅如何影响所产种子的数量,而且如何影响种子的质量(以及生殖成功的雄性成分)。据我们所知,几乎所有表型选择研究都没有考虑近亲繁殖的潜在后果,少数考虑近亲繁殖后果的研究是在近亲繁殖抑制水平未知的人工实验阵列中进行的(如 Briscoe Runquist 等人,2017 年;Hou 等人,2024 年)。因此,交配系统的变异和近亲繁殖抑制的后果如何改变野生种群对不同性状的选择仍是一个未决问题。在此,我们询问花朵水平上性别分配的数量和时间如何影响花内自交,进而影响季节性繁殖成功的雌性成分。我们估算了昆虫授粉和自交不亲和物种高山白头翁(Pulsatilla alpina)种群的花内自交率和自交后代的近交抑郁程度,以确定自交率和雌性繁殖成功率如何取决于花的性别分配、物候和附属花性状。由于研究种群主要由只有一朵花的个体组成,我们可以在花的水平上分配父本,从而将对适应性的贡献与单朵花的性状联系起来。虽然花朵的雌蕊和雄蕊数量有很大差异,但我们通过去除种群中随机子集花朵的雄蕊进一步加强了这种差异,这种处理也产生了纯雌花,而这种花在阿尔卑斯山上是不会出现的。我们通过计算单朵花通过外交和花内自交产生的种子来估算季节性繁殖成功率中的雌性成分,同时考虑近交抑郁对适应性的负面影响。然后,我们对两种近交抑制情况下性状的表型选择进行了量化。我们具体探讨了以下问题。(1)花内自交率如何取决于花内雌蕊和雄蕊的数量、开花时间以及两个附属花性状? 2)近交抑郁的程度如何?(3) 由于花内自交对这些性状的依赖性,近交抑郁对这些性状的选择模式有何影响?
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引用次数: 0
Secondary compounds increase litter removal by termites across 23 savanna grass species 次生化合物增加了白蚁对 23 种热带草原草种的垃圾清除量
IF 5.3 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.14376
Inger K. de Jonge, J. Hans C. Cornelissen, Han Olff, Matty P. Berg, Richard S. P. van Logtestijn, Michiel P. Veldhuis

白蚁是热带生态系统中数量最多的动物群体之一,在养分循环中起着至关重要的作用,为维持生态系统的功能做出了巨大贡献。然而,它们对垃圾食物的选择性有多大、它们更喜欢营养丰富的还是营养较少的垃圾基质,这些都是尚未解决的重要问题。在这里,我们测试了垃圾特性对生长真菌的白蚁清除垃圾的影响,生长真菌的白蚁是塞伦盖蒂-马拉生态系统中的主要大型食草动物。我们使用金属网垃圾袋测量了 23 种草在 61 天孵化期后的茎叶垃圾损失量。表明白蚁存在的片状沉积物随单宁酸和酚类化合物的增加而增加,尤其是叶屑(R2 = 0.54),其中高芳香物种(如Cymbopogon caesius和Bothriochloa insculpta)的片状沉积率最高。与没有覆膜的垃圾袋相比,有覆膜的垃圾袋平均质量损失高出 66%。一旦白蚁选择了基质,无论卵袋的特征如何,质量损失都会持续增加。在量化铺垫频率和不同质量损失的综合影响时,我们发现真菌生长的白蚁主要增加了高营养垃圾的质量损失。这主要是由于白蚁增加了叶屑而不是茎屑的质量损失,而单宁酸浓度是白蚁增加整体分解的主要预测因素。这表明白蚁改善了植物次生化合物对垃圾分解的不利影响。综述:我们的研究结果支持了真菌白蚁是通才的观点,因为白蚁收集的有机基质质量各不相同。酚类化合物对成片率的强烈影响意味着次生化合物在白蚁的基质选择中起着重要作用。白蚁对次生化合物含量高的基质的选择性清除表明,生长真菌的白蚁解除了对微生物分解的重要限制,从而有可能提高生态系统层面的碳和养分循环利用率。白蚁在热带生物群落的有机物循环中发挥着至关重要的作用,我们的研究强调了次生化合物在分解研究中的选择和检测作用需要更多的关注。
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引用次数: 0
Canopy facilitation outweighs elemental allelopathy in a metalliferous system during an exceptionally dry year 在一个异常干旱的年份里,在一个冶金系统中,树冠的促进作用超过了元素的等位作用
IF 5.3 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.14375
Hugo Randé, Richard Michalet, David Nemer, Florian Delerue

元素等效假说认为,高积累物种富含金属的枯落物可能会对邻近植物产生不利影响,从而使高积累植物获得竞争优势。在此,我们旨在明确该假说在现实田间条件下的应用条件,以及与金属化系统中发现的其他积极效应相比,该假说的相对重要性。我们研究了两种金属叶植物(Arenaria multicaulis 和 Hutchinsia alpina)的叶片锌和镉积累水平不同,它们对两种具有不同金属耐受性的霞糠穗草生态型的枯落物诱导的元素等位效应和冠层效应。该实验在比利牛斯山(法国)的一个旧矿山山谷中污染程度截然不同的两个生境中进行。在污染程度较低的生境中,金属积累较多的金属叶植物物种(Hutchinsia alpina)对金属耐受性较低的目标表现出强烈的元素等位效应,而金属积累较少的金属叶植物物种(Arenaria multicaulis)则没有垃圾效应。两种金属叶植物都有积极的冠层效应,这可能是由于微气候条件的改善。实验期间发生的干旱可能影响了这些冠层效应,增加了它们在研究过程中的重要性。对于 Hutchinsia alpina 而言,积极的冠层效应强于消极的枯落物效应,因此对两种目标生态型都产生了总体的积极效应。综述。我们的研究结果让人们更好地了解了金属植物群落中元素等位植病的发生,以及在全球变暖背景下与微气候促进作用相比,元素等位植病的相对重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Phosphorus controls symbiotic nitrogen fixation in fire-dependent longleaf pine savannas 磷控制长叶松稀树草原中的共生固氮作用
IF 5.3 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.14380
Julie A. Tierney, Nina Wurzburger

在经常发生火灾的生态系统中,共生固氮作用有可能补充火灾造成的氮损失。火灾与固氮之间可能存在密切关系,因为火灾会使氮挥发并使磷(P)矿化,从而形成贫氮、富含 P 的土壤,有利于能够固氮的植物生长。我们评估了氮和磷如何调节长叶松稀树草原中的火灾与共生氮固定之间的关系,之前有文献记载,在长叶松稀树草原中,氮固定无法补充火灾造成的氮损失。在林分年龄和火灾频率的梯度上,我们研究了氮和磷的可用性对固定的影响,并建立了一个营养添加实验,以评估氮和磷对豆科植物生长、固定和菌根投资的影响。我们发现了草本豆科植物受磷限制的明显信号。豆科植物的生长和固定与土壤矿物钾的可用性有关,钾的添加进一步刺激了豆科植物的生长和固定。相比之下,土壤中氮的可用性和氮的添加都不会影响豆科植物的生长或固定。综述。我们的研究结果表明,沙丘长叶松稀树草原中的共生氮固定受土壤钾供应量的控制,而土壤钾供应量因土壤年龄和母质而异。因此,只有当土壤中有足够的钾支持这一过程时,氮的固定才能抵消火灾造成的氮损失。尽管如此,当代长叶松生态系统最近的氮富集可能降低了氮固定作为火灾后恢复机制的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Decoupling of trait and species turnover in fire-prone Mediterranean plant communities 易发生火灾的地中海植物群落中性状与物种更替的脱钩
IF 5.3 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.14379
Jose Antonio Navarro-Cano, Marta Goberna, Eduardo Pérez-Valera, Miguel Verdú

1 引言 在许多陆地生物多样性热点地区,火灾是解释植物多样性的一个关键因素(Bond 等人,2005 年;Kelly 等人,2020 年)。火灾会强烈改变植物群落的组成和结构,从而影响生态系统的功能(Keeley &amp; Keeley, 1981; Pausas et al.)易发生火灾的地中海植物群落在进化过程中对火灾的适应由来已久(Pausas &amp; Keeley,2014 年)。人们从经典分类学的角度对不同生态系统(林地、灌木林地、草地)中的火灾后再生进行了广泛研究(参见 Keeley &amp; Keeley, 1981; Pausas 等人, 1999)。目前,基于性状的方法试图推断功能群落模式,并将其与群落组装和生态系统稳定性背后的关键生态过程联系起来(Anacker 等人,2011 年;Clarke 等人,2015 年;Fyllas 等人,2020 年;Pausas &amp; Verdú, 2008 年;Tsakalos 等人,2019 年)。从这些研究中,我们了解到火灾后群落的重新组合通常是由物种相对丰度的变化而非物种的完全替代所驱动的(Fournier 等人,2020 年)。虽然火灾会导致植物群落覆盖率和生物量短期下降,但分类多样性往往不受影响(González-De Vega 等人,2016 年;Gosper 等人,2012 年;Lloret &ampamp; Vilà, 2003 年;Pérez-Valera 等人,2018 年)。虽然地表火灾可使林地和灌木林地的植被迅速恢复,但与半干松或柞树林地相比,树冠火灾会对非赤松林地的火后再生产生有害影响,因为它们的再生策略不同(Pausas 等人,2008 年)。然而,随着火灾严重程度和/或频率的增加,群落组成和结构都会受到严重影响(Clarke 等人,2015 年;González-De Vega 等人,2016 年)。在这种火灾机制下,植物群落在系统发育和表型上变得集群,也就是说,群落中的物种之间的亲缘关系比预期的更密切(Pausas &ampamp; Verdú, 2008)。植物物种有三种应对火灾的功能策略。一方面,一些植物发展出 "逃避者 "的适应性,以避免火灾影响,例如厚树皮或自我修剪能力(Romero &amp; Ganteaume, 2020)。另一些植物则采取资源保守策略,这种策略基于地上和地下解剖学特征的进化发展,例如木质素管、外胚芽、根茎或其他可赋予再发芽能力的贮藏根(Pausas &amp; Keeley, 2014)。最后是获取策略,其基础是通过种子物理休眠、易燃性、热和烟雾介导的萌发能力(与种子休眠有关)或亲硝习性等性状在火灾后迅速建立新群落的能力,以应对烧毁土壤中短暂的氮峰值(Pausas等人,2017;Pausas &amp; Keeley,2014;Wan等人,2001)。虽然这些策略遵循不同的进化路线(Pausas &amp; Verdú, 2005),但一些面生物种能够在中等干旱度和火灾强度水平下表现出其中一些特征(Pausas 等人,2017 年)。在物种水平上,播种者和再发芽者在一系列地上和地下特征方面存在差异,后者表现出成熟期延迟、木质部空洞化抵抗力较低、根:芽比率较大、根部碳水化合物水平较高以及比根长度较低(Jacobsen 等人,2007 年;Paula &amp; Pausas,2011 年;Schwilk &amp; Ackerly,2005 年)。在群落水平上,播种者的物种多样性和植物覆盖率在火灾后会增加,然后逐渐减少,而重生者对火灾有很强的抵抗力,在没有新的燃烧事件发生的几十年后会成为主导。在易发生火灾的地中海地区,这种模式常见于亚湿润和干燥的阔叶木质和灌木群落(Fournier 等人,2020 年;Parra &amp; Moreno,2018 年),而一些具有锯齿状球果的松树(如海松所形成的球果)则可以在没有新火灾的情况下持续成为主要植被。植被的所有火前特征、火灾严重程度和火后管理对于了解这些烧毁地区的中长期恢复轨迹至关重要(González-De Vega 等人,2016 年)。在群落水平上量化植物特征是描绘跨环境梯度表型轨迹的有用方法(Bjorkman 等人,2018 年;Craine 等人,2001 年;Shen 等人,2019 年)。这种方法需要避免短期监测,以确定群落组合的一般模式(McGill 等人,2006 年)。此外,如果不包括关键性状,基于少量性状的研究可能会导致大量无法解释的变异。
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引用次数: 0
Ecosystem CO2 flux responses to extreme droughts depend on interaction of seasonal timing and plant community composition 生态系统二氧化碳通量对极端干旱的响应取决于季节时间和植物群落组成的相互作用
IF 5.3 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.14374
Zhenzhen Zheng, Linfeng Li, Joel A. Biederman, Yanfen Wang, Shuntian Guan, Congjia Li, Fuqi Wen, Yuan Liu, Yunqi Xiong, Ruyan Qian, Jianqing Du, Kai Xue, Xiaoyong Cui, Yanbin Hao

利益冲突声明作者声明在本文的研究过程中没有任何利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Ungulate herbivores promote beta diversity and drive stochastic plant community assembly by selective defoliation and trampling: From a four-year simulation experiment 有蹄类食草动物通过选择性落叶和践踏促进贝塔多样性并推动随机植物群落的组合:来自四年模拟实验
IF 5.3 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.14370
Tongtian Guo, Meiqi Guo, Yue Pang, Xiangyun Sun, Masahiro Ryo, Nan Liu, Yingjun Zhang

利益冲突声明作者声明不存在利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Selection favours high spread and asymmetry of flower opening dates within plant individuals 选择有利于植物个体内花开放日期的高度分散和不对称
IF 5.5 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.14369
Johan Ehrlén, Alicia Valdés
Natural selection on traits expressed repeatedly by individuals is usually investigated with a focus on mean values, although within‐individual trait distributions often differ also in other aspects, such as their spread and shape. In plants producing multiple flowers during a season, there might not be a single optimal flowering time, but rather an optimal distribution of flower opening dates. This optimal distribution might depend on both resource allocation patterns and interactions with the abiotic and biotic environment. In this study, we quantified mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis of 495 individual flowering schedules (5287 flowers) over 3 years, and assessed phenotypic selection on these aspects of the within‐individual distribution of opening dates in the perennial herb Lathyrus vernus. We also explored how selection on within‐individual variation in flowering schedules was related to effects on two fitness components: fruit set and the proportion of seeds escaping pre‐dispersal predation. Within‐individual variation in phenology was larger than, or at least similar to, among‐individual variation in all years. We found phenotypic selection on several aspects of individual flowering schedules. In 1 year, selection favoured plants with higher variance in opening dates, and this coincided with a higher fruit set in plants with an increased spread of the flowering schedule. In two of the study years, selection favoured a higher asymmetry of the flowering schedule, and plants with more right‐skewed distributions had higher fruit set and higher proportions of seeds escaping predation. Both fruit set and seed predation increased with an earlier mean flowering, resulting in no net selection on mean flowering date. Synthesis: Our results suggest that phenotypic selection on the spread and shape of flower opening date distributions might be at least as important as selection on the mean flowering date. In a broad sense, this implies that we should consider the entire trait distribution if we aim to understand the evolution of traits that are expressed multiple times within individuals.
对个体重复表达的性状的自然选择通常以平均值为研究重点,但个体内部的性状分布往往在其他方面也存在差异,例如它们的分布和形状。在一季中开多花的植物中,可能并不存在单一的最佳开花时间,而是存在花开放日期的最佳分布。这种最佳分布可能取决于资源分配模式以及与非生物和生物环境的相互作用。在这项研究中,我们对多年生草本植物 Lathyrus vernus 3 年中 495 个个体开花时间(5287 朵花)的平均值、方差、偏度和峰度进行了量化,并评估了个体内部开放日期分布在这些方面的表型选择。我们还探讨了对开花期个体内变异的选择如何与对两个适应性要素的影响相关:结实率和逃避散播前捕食的种子比例。在所有年份中,表型的个体内变异都大于或至少类似于个体间变异。我们发现在个体开花期的几个方面存在表型选择。有一年,选择有利于开花期差异较大的植株,这与开花期差异较大的植株坐果率较高相吻合。在其中两年的研究中,选择有利于花期不对称程度较高的植株,花期分布更右倾的植株坐果率更高,种子逃脱捕食的比例也更高。随着平均花期的提前,坐果率和种子捕食率都会增加,因此在平均花期上没有净选择。综述:我们的研究结果表明,对开花日期分布和形状的表型选择可能至少与对平均开花日期的选择同样重要。从广义上讲,这意味着如果我们想了解个体内多次表达的性状的进化,就应该考虑整个性状的分布。
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引用次数: 0
Phylogenetic relationships and plant life stage but not biogeographic history mediate priority effects of European grassland plants 系统发育关系和植物生命阶段而非生物地理历史是欧洲草地植物优先效应的中介
IF 5.3 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-21 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.14373
Julia Dieskau, Isabell Hensen, Nico Eisenhauer, Ingmar Gaberle, Walter Durka, Susanne Lachmuth, Harald Auge

(例如,Sheppard 等人(2014 年)进行了一组操纵实验,他们控制了一个定殖物种(Lactuca sativa)与五个植物群落(接受者群落)的 PD,结果发现 Lactuca 与每个群落成员之间的平均 PD 或与最近邻近植物的平均 PD 都不会影响晚到植物的表现(发芽、生长、开花、存活和 Lactuca 招募)。Sheppard 等人(2018 年)发现,在法国各地的永久性草地上,新近引入物种的建立成功与否受到与本地物种和先前入侵者的系统发育亲缘关系的积极影响。系统发育并不总能预测物种间的生态差异,原因之一是同域物种可能已进化出促进共存的性状差异,这可能会超越系统发育的影响(Cadotte 等人,2017 年)。因此,PD 对优先效应的影响可能取决于早到和晚到物种的生物地理历史(BH)。虽然由于地理或栖息地障碍,异地物种没有机会相互影响,但共生的同域物种在过去可能会争夺相同的资源。这种种间竞争可以通过选择更大的生态位差异来影响进化轨迹(Brown &amp; Wilson, 1956; Schluter, 2000; Silvertown, 2004; Symonds &amp; Elgar, 2004; Tobias 等人,2014; Weber 等人,2016),因此,即使是亲缘关系很近的物种也会有很大的差异,并表现出比基于其系统发育所预期的更大的生态位差异(Davies 等人,2007; Nuismer &amp; Harmon, 2015; Schluter, 1994; Staples 等人,2016)。以前曾在种内层面(如 Aarssen &amp; Turkington, 1985; Hart 等人, 2019; Sakarchi &amp; Germain, 2023)和种间层面(如 Germain et al、此外,对于晚到植物的不同生命周期组成部分(为简便起见,以下简称生命阶段),植物生长过程对优先效应强度的作用也可能不同。)遗憾的是,基于性状的分析往往忽略了幼苗阶段(Larson &amp; Funk, 2016),幼苗性状系统发育信号的证据也不明确(Husáková 等人,2018)。然而,幼苗可能具有不同于同种成体的环境要求,因此由于本体生态位转移,幼苗的生态位也可能不同于同种成体(Lyons &amp; Barnes, 1998; Miriti, 2006; Müller et al.)因此,随着晚到物种从幼苗阶段成熟到成体阶段,系统发育对优先效应的重要性应该会增加,从而使近缘物种在生态学上变得与早到成体物种更加相似。然而,我们并不知道有任何研究调查了晚到物种的BH和生命阶段(LS)对优先效应的影响。为了填补这一重要的知识空白,我们进行了一项温室研究,调查了早期到达物种的优先效应对晚期到达物种的建立和表现的影响。为了分析 BH 的影响,我们使用了 10 对同域物种(即早到物种为外来物种,晚到物种为德国本土物种)和 10 对同域物种(即早到物种和晚到物种为德国本土物种)的交互作用,这些物种都是欧洲草地上不同科和功能群的二年生和多年生物种,跨越了 PD 梯度。我们测试了以下假设:(1)由于生态相似性较高,早到植物对另一物种晚到植物的优先效应会随着它们之间的生长期递减而增加。(2)由于共生的近缘物种在进化过程中形成了生态位差异,从而减少了竞争,因此优先效应在同域物种对中的重要性比在同域物种对中更明显。(3) 随着晚到的近缘植物逐渐衰老,其生态环境与早到的成株更为相似,优先效应的 PD 重要性也随之增加。
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引用次数: 0
International Biological Flora: Trapa natans† 国际生物植物区系:Trapa natans†
IF 5.3 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.14372
Natalie Palm, Jürgen Franzaring, Andreas H. Schweiger

水菖蒲,或称荸荠。茜草科,茜草属。茎沉水,纤细(直径 1-6 毫米),线状,从水体底部伸到水面,长 50-200 (500) 厘米,茎不分枝或分枝,有 2-14 个分枝,每个分枝的末端在水面都有一个浮力叶莲座(直径 15-50 厘米)。叶二形。沉水叶对生,无柄,线形,全缘,早落(长 20-30 毫米,宽 2-2.5 毫米;Nedukha & Kitten, 2012),被不分枝的不定根和成对或轮生、羽状分枝、在叶痕处出现的不定结构(在解剖学研究中被称为叶或根)取代。浮叶互生为顶生莲座丛,革质,叶片菱形至正三角形(约长宽之比:4-5(6.5)厘米长;3.5-6(8)厘米宽),基部宽楔形或近截形,全缘,边缘多少上部有不规则齿,正面有光泽深绿色无毛,背面浅绿色无毛或被短柔毛。莲座丛叶柄长达 21 厘米,约为叶片长的 1-4 倍(叶片包括叶柄长 7-29 厘米),被短柔毛,通常中途膨大成椭圆形肿胀。花两性,辐射对称,单生于莲座丛叶腋,在水面开花,花序梗被短柔毛。萼片 4,镊合状,披针形到细长三角形,硬,外部龙骨状,通常有毡毛,在果期宿存为 2、3 或 4 个硬化的刺状角果。花瓣 4,白色至淡紫色或粉红色,倒卵形,长 7-10 毫米,早落。雄蕊 4,对萼,花药向内,丁字着生。子房半下位,2室;胚珠倒生,下垂,有中轴胎座,每室一个,花后只发育一个。雌蕊 1。花柱,钻形。柱头头状,早落。果为单籽核果,陀螺状到短菱形,(0-)2-4 刺,刺宽圆锥形,下弯,扁三角形或水平,上升,刺先端有锋利的反曲倒刺,果先端有圆顶形或圆形到四角形的冠,很少无冠,冠先端有一束毛或圆锥形喙,外果皮短暂,肉质,内果皮黑褐色,石质(Caspar &;Krausch, 1981; Chen et al.,Trapa natans 由 Linné(1753 年)首次描述。)一般名称 "Trapa "源自 calcitrapa,拉丁语为 caltrop,是一种装有尖刺的铁制工具,在战争中被用作区域封锁武器,与独特的带角水菖蒲果十分相似。natans "这一特定名称是根据拉丁文中漂浮的意思而命名的,描述了水菖蒲的浮力生命形式(Borojevic,2009 年;Brown,1880 年)。自其被科学描述以来,人们一直在努力将水菖蒲充分纳入分类系统(见第 10.1 节)。经过长期的争论,水菖蒲现在是杓兰科(Lythraceae)的一员,被归入杓兰目(Myrtales)(Graham 等人,1998 年,2005 年;Sun 等人,2020 年;被子植物系统发育小组,1998 年)。尽管在物种划分方面一直存在混淆(见第 10.1 节),但《世界维管植物名录》(WCVP,2023 年)目前承认 Trapa 属包括 8 个物种,即 T. assamica Wójcicki、T. hankensis Pshenn、T. hyrcana Woronow、T. incisa Siebold & Zucc、kozhevnikoviorum Pshenn、T. natans L. 和 T. nedoluzhkoi Pshenn(同义词见表 S1)。在这些物种中,T. natans 是唯一被认为具有多态性的物种,由 8 个变种组成,即 T. natans var、quadricaudata (Glück) B. Y. Ding & X. F. Jin, T. natans var.一些同型异名和异型异名已被归入目前公认的科学品种名称中(表 S2;WFO,2024)。公认的物种和变种在植被特征(如叶片形状和大小)以及生殖结构(如花色、果实形状和大小、喙的形状和高度、树冠形状和大小、角的数量、位置、大小和形状)方面各不相同(Chen 等人,2007 年;Ding & Jin, 2020 年;Wójcicki, 2001 年)。虽然 Trapa 通常被称为(欧洲)荸荠或水菖蒲,但也有各种英文名称,如蝙蝠坚果、魔鬼坚果或牛头。此外,还记录了不同国家的方言名称(Borojevic,2009 年;Graham,2013 年;Lim,2013 年)。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Ecology
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