Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00290
S. Alina
The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex multi-factorial disease associated with obesity (OB), type 1 diabetes (DM1), type 2 diabetes (DM2) and high blood pressure (HBP). The metabolic and nutritional factors, complemented by the interactions between the genome and the environmental conditions mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, and play important role in the genesis of obesity, diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure.1 The purpose of study was to identify the risk of developing MS in patients diagnosed with obesity (OB), DM1, DM2 and high blood pressure (HBP) by using the MDR and Jalview programs, on the basis of clinical, laboratory (biochemical, hematological) and genetic data.
{"title":"The identification of the high risk of metabolic syndrome by applying MDR and Jalview bioinformatics programs","authors":"S. Alina","doi":"10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00290","url":null,"abstract":"The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex multi-factorial disease associated with obesity (OB), type 1 diabetes (DM1), type 2 diabetes (DM2) and high blood pressure (HBP). The metabolic and nutritional factors, complemented by the interactions between the genome and the environmental conditions mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, and play important role in the genesis of obesity, diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure.1 The purpose of study was to identify the risk of developing MS in patients diagnosed with obesity (OB), DM1, DM2 and high blood pressure (HBP) by using the MDR and Jalview programs, on the basis of clinical, laboratory (biochemical, hematological) and genetic data.","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81941591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-11DOI: 10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00288
E. Milaeva, E. A. Nikitin, D. Shpakovsky, A. Pryakhin, T. Antonenko, V. Tyurin, A. A. Kazak, A. Ulyanov, V. Tafeenko, L. Aslanov, L. G. Dubova, E. Lysova, E. Shevtsova
A series of 2,6-di- tert -butylphenols with pyridine moiety and their hydrophilic forms were synthesized and characterized by NMR, IR, X-ray and elemental analysis. The redox properties of compounds were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Chemical oxidation of compounds under investigation leading to relatively stable radicals was studied by EPR. Antioxidant activity was evaluated in model reactions of hydrogen atom abstraction (DPPH-test) and one-electron reduction (CUPRAC-test). It was shown that modified 2,6-di- tert -butylphenols possess radical scavenging activity of prolonged action, achieving its maximum on 20 h time spans. The antioxidant properties in vitro in oxidation of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase , in reaction with superoxide radical-anion generated from xanthine/ xanthine-oxidase enzymatic system, and in induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenates were studied. The study of lipid peroxidation demonstrated high antioxidant activity for both lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds. The “structure-activity” analysis shows that the length of the linker between functional groups and position of substituent in pyridine cycle affects the antioxidant activity. Results of this study open the scopes for the search of novel water-soluble cyto-, neuroprotectors and physiologically active compounds with antioxidant mode of action. on the viability of rat brain cortical neurons in primary culture also did not reveal the significant cytotoxicity of these compounds (data not shown) and these results allow us to propose the future investigations of modified 2,6-di- tert -butylphenols with pyridine moiety as non-toxic antioxidant as cytoprotectors against oxidative stress.
{"title":"Antioxidant activity of modified 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenols with pyridine moiety","authors":"E. Milaeva, E. A. Nikitin, D. Shpakovsky, A. Pryakhin, T. Antonenko, V. Tyurin, A. A. Kazak, A. Ulyanov, V. Tafeenko, L. Aslanov, L. G. Dubova, E. Lysova, E. Shevtsova","doi":"10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00288","url":null,"abstract":"A series of 2,6-di- tert -butylphenols with pyridine moiety and their hydrophilic forms were synthesized and characterized by NMR, IR, X-ray and elemental analysis. The redox properties of compounds were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Chemical oxidation of compounds under investigation leading to relatively stable radicals was studied by EPR. Antioxidant activity was evaluated in model reactions of hydrogen atom abstraction (DPPH-test) and one-electron reduction (CUPRAC-test). It was shown that modified 2,6-di- tert -butylphenols possess radical scavenging activity of prolonged action, achieving its maximum on 20 h time spans. The antioxidant properties in vitro in oxidation of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase , in reaction with superoxide radical-anion generated from xanthine/ xanthine-oxidase enzymatic system, and in induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenates were studied. The study of lipid peroxidation demonstrated high antioxidant activity for both lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds. The “structure-activity” analysis shows that the length of the linker between functional groups and position of substituent in pyridine cycle affects the antioxidant activity. Results of this study open the scopes for the search of novel water-soluble cyto-, neuroprotectors and physiologically active compounds with antioxidant mode of action. on the viability of rat brain cortical neurons in primary culture also did not reveal the significant cytotoxicity of these compounds (data not shown) and these results allow us to propose the future investigations of modified 2,6-di- tert -butylphenols with pyridine moiety as non-toxic antioxidant as cytoprotectors against oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"61 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87733181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-04DOI: 10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00287
G. Fetene, S. Ambachew, Alebachew Fasil, Molla Abebe
Background : Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as the most widely recognized incessant liver problem. It is accepted to be the hepatic segment of the metabolic disorder. Numerous treatment approaches have been proposed, the most encouraging of which are those with way of life interventions. This preclinical review was performed due to lack of articles on human subject during the literature search. This systematic review will help to explore basic concepts about the mechanisms by which garlic supplementation suppresses NAFLD. Objective : The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the therapeutic importance of garlic supplementation in NAFLD. Methods : The PUBMED, Cochrane central library and Google Scholar were searched. The search items were limited to only randomize controlled preclinical trials with English language irrespective of species, age, gender and time. In vitro and human studies were excluded. Key outcomes were a change in serum transaminase, body weight and liver histochemistry. Results : Initial searching retrieved 13,341 peer-reviewed articles and abstracts. Eight studies met all inclusion criteria. The review included a total of 361 animal models. Following delivery of garlic extracts, a decrease in serum transaminases, a reduction of high fat diet induced hepatic lipid and body weight was observed. Additional outcomes like a reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers and an enhancement of antioxidative enzymes were seen in some of the studies. Conclusion : The decrease in a key biochemical marker of liver damage following treatment with garlic extracts, as well as improvements in liver histochemistry, suggests that these agents may be effective alternatives for managing NAFLD. of and/or tissue decrement of lipolysis markers. of lipogenic SREBP1c FAS in HFD SREBP1c upregulated by activating cholesterol synthesis and FAS) TG synthesis(glycerophosphate acyl SREBP1c downregulated lipolysis markers, of CPT-1and
{"title":"Therapeutic importance of garlic supplementation in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review of preclinical studies","authors":"G. Fetene, S. Ambachew, Alebachew Fasil, Molla Abebe","doi":"10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00287","url":null,"abstract":"Background : Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as the most widely recognized incessant liver problem. It is accepted to be the hepatic segment of the metabolic disorder. Numerous treatment approaches have been proposed, the most encouraging of which are those with way of life interventions. This preclinical review was performed due to lack of articles on human subject during the literature search. This systematic review will help to explore basic concepts about the mechanisms by which garlic supplementation suppresses NAFLD. Objective : The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the therapeutic importance of garlic supplementation in NAFLD. Methods : The PUBMED, Cochrane central library and Google Scholar were searched. The search items were limited to only randomize controlled preclinical trials with English language irrespective of species, age, gender and time. In vitro and human studies were excluded. Key outcomes were a change in serum transaminase, body weight and liver histochemistry. Results : Initial searching retrieved 13,341 peer-reviewed articles and abstracts. Eight studies met all inclusion criteria. The review included a total of 361 animal models. Following delivery of garlic extracts, a decrease in serum transaminases, a reduction of high fat diet induced hepatic lipid and body weight was observed. Additional outcomes like a reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers and an enhancement of antioxidative enzymes were seen in some of the studies. Conclusion : The decrease in a key biochemical marker of liver damage following treatment with garlic extracts, as well as improvements in liver histochemistry, suggests that these agents may be effective alternatives for managing NAFLD. of and/or tissue decrement of lipolysis markers. of lipogenic SREBP1c FAS in HFD SREBP1c upregulated by activating cholesterol synthesis and FAS) TG synthesis(glycerophosphate acyl SREBP1c downregulated lipolysis markers, of CPT-1and","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84893185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-27DOI: 10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00286
Manjula Sn, B. Salma, Muthukumar Sp, S Avinasha
{"title":"Review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Cassia auriculata","authors":"Manjula Sn, B. Salma, Muthukumar Sp, S Avinasha","doi":"10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00286","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"246 1","pages":"106-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73513325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-24DOI: 10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00285
S. Rahaman, S. Mondal
There are many biological resources in nature that are essential in relation to health care. Due to their flexible health benefits documented in various epidemiological studies, there has been increasing interest in research on flavonoids from plant sources. Since flavonoids are directly related to human dietary ingredients and health, structure and function relationships need to be evaluated. Flavonoids bioavailability, metabolism, and biological activity depends on the composition, total number of hydroxyl groups, and functional group substitution regarding their nuclear structure. Fruits and vegetables, together with tea and wine, are the primary dietary sources of flavonoids for humans. This review article primarily focusses on demarcating the importance of flavonoids which shows many pharmacological actions by acting as anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-hypertensive and anti-cholinesterase agents. These flavonoids had shown positive results in treatment of pregnancy induced disorders. We also tried to discuss few studies which proves the efficiency of flavonoids to treat COVID-19. They had also been proved to show greater potential in treatment of Neurodegenerative diseases. Nanomedicine also has a greater part to play in near future as it helps flavonoids show effective targeted drug delivery. acute and short-term action, flavonoids improve endothelial functions. 54-57 Improving endothelial dependent and nitric oxide dependent vasodilation has been suggested as one of the possible mechanisms for involving flavonoids in endothelial and vascular function. The endothelial function change may also lead to lower blood pressure.
{"title":"Flavonoids: A vital resource in healthcare and medicine","authors":"S. Rahaman, S. Mondal","doi":"10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00285","url":null,"abstract":"There are many biological resources in nature that are essential in relation to health care. Due to their flexible health benefits documented in various epidemiological studies, there has been increasing interest in research on flavonoids from plant sources. Since flavonoids are directly related to human dietary ingredients and health, structure and function relationships need to be evaluated. Flavonoids bioavailability, metabolism, and biological activity depends on the composition, total number of hydroxyl groups, and functional group substitution regarding their nuclear structure. Fruits and vegetables, together with tea and wine, are the primary dietary sources of flavonoids for humans. This review article primarily focusses on demarcating the importance of flavonoids which shows many pharmacological actions by acting as anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-hypertensive and anti-cholinesterase agents. These flavonoids had shown positive results in treatment of pregnancy induced disorders. We also tried to discuss few studies which proves the efficiency of flavonoids to treat COVID-19. They had also been proved to show greater potential in treatment of Neurodegenerative diseases. Nanomedicine also has a greater part to play in near future as it helps flavonoids show effective targeted drug delivery. acute and short-term action, flavonoids improve endothelial functions. 54-57 Improving endothelial dependent and nitric oxide dependent vasodilation has been suggested as one of the possible mechanisms for involving flavonoids in endothelial and vascular function. The endothelial function change may also lead to lower blood pressure.","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85040794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-15DOI: 10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00284
Y. Kato, H. Bando, Sayuri Matsuzaki, S. Waka
The authors and colleagues have been involved in Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), especially including diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis. Some topics are described as possible therapy for CKD. (i) Metformin has inhibitory effect on cardiovascular events, and has an evidence for safe administration in mild to moderate renal impairment. (ii) Canagliflozin reduced moderately cardiovascular and renal outcomes across the primary and secondary prevention groups, from mega studies of CANVAS and CREDENCE. (iii) erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) has been effective for improving anemia in HD for years. Some hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) seems to be applied for clinical practice soon.
{"title":"Current topics of possible pharmacotherapy for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes","authors":"Y. Kato, H. Bando, Sayuri Matsuzaki, S. Waka","doi":"10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00284","url":null,"abstract":"The authors and colleagues have been involved in Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), especially including diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis. Some topics are described as possible therapy for CKD. (i) Metformin has inhibitory effect on cardiovascular events, and has an evidence for safe administration in mild to moderate renal impairment. (ii) Canagliflozin reduced moderately cardiovascular and renal outcomes across the primary and secondary prevention groups, from mega studies of CANVAS and CREDENCE. (iii) erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) has been effective for improving anemia in HD for years. Some hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) seems to be applied for clinical practice soon.","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74812799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-06DOI: 10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00283
P. Lutgen, Jérôme Munyangi, Michel Idumbo, Bavon W. Mupenda
Results registered for five cases in the province of Maniema, RDCongo document for the first time on a scientific and medical basis the antidiabetic effect of Artemisia herbal tea. This happened in the context of large scale clinical trials with Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra herbal tea, trials which successfully documented the efficacy of these plants against malaria and schistosomiasis, as well as other beneficial health effects.
{"title":"Five case reports on treatment of diabetes by Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra herbal tea","authors":"P. Lutgen, Jérôme Munyangi, Michel Idumbo, Bavon W. Mupenda","doi":"10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00283","url":null,"abstract":"Results registered for five cases in the province of Maniema, RDCongo document for the first time on a scientific and medical basis the antidiabetic effect of Artemisia herbal tea. This happened in the context of large scale clinical trials with Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra herbal tea, trials which successfully documented the efficacy of these plants against malaria and schistosomiasis, as well as other beneficial health effects.","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80178484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-19DOI: 10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00282
Mayara de Azeredo Rezende
Abbreviations: WHO, world health organization; PHC, primary health care; MP, medicinal plants; HM, herbal medicines; UHS, unified health system; NPICP, national policy for integrative and complementary practices; ÑPMPHM, national policy for medicinal plants and herbal medicines; ANVISA, national health surveillance agency; RCB, resolution of the collegiate board; MPBP, phytotherapeutic memento of the Brazilian pharmacopeia; THP, traditional herbal product; TM, traditional medicine; CFO, federal council of dentistry; CFF, federal council of pharmacist; CFN, federal council of nutrition; COFFITO, federal council of physiotherapist; COFEN, federal council of nurse
{"title":"An update in regulatory of the Brazilian herbal medicines and medicinal plants professional prescribers","authors":"Mayara de Azeredo Rezende","doi":"10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2020.08.00282","url":null,"abstract":"Abbreviations: WHO, world health organization; PHC, primary health care; MP, medicinal plants; HM, herbal medicines; UHS, unified health system; NPICP, national policy for integrative and complementary practices; ÑPMPHM, national policy for medicinal plants and herbal medicines; ANVISA, national health surveillance agency; RCB, resolution of the collegiate board; MPBP, phytotherapeutic memento of the Brazilian pharmacopeia; THP, traditional herbal product; TM, traditional medicine; CFO, federal council of dentistry; CFF, federal council of pharmacist; CFN, federal council of nutrition; COFFITO, federal council of physiotherapist; COFEN, federal council of nurse","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82668660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-18DOI: 10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00281
B. Tangiisuran, Abhirami Kalaithasan, Sok Cin Tye, F. Aziz
The study assesses the prevalence, factors associated with stress and the coping strategies among undergraduate pharmacy students in students in a Malaysian university. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 345 undergraduate pharmacy students over a period of two weeks. Stress was assessed using the previously validated Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). A questionnaire consisting of 34 items was used to assess the stress factors and coping strategies. The prevalence of stress among undergraduate pharmacy students was relatively high (62.3%), especially among the first- and third-year students. Pressure to maintain good grades, continuous assessments, lecturers’ teaching approaches, high number of subjects and credit hours, timetable/study schedule, extracurricular activities, financial problem, lack of leisure time, family and peer related problems, homesickness, difficulty in time management, sleep deprivation, lack of physical exercise, unhealthy eating pattern, accommodation or transport problem, feeling lonely and excess gadget usage were the factors found to be significantly associated with stress. Meditation, yoga or taichi, and emotional eating were among the common stress coping strategies. Almost two-third of the pharmacy students were categorised as stress which were mainly contributed by continuous assessments and examinations. Effective time management with a balance between academic and regular exercise reported as coping strategies.
{"title":"Prevalence, factors associated and coping strategies of stress among pharmacy students in a public university in Malaysia","authors":"B. Tangiisuran, Abhirami Kalaithasan, Sok Cin Tye, F. Aziz","doi":"10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/PPIJ.2020.08.00281","url":null,"abstract":"The study assesses the prevalence, factors associated with stress and the coping strategies among undergraduate pharmacy students in students in a Malaysian university. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 345 undergraduate pharmacy students over a period of two weeks. Stress was assessed using the previously validated Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). A questionnaire consisting of 34 items was used to assess the stress factors and coping strategies. The prevalence of stress among undergraduate pharmacy students was relatively high (62.3%), especially among the first- and third-year students. Pressure to maintain good grades, continuous assessments, lecturers’ teaching approaches, high number of subjects and credit hours, timetable/study schedule, extracurricular activities, financial problem, lack of leisure time, family and peer related problems, homesickness, difficulty in time management, sleep deprivation, lack of physical exercise, unhealthy eating pattern, accommodation or transport problem, feeling lonely and excess gadget usage were the factors found to be significantly associated with stress. Meditation, yoga or taichi, and emotional eating were among the common stress coping strategies. Almost two-third of the pharmacy students were categorised as stress which were mainly contributed by continuous assessments and examinations. Effective time management with a balance between academic and regular exercise reported as coping strategies.","PeriodicalId":19839,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86112904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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