Optics and Laser Technology最新文献

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Machine learning-based mitigation of thermal and nonlinear impairments in optical communication grids 基于机器学习的光通信电网热损伤和非线性损伤缓解技术

IF 4.6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS

Optics and Laser Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.112090

Farman Ali , Haleem Afsar , Ali Alshamrani , Ammar Armghan

Nonlinear impairments (NIs) act as limiting factors in the performance of long-haul optical communication grids (OCGs), particularly when operating at 100 Gbps over many channels. These deficiencies become worse by the thermal optics effect, which alter the refractive index of optical components and medium leading to signal degradation . This paper introduces a machine learning (ML)-enhanced technique that uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to reduce distortions induced by NIs while taking thermal dynamics into account. We expand our investigation to evaluate the quality of service of OCGs under the dual impact of NIs and thermal variations, employing advanced modulation schemes such as polarization division multiplexing 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (PDM-64QAM) and dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying (DP-QPSK). Extensive simulations, using a split-step Fourier (SSF) method, are performed to model the combined effects of NIs and thermal dynamics on optical signals. Our methodology is supported by stochastic analysis, which simulates the network’s performance while focusing on activation functions that account for thermal impacts on NIs. Our results show that the CNN-based method, in conjunction with advanced modulation schemes, significantly reduces bit error rate (BER) and improves signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), outperforming traditional methods such as support vector machines (SVM) and digital backpropagation (DBP). The proposed approach demonstrates the potential to enhance the quality of transmission (QoT) in OCGs, making it a viable solution for future high-capacity, thermally influenced optical networks.

非线性损伤（NIs）是长途光通信网格（OCGs）性能的限制因素，尤其是在多通道以 100 Gbps 速率运行时。热光学效应会改变光学元件和介质的折射率，导致信号衰减，从而使这些缺陷变得更加严重。本文介绍了一种机器学习（ML）增强型技术，它使用卷积神经网络（CNN）来减少由 NIs 引起的失真，同时将热动力学考虑在内。我们采用偏振分复用 64 正交幅度调制（PDM-64QAM）和双偏振正交相移键控（DP-QPSK）等先进调制方案，扩大调查范围，以评估在 NI 和热变化双重影响下 OCG 的服务质量。我们使用分步傅里叶（SSF）方法进行了大量模拟，以模拟 NIs 和热动态对光信号的综合影响。我们的方法得到了随机分析的支持，该分析在模拟网络性能的同时，重点关注考虑热对 NIs 影响的激活函数。结果表明，基于 CNN 的方法与先进的调制方案相结合，可显著降低误码率 (BER)，提高信噪比 (SNR)，优于支持向量机 (SVM) 和数字反向传播 (DBP) 等传统方法。所提出的方法展示了提高 OCG 传输质量（QoT）的潜力，使其成为未来大容量、受热影响的光网络的可行解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of enclosed space pressure on thermal regeneration of hydrogen-loaded fiber Bragg gratings 封闭空间压力对含氢光纤布拉格光栅热再生的影响

IF 4.6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS

Optics and Laser Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.112119

Jiajin Zheng , Rubing Bai , Yundi Wang , Junyu Lu , Jianwen Zhou , Zengya Zhang , Shanshan Cao , Wei Li , Kehan Yu , Wei Wei

The type-I fiber Bragg grating (FBG) was annealed at high temperature to obtain a thermally regenerated fiber Bragg gratings, which can operate reliably in the environments above 1100 °C without any decay of the grating spectrum. However, the underlying thermal regeneration mechanism of FBG has remained unclear until now. Here the thermal regeneration mechanism of FBG was discussed by studying the phenomenon of high-temperature decay and regeneration of FBG in an enclosed space. The thermal decay and regeneration processes of FBGs encapsulated in different volumes were investigated experimentally. The experimental results confirm that hydrogen stored in the hydrogen-loaded fiber diffuses out and then increasing pressure of the enclosed space during the high-temperature regeneration and annealing process of packaged FBG. Once this pressure reaches 0.9 MPa, FBG cannot be regenerated successfully. Comparative analysis with existing regeneration mechanisms reveals that the fundamental cause of thermal regeneration for FBG tends to follow a stress-induced model. However, external pressure affects the periodic distribution of refractive index associated with stress-induced regeneration. When pressure within the confined space reaches a certain critical value, the periodic distribution of stress for FBG will be affected, thus inhibiting the regeneration of FBG.

通过对I型光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）进行高温退火处理，可以获得热再生光纤布拉格光栅，这种光栅可以在1100 °C以上的环境中可靠运行，且光栅光谱不会出现任何衰减。然而，FBG的热再生机理至今仍不清楚。本文通过研究 FBG 在密闭空间中的高温衰减和再生现象，探讨了 FBG 的热再生机制。实验研究了不同体积封装的 FBG 的热衰减和再生过程。实验结果证实，在封装 FBG 的高温再生和退火过程中，储存在含氢光纤中的氢会扩散出来，进而增加封闭空间的压力。一旦压力达到 0.9 兆帕，FBG 就无法成功再生。与现有再生机制的对比分析表明，FBG 热再生的根本原因往往遵循应力诱导模型。然而，外部压力会影响与应力诱导再生相关的折射率周期性分布。当密闭空间内的压力达到某个临界值时，FBG 的应力周期分布将受到影响，从而抑制 FBG 的再生。

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引用次数: 0

Slit shaping technique for femtosecond laser direct write fabrication of two-dimensional symmetric waveguide arrays in silica glass 用于飞秒激光直接写入制造硅玻璃二维对称波导阵列的狭缝整形技术

IF 4.6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS

Optics and Laser Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.112146

Yuanxin Tan , Haotian Lv , Zengrun Wen , Guanhuai Cheng , Zongcheng Mou , Huaiyi Luo , Yingying Ren , Yang Song , Jian Xu , Ya Cheng , Yangjian Cai

To obtain low loss, depth-insensitive, 2D waveguide arrays with symmetric circular cross sections in silica glass, we applied slit shaping technique to fabricate waveguides with a low NA water immersion objective lens (10×, 0.3NA). We systematically investigate the influences of slit width, pulse energy, writing speed, the number of scans, processing depth, and spherical aberration on the fabrication resolution. We have applied this technique to write low loss (0.34 dB/cm) single-mode waveguides, 1D (1 × 5) and 2D (5 × 5) waveguide arrays in silica glass substrates. This technique will be useful for entangled quantum photonic integrated circuits and topological photonics.

为了在硅玻璃中获得具有对称圆形截面的低损耗、深度不敏感的二维波导阵列，我们采用狭缝整形技术，用低 NA 水浸物镜（10×，0.3NA）制作波导。我们系统地研究了狭缝宽度、脉冲能量、写入速度、扫描次数、处理深度和球差对制造分辨率的影响。我们将这项技术应用于在硅玻璃基底上写入低损耗（0.34 dB/cm）单模波导、一维（1 × 5）和二维（5 × 5）波导阵列。这项技术将用于纠缠量子光子集成电路和拓扑光子学。

引用次数: 0

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of crosstalk line generated by irradiating CCD with nanosecond pulse laser 用纳秒脉冲激光照射 CCD 产生的串扰线的时间和空间分布特征

IF 4.6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS

Optics and Laser Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.112168

Chenghao Yu, Jifei Ye, Hao Chang, Nanlei Li, Ying Wang, Wei Guo

To investigate how a short-pulse laser impacts a charge coupled device (CCD), a laser with a 532 nm wavelength and an 8 ns pulse duration was employed to irradiate the CCD. Images formed by targeting representative CCD locations with a nanosecond pulse laser at various delay intervals were documented. Laser spots become visible in the resulting images if the CCD is exposed to the laser before the process of the readout transfer is completed. The count of saturated pixels in the laser spot, as the laser fluence rises, can be categorized into three parts. In addition, owing to the effect of channel barriers between adjacent vertical charge-transport channels, the length of the crosstalk line in the vertical direction is greater than that in the horizontal direction, and the difference becomes more obvious with increasing laser fluence. Moreover, the dimensions of the crosstalk lines were estimated theoretically. Besides, the experimental findings indicate that the spatial arrangement of the laser spot and the crosstalk line are influenced by two factors: the irradiation location and the delay duration. Nevertheless, the influences of the two elements on the spatial arrangement of the laser spot are separate, whereas their impacts on that of the crosstalk line are interconnected.

为了研究短脉冲激光如何影响电荷耦合器件（CCD），我们使用了波长为 532 nm、脉冲持续时间为 8 ns 的激光来照射 CCD。我们记录了用纳秒脉冲激光以不同的延迟时间间隔照射 CCD 的代表性位置所形成的图像。如果 CCD 在读出转移过程完成之前就暴露在激光下，则在生成的图像中可以看到激光光斑。随着激光通量的增加，激光光斑中饱和像素的计数可分为三部分。此外，由于相邻垂直电荷传输通道之间的通道障碍效应，垂直方向上的串扰线长度大于水平方向上的串扰线长度，而且这种差异随着激光通量的增加而变得更加明显。此外，还从理论上估算了串扰线的尺寸。此外，实验结果表明，激光光斑和串扰线的空间排列受两个因素的影响：照射位置和延迟时间。不过，这两个因素对激光光斑空间排列的影响是独立的，而对串扰线空间排列的影响则是相互关联的。

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引用次数: 0

Advanced chromatic confocal optical coherence tomography sensor with switchable acquisition modes 可切换采集模式的先进色度共焦光学相干断层成像传感器

IF 4.6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS

Optics and Laser Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.112182

Zhun Wang, Zihao Ni, Yulei Bai, Shengli Xie, Bo Dong

A fiber optic sensor combining the principle of chromatic confocal and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been developed to simultaneously measure film thickness and refractive index. By capturing a spectrum that composed of the low-frequency confocal signal and the high-frequency interference signal, the sensor can initially estimate the confocal thickness and optical thickness of the tested film. Further, by combining the parameter of sensor system, the geometric thickness and refractive index of the film can be subsequently calculated. Additionally, an acquisition mode switching method and a covariance algorithm-based method were also presented to overcome the decrease in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) induced by signal separation and the reduction in resolution caused by bandwidth narrowing. For validation, five PVC films with different thickness (0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm, and 0.5 mm) and five 0.1 mm thickness films with different materials (PVC, PC, PMMA, PET, and FEP) were measured by the sensor. The results indicate that the absolute errors in thickness and refractive index measurements of the sensor are less than 2.5 % and 3.0 %, respectively.

我们开发了一种结合了色度共焦原理和光谱域光学相干断层扫描（OCT）原理的光纤传感器，可同时测量薄膜厚度和折射率。通过捕捉由低频共焦信号和高频干涉信号组成的光谱，传感器可以初步估算出被测薄膜的共焦厚度和光学厚度。此外，结合传感器系统的参数，还可以计算出薄膜的几何厚度和折射率。此外，还提出了一种采集模式切换方法和一种基于协方差算法的方法，以克服信号分离引起的信噪比（SNR）下降和带宽变窄引起的分辨率下降。为进行验证，传感器测量了五种不同厚度（0.1 毫米、0.2 毫米、0.3 毫米、0.4 毫米和 0.5 毫米）的 PVC 薄膜和五种不同材料（PVC、PC、PMMA、PET 和 FEP）的 0.1 毫米厚度薄膜。结果表明，传感器测量厚度和折射率的绝对误差分别小于 2.5 % 和 3.0 %。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal conductivity and thermo-optic coefficient measurements of transparent thin films using quantitative phase microscopy 利用定量相显微镜测量透明薄膜的导热系数和热光学系数

IF 4.6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS

Optics and Laser Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.112128

Nicholaus Kevin Tanjaya , Takahiro Baba , Masataka Imura , Takao Mori , Satoshi Ishii

The temperature increase of a thin film as a result of laser irradiation causes phase shift to the transmitted light. This phase shift can be quantitatively imaged by quantitative phase microscopy (QPM). Since the phase shift is a function of the thermal conductivity and thermo-optic coefficient (TOC), the recorded phase shift can be used to extract the thermal conductivity and TOC of the thin film by modeling the heat transfer within the thin film and its substrate. In this study, the laser-induced phase shift of three different transparent thin films deposited on transparent substrates is recorded by QPM. The thermal conductivity and TOC of the thin films obtained based on our heat transfer model show reasonable agreement with the values obtained from other methods. This method is simple yet cost-effective, which is advantageous compared with other available methods such as the thermoreflectance method.

激光照射导致薄膜温度升高，从而引起透射光的相移。这种相移可以通过定量相位显微镜（QPM）进行定量成像。由于相移是热导率和热光学系数（TOC）的函数，因此可通过对薄膜及其基底内部的热传导进行建模，利用记录的相移来提取薄膜的热导率和热光学系数。本研究利用 QPM 记录了沉积在透明基底上的三种不同透明薄膜的激光诱导相移。根据我们的热传导模型得到的薄膜热导率和 TOC 与其他方法得到的数值显示出合理的一致性。与热反射法等其他现有方法相比，这种方法简单且成本效益高。

引用次数: 0

Iterative orthogonal normalization algorithm for improving phase retrieval accuracy 提高相位检索精度的迭代正交归一化算法

IF 4.6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS

Optics and Laser Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.112178

Qinnan Zhang , Shaoke Li , Yifei Chen , Tianyun Liu , Guangshuo Cai , Jiaosheng Li

The reliance on approximation conditions in conventional orthogonal normalization methods often restricts their accuracy and range of applicability in phase extraction. Consequently, this paper proposes an iterative orthogonal normalization algorithm (IONA) designed specifically for achieving accurate phase retrieval. Unlike traditional orthogonal decomposition methods, this method does not use orthogonal approximation conditions but obtains the correct phase distribution by solving the iterative equation of the phase, transforming the phase solving problem into a loss function minimization problem of the phase distribution. This approach breaks through the limitations of traditional orthogonal methods and can accurately retrieve the phase from the interferograms with less than one stripe. In addition to outperforming existing phase-shifting techniques in accuracy and computational efficiency, the introduced IONA not only negates the requirement for specific fringe counts and configurations but also boasts remarkable stability. Simulation analysis and experimental results indicate that it is a robust and stable solution for phase extraction from fringe patterns with unknown phase shifts.

传统的正交归一化方法对近似条件的依赖往往限制了其在相位提取中的精度和适用范围。因此，本文提出了一种专为实现精确相位检索而设计的迭代正交归一化算法（IONA）。与传统的正交分解方法不同，该方法不使用正交近似条件，而是通过求解相位的迭代方程来获得正确的相位分布，将相位求解问题转化为相位分布的损失函数最小化问题。这种方法突破了传统正交方法的限制，能从少于一个条纹的干涉图中精确地检索出相位。除了在精度和计算效率上优于现有的移相技术外，引入的 IONA 不仅不再需要特定的条纹数和配置，而且还具有显著的稳定性。仿真分析和实验结果表明，IONA 是从具有未知相移的条纹图案中提取相位的一种稳健而稳定的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Quasi-bound states-driven terahertz molecular fingerprint retriever 准结合态驱动的太赫兹分子指纹检索器

IF 4.6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS

Optics and Laser Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.112139

Chenglin Yang , Zhonglei Shen , Donghai Han , Yushan Hou , Xin Ji , Liuyang Zhang , Ruqiang Yan , Xuefeng Chen

Limited by the weak resonant intensities of ordinary modes, the sensitivity of terahertz sensing is often insufficient to retreive trace molecular fingerprint features. Here, a quasi-bound states in the continuum-induced terahertz metasurface with high field enhancement is proposed to achieve trace molecular fingerprint sensing. The ratio of radiative loss to intrinsic loss of proposed metasurface can be accurately tailored by controlling in-plane symmetry, enabling working in the under-coupled, critically coupled and over-coupled regions. Based on the proposed metasurface, a pixelated metasensor has been designed for molecular fingerprint reconstruction, where negative, near-zero, and positive signal modulations can be observed in three different coupling regions. Finally, we demonstrate that the designed pixelated metasensor can achieve quantitative sensing of mixtures, providing an alternative technique for detecting and identifying trace molecules.

受限于普通模式较弱的共振频率，太赫兹传感的灵敏度往往不足以获取痕量分子指纹特征。在此，我们提出了一种具有高场增强功能的连续统诱导太赫兹元表面中的准束缚态，以实现痕量分子指纹传感。通过控制平面内的对称性，可以精确调整所提出的元表面的辐射损耗与本征损耗之比，从而实现在欠耦合、临界耦合和过耦合区域的工作。基于所提出的元表面，我们设计了一种用于分子指纹重建的像素化元传感器，在三个不同的耦合区域可以观察到负信号、近零信号和正信号调制。最后，我们证明了所设计的像素化元传感器可以实现混合物的定量传感，为检测和识别痕量分子提供了另一种技术。

引用次数: 0

Fast spectrum reconstruction based-on interpretable network with physical model involved 基于涉及物理模型的可解释网络的快速频谱重建

IF 4.6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS

Optics and Laser Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.112079

Xinyu Su , Shuangli Liu , Hui Wu , Peng Chen , Jiangnan Yang , Jingjun Wu

Computational spectrometers has a great potential for real-time detection in site measurements. Reconstruction algorithms play a pivotal role. Traditional reconstruction algorithms, while demanding low computational resources and enabling real-time measurements, often face challenges in achieving high reconstruction accuracy. Deep learning-based methods offer high-precision reconstruction but require more computational resources and lack interpretability. In this work, we propose an end-to-end interpretable unfolding network that translates the iterative process of the ADMM algorithm into a network layer and autonomously learns sparse basis matrices, ensuring that each network parameter has a clear physical meaning. The performance of this algorithm was validated on two synthetic spectrum datasets and a measured spectrum dataset. The results demonstrate that our method not only ensures high reconstruction accuracy and robustness but also reduces the computational resources. Collectively, this algorithm avoids the black-box characteristics of neural networks and is with physical model involved, which has significant potential to enable high-precision real-time measurements in computational spectroscopy.

计算光谱仪在现场测量的实时检测方面潜力巨大。重构算法发挥着关键作用。传统的重构算法虽然对计算资源的要求较低，并能实现实时测量，但在实现高重构精度方面往往面临挑战。基于深度学习的方法可提供高精度重建，但需要更多计算资源，且缺乏可解释性。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种端到端可解释的展开网络，它将 ADMM 算法的迭代过程转化为网络层，并自主学习稀疏基矩阵，确保每个网络参数都有明确的物理含义。该算法的性能在两个合成频谱数据集和一个测量频谱数据集上得到了验证。结果表明，我们的方法不仅确保了高重建精度和鲁棒性，还减少了计算资源。总之，该算法避免了神经网络的黑箱特性，并涉及物理模型，在实现计算光谱学的高精度实时测量方面具有巨大潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Crystallization behavior of amorphous GST films under an ultrafast laser irradiation 超快激光照射下非晶态 GST 薄膜的结晶行为

IF 4.6 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 OPTICS

Optics and Laser Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.112145

Xuechen Zhang , Jing Lv , Jinlong Xu , Liang Xie , Guodong Zhang , Zhongyin Zhang , Shujuan Li , Guanghua Cheng

The crystallization behaviors of amorphous Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ films induced by an ultrafast laser with a time-shaping Gaussian intensity distribution have been studied. The crystalline regions were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. It is found that the region ablated by a single pulse undergoes recrystallization, with a reflectivity higher than that of the non-ablated crystalline region. While preserving the integrity of the film, the diameter of the region with high and uniform reflectivity induced by burst mode is twice that of a single pulse, and the reflectivity is 3 % higher than the 31 % achieved with a single pulse. Additionally, the energy window for laser-induced crystallization expands with an increasing number of burst pulses; specifically, it increases by approximately 2.4 times when the number of sub-pulses is 4 or 5. The Raman results at low pulse energy show a high peak intensity at the 105 cm⁻¹ in related to the vibrations of Te-rich tetrahedra, indicating that the degree of crystallinity in the burst mode region is superior to that achieved with single pulse irradiation. Furthermore, the blue shift of this Raman peak with increased pulse energy further supports that burst mode provides sufficient time for nucleation growth. This work offers insights into achieving more controllable crystallization, which can enhance its applications in phase change memory and other reconfigurable devices.

研究了具有时间整形高斯强度分布的超快激光诱导的非晶态 Ge2Sb2Te5 薄膜的结晶行为。使用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和拉曼光谱对结晶区域进行了表征。研究发现，被单脉冲烧蚀的区域会发生再结晶，其反射率高于未被烧蚀的结晶区域。在保持薄膜完整性的同时，猝发模式诱导的高均匀反射率区域的直径是单脉冲的两倍，反射率比单脉冲的 31% 高出 3%。此外，激光诱导结晶的能量窗口随着猝发脉冲数的增加而扩大；具体而言，当子脉冲数为 4 或 5 时，能量窗口大约增加 2.4 倍。低脉冲能量下的拉曼结果显示，在 105 cm-1 处出现了与富碲四面体振动有关的高强度峰值，这表明猝发模式区域的结晶程度优于单脉冲辐照。此外，该拉曼峰随着脉冲能量的增加而发生蓝移，进一步证明猝发模式为成核生长提供了充足的时间。这项工作为实现更可控的结晶提供了启示，可提高其在相变存储器和其他可重构设备中的应用。

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