Fatemeh Gholizadeh, Sylva Prerostová, Magda Pál, Kinga Benczúr, Kamirán Á. Hamow, Imre Majláth, József Kun, Attila Gyenesei, Péter Urbán, Gabriella Szalai, Radomíra Vanková, Tibor Janda
The main aim of this work was to better understand how the low temperature signal from the leaves may affect the stress responses in the roots, and how the light conditions modify certain stress acclimation processes in rice plants. Rice plants grown at 27°C were exposed to low temperatures (12°C) with different light intensities, and in the case of some groups of plants, only the leaves received the cold, while the roots remained at control temperature. RNA sequencing focusing on the roots of plants grown under normal growth light conditions found 525 differentially expressed genes in different comparisons. Exposure to low temperature led to more down‐regulated than up‐regulated genes. Comparison between roots of the leaf‐stressed plants and whole cold‐treated or control plants revealed that nitrogen metabolism and nitric oxide‐related signalling, as well as the phenylpropanoid‐related processes, were specifically affected. Real‐time PCR results focusing on the COLD1 and polyamine oxidase genes, as well as metabolomics targeting hormonal changes and phenolic compounds also showed that not only cold exposure of the leaves, either alone or together with the roots, but also the light conditions may influence certain stress responses in the roots of rice plants.
{"title":"Elucidating light and temperature‐dependent signalling pathways from shoot to root in rice plants: Implications for stress responses","authors":"Fatemeh Gholizadeh, Sylva Prerostová, Magda Pál, Kinga Benczúr, Kamirán Á. Hamow, Imre Majláth, József Kun, Attila Gyenesei, Péter Urbán, Gabriella Szalai, Radomíra Vanková, Tibor Janda","doi":"10.1111/ppl.14541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.14541","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this work was to better understand how the low temperature signal from the leaves may affect the stress responses in the roots, and how the light conditions modify certain stress acclimation processes in rice plants. Rice plants grown at 27°C were exposed to low temperatures (12°C) with different light intensities, and in the case of some groups of plants, only the leaves received the cold, while the roots remained at control temperature. RNA sequencing focusing on the roots of plants grown under normal growth light conditions found 525 differentially expressed genes in different comparisons. Exposure to low temperature led to more down‐regulated than up‐regulated genes. Comparison between roots of the leaf‐stressed plants and whole cold‐treated or control plants revealed that nitrogen metabolism and nitric oxide‐related signalling, as well as the phenylpropanoid‐related processes, were specifically affected. Real‐time PCR results focusing on the <jats:italic>COLD1</jats:italic> and polyamine oxidase genes, as well as metabolomics targeting hormonal changes and phenolic compounds also showed that not only cold exposure of the leaves, either alone or together with the roots, but also the light conditions may influence certain stress responses in the roots of rice plants.","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaistul Islam, Firoz Mohammad, Adnan Shakeel, Francisco J. Corpas
Salt stress is a prevalent environmental issue that disrupts the redox balance and metabolic processes in plants, leading to reduced crop growth and productivity. Currently, over 6.74 million hectares in India are salt‐affected, and about 75% of this land lies in states that are the major cultivators of edible oilseed crops (rapeseed‐mustard). Therefore, this study focused on the efficacy of glycine betaine (GB) supplementation in mitigating the detrimental effects of salt stress in Brassica juncea L. (Indian mustard) plants. Indian mustard plants were subjected to salt stress [0, 50, 100, and 150 mM sodium chloride] 20 days after sowing (DAS), while a foliar spray of 20 mM GB was applied to the foliage at 50 and 70 DAS. The data showed that salt stress substantially reduced growth, photosynthetic rate, membrane stability, and yield by significantly increasing lipid peroxidation, ion toxicity, cell death, electrolyte leakage, and reactive oxygen species accumulation that triggered oxidative stress. Supplementation with 20 mM GB provided tolerance to plants against salt‐induced toxicity since it substantially increased growth, biomass, water content, nutrient uptake, and photosynthetic efficiency. Additionally, GB enhances the accumulation of osmolytes, enhances the antioxidant defence system, improves ionic balance, and enhances cell viability. Taken together, the obtained data provides deeper insights into the beneficial effect of the exogenous GB application that could have biotechnological uses to enhance crop stress tolerance in challenging environments.
{"title":"Glycine betaine: A multifaceted protectant against salt stress in Indian mustard through ionic homeostasis, ROS scavenging and osmotic regulation","authors":"Shaistul Islam, Firoz Mohammad, Adnan Shakeel, Francisco J. Corpas","doi":"10.1111/ppl.14530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.14530","url":null,"abstract":"Salt stress is a prevalent environmental issue that disrupts the redox balance and metabolic processes in plants, leading to reduced crop growth and productivity. Currently, over 6.74 million hectares in India are salt‐affected, and about 75% of this land lies in states that are the major cultivators of edible oilseed crops (rapeseed‐mustard). Therefore, this study focused on the efficacy of glycine betaine (GB) supplementation in mitigating the detrimental effects of salt stress in <jats:italic>Brassica juncea</jats:italic> L. (Indian mustard) plants. Indian mustard plants were subjected to salt stress [0, 50, 100, and 150 mM sodium chloride] 20 days after sowing (DAS), while a foliar spray of 20 mM GB was applied to the foliage at 50 and 70 DAS. The data showed that salt stress substantially reduced growth, photosynthetic rate, membrane stability, and yield by significantly increasing lipid peroxidation, ion toxicity, cell death, electrolyte leakage, and reactive oxygen species accumulation that triggered oxidative stress. Supplementation with 20 mM GB provided tolerance to plants against salt‐induced toxicity since it substantially increased growth, biomass, water content, nutrient uptake, and photosynthetic efficiency. Additionally, GB enhances the accumulation of osmolytes, enhances the antioxidant defence system, improves ionic balance, and enhances cell viability. Taken together, the obtained data provides deeper insights into the beneficial effect of the exogenous GB application that could have biotechnological uses to enhance crop stress tolerance in challenging environments.","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pedro Nadais, Bruno Sousa, Maria Martins, Cláudia Pereira, Ana Marta Pereira, Fernanda Fidalgo, Cristiano Soares
Glyphosate (GLY), the most widely used herbicide, has been regarded as an emergent environmental contaminant due to its constant and cumulative use, with potential harm to non‐target organisms, such as crops, disrupting cells' redox balance. Therefore, plants need to fine‐tune their antioxidant (AOX) mechanisms to thrive under GLY‐contaminated environments. Proline overaccumulation is a common response in plants exposed to GLY, yet its role in GLY‐induced toxicity remains unclear. Thus, this study explores whether Pro overaccumulation in response to GLY is perceived as a downstream tolerance mechanism or an early‐warning stress signal. To investigate this, Arabidopsis thaliana T‐DNA mutant lines for Pro biosynthetic (P5CS1) and catabolic genes (ProDH) were used and screened for their GLY susceptibility. Upon seedlings' exposure to GLY (0.75 mg L−1) for 14 days, the herbicide led to reduced biomass in all genotypes, accompanied by Pro overaccumulation. Mutants with heightened Pro levels (prodh) exhibited the greatest biomass reduction, increased lipid peroxidation (LP), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, accompanied by a compromised performance of the AOX system. Conversely, p5cs1–4, mutants with lower Pro levels, demonstrated an enhanced AOX system activation, not only with increased levels of glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (AsA), but also with increased activity of both ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT). These findings suggest that Pro overaccumulation under GLY exposure is associated with stress sensitivity rather than tolerance, highlighting its potential as an early‐warning signal for GLY toxicity in non‐target plants and for detecting weed resistance.
{"title":"Unravelling the role of proline in glyphosate‐mediated toxicity – tolerance mechanism or stress signal?","authors":"Pedro Nadais, Bruno Sousa, Maria Martins, Cláudia Pereira, Ana Marta Pereira, Fernanda Fidalgo, Cristiano Soares","doi":"10.1111/ppl.14532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.14532","url":null,"abstract":"Glyphosate (GLY), the most widely used herbicide, has been regarded as an emergent environmental contaminant due to its constant and cumulative use, with potential harm to non‐target organisms, such as crops, disrupting cells' redox balance. Therefore, plants need to fine‐tune their antioxidant (AOX) mechanisms to thrive under GLY‐contaminated environments. Proline overaccumulation is a common response in plants exposed to GLY, yet its role in GLY‐induced toxicity remains unclear. Thus, this study explores whether Pro overaccumulation in response to GLY is perceived as a downstream tolerance mechanism or an early‐warning stress signal. To investigate this, <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</jats:italic> T‐DNA mutant lines for Pro biosynthetic (<jats:italic>P5CS1</jats:italic>) and catabolic genes (<jats:italic>ProDH</jats:italic>) were used and screened for their GLY susceptibility. Upon seedlings' exposure to GLY (0.75 mg L<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) for 14 days, the herbicide led to reduced biomass in all genotypes, accompanied by Pro overaccumulation. Mutants with heightened Pro levels (<jats:italic>prodh</jats:italic>) exhibited the greatest biomass reduction, increased lipid peroxidation (LP), and hydrogen peroxide (H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) levels, accompanied by a compromised performance of the AOX system. Conversely, <jats:italic>p5cs1–4</jats:italic>, mutants with lower Pro levels, demonstrated an enhanced AOX system activation, not only with increased levels of glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (AsA), but also with increased activity of both ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT). These findings suggest that Pro overaccumulation under GLY exposure is associated with stress sensitivity rather than tolerance, highlighting its potential as an early‐warning signal for GLY toxicity in non‐target plants and for detecting weed resistance.","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement is a quick and efficient tool for plant stress‐level detection. The use of Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), allows the detection of the plant stress level under field conditions. Over the years, several parameters estimating different parts of the chlorophyll and photosystem response were developed to describe the plant stress level. Despite all fluorescence parameters being based on the same measurements, their relationship remains unclear, and their response to drought stress is significantly influenced by the incoming light intensity. In this study, we use six different annual plants from different families, both C3 and C4 photosynthesis types, to describe the plant response to drought through the fluorescence parameters response (NPQ, Y(NPQ), and qN). To describe the dynamic response to drought, we employed light‐response curves, adapting and fitting an equation for each curve to compare the drought response for each fluorescence parameter. The results demonstrated that the non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the quantum yield of non‐photochemical quenching [Y(NPQ)] maximal values decrease when the PSII functionality (Fv/Fm) is lower than ~0.7. The basal fluorescence level ( and remained unaffected by the stress level and stayed stable across the various plants and stress levels. Our results indicate that the response of different stress parameters follows a distinct order under continuous drought. Consequently, monitoring just one parameter during long‐term stress assessments may result in biased analysis outcomes. Incorporating multiple chlorophyll fluorescence parameters offers a more accurate reflection of the plant's stress level.
{"title":"Dynamic responses of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to drought across diverse plant families","authors":"Yotam Zait, Or Emma Shemer, Amnon Cochavi","doi":"10.1111/ppl.14527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.14527","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement is a quick and efficient tool for plant stress‐level detection. The use of Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), allows the detection of the plant stress level under field conditions. Over the years, several parameters estimating different parts of the chlorophyll and photosystem response were developed to describe the plant stress level. Despite all fluorescence parameters being based on the same measurements, their relationship remains unclear, and their response to drought stress is significantly influenced by the incoming light intensity. In this study, we use six different annual plants from different families, both C3 and C4 photosynthesis types, to describe the plant response to drought through the fluorescence parameters response (NPQ, Y(NPQ), and qN). To describe the dynamic response to drought, we employed light‐response curves, adapting and fitting an equation for each curve to compare the drought response for each fluorescence parameter. The results demonstrated that the non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the quantum yield of non‐photochemical quenching [Y(NPQ)] maximal values decrease when the PSII functionality (F<jats:sub>v</jats:sub>/F<jats:sub>m</jats:sub>) is lower than ~0.7. The basal fluorescence level ( and remained unaffected by the stress level and stayed stable across the various plants and stress levels. Our results indicate that the response of different stress parameters follows a distinct order under continuous drought. Consequently, monitoring just one parameter during long‐term stress assessments may result in biased analysis outcomes. Incorporating multiple chlorophyll fluorescence parameters offers a more accurate reflection of the plant's stress level.","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our study attempts to address the following questions: among numerous photosynthetic modules, which parameters notably influence the rapid chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) rise, the so‐called O‐J‐I‐P transient, in conjunction with the P515 signal, as these two records are easily obtained and widely used in photosynthesis research, and how are these parameters ranked in terms of their importance? These questions might be difficult to answer solely through experimental assays. Therefore, we employed an established photosynthesis model. Firstly, we utilized the model to simulate the measured rapid ChlF rise and P515 kinetics simultaneously. Secondly, we employed the sensitivity analysis (SA) tool by randomly altering model parameters to observe their effects on model output variables. Thirdly, we systematically identified significant parameters for both or one of the kinetics across various scenarios.A novel aspect of our study is the application of the Morris method, a global SA tool, to simultaneously assess the significance of model parameters in shaping both or one of the kinetics. The Morris SA technique enables the quantification of how much a specific parameter affects O‐J‐I‐P transient during particular time intervals (e.g., J, I, and P steps). This allowed us to theoretically analyze which step is more significantly influenced by the parameter.In summary, our study contributes to the field by providing a comprehensive analysis of photosynthesis kinetics and emphasizing the importance of parameter selection in modelling this process. These findings can inform future research efforts aimed at improving photosynthesis models and advancing our understanding of photosynthetic processes.
我们的研究试图解决以下问题：在众多光合作用模块中，哪些参数会显著影响叶绿素荧光（ChlF）的快速上升，即所谓的 O-J-I-P 瞬态，以及 P515 信号，因为这两种记录很容易获得，并广泛应用于光合作用研究；这些参数的重要性如何排序？这些问题仅靠实验测定可能难以回答。因此，我们采用了一个成熟的光合作用模型。首先，我们利用该模型同时模拟了测量到的 ChlF 快速上升和 P515 动力学。其次，我们使用了敏感性分析（SA）工具，随机改变模型参数，观察它们对模型输出变量的影响。我们这项研究的一个新颖之处在于应用了莫里斯方法（一种全局性的敏感性分析工具）来同时评估模型参数在塑造两种或一种动力学过程中的重要性。Morris SA 技术可以量化特定参数在特定时间间隔（如 J、I 和 P 步骤）内对 O-J-I-P 瞬态的影响程度。总之，我们的研究对光合作用动力学进行了全面分析，并强调了参数选择在模拟这一过程中的重要性，从而为该领域做出了贡献。这些发现可以为今后的研究工作提供参考，从而改进光合作用模型，加深我们对光合作用过程的理解。
{"title":"Assessing key parameters in simultaneous simulation of rapid kinetics of chlorophyll a fluorescence and trans‐thylakoid electric potential difference","authors":"Hui Lyu, Dušan Lazár","doi":"10.1111/ppl.14517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.14517","url":null,"abstract":"Our study attempts to address the following questions: among numerous photosynthetic modules, which parameters notably influence the rapid chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) rise, the so‐called O‐J‐I‐P transient, in conjunction with the P515 signal, as these two records are easily obtained and widely used in photosynthesis research, and how are these parameters ranked in terms of their importance? These questions might be difficult to answer solely through experimental assays. Therefore, we employed an established photosynthesis model. Firstly, we utilized the model to simulate the measured rapid ChlF rise and P515 kinetics simultaneously. Secondly, we employed the sensitivity analysis (SA) tool by randomly altering model parameters to observe their effects on model output variables. Thirdly, we systematically identified significant parameters for both or one of the kinetics across various scenarios.A novel aspect of our study is the application of the Morris method, a global SA tool, to simultaneously assess the significance of model parameters in shaping both or one of the kinetics. The Morris SA technique enables the quantification of how much a specific parameter affects O‐J‐I‐P transient during particular time intervals (e.g., J, I, and P steps). This allowed us to theoretically analyze which step is more significantly influenced by the parameter.In summary, our study contributes to the field by providing a comprehensive analysis of photosynthesis kinetics and emphasizing the importance of parameter selection in modelling this process. These findings can inform future research efforts aimed at improving photosynthesis models and advancing our understanding of photosynthetic processes.","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nga Nguyen, Ulrich Bergmann, Laura Jaakola, Hely Häggman, Soile Jokipii‐Lukkari, Katalin Toth
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is a wild berry species that is prevalent in northern Europe. It is renowned and well‐documented for its nutritional and bioactive properties, especially due to its anthocyanin content. However, an overview of biological systems governing changes in other crucial quality traits, such as size, firmness, and flavours, has received less attention. In the present study, we investigated detailed metabolomic and proteomic profiles at four different ripening stages of bilberry to provide a comprehensive understanding of overall quality during fruit ripening. By integrating omics datasets, we revealed a novel global regulatory network of plant hormones and physiological processes occurring during bilberry ripening. Key physiological processes, such as energy and primary metabolism, strongly correlate with elevated levels of gibberellic acids, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid in unripe fruits. In contrast, as the fruit ripened, processes including flavour formation, cell wall modification, seed storage, and secondary metabolism became more prominent, and these were associated with increased abscisic acid levels. An indication of the increase in ethylene biosynthesis was detected during bilberry development, raising questions about the classification of non‐climacteric and climacteric fruits. Our findings extend the current knowledge on the physiological and biochemical processes occurring during fruit ripening, which can serve as a baseline for studies on both wild and commercially grown berry species. Furthermore, our data may facilitate the optimization of storage conditions and breeding programs, as well as the future exploration of beneficial compounds in berries for new applications in food, cosmetics, and medicines.
{"title":"Bilberry metabolomic and proteomic profiling during fruit ripening reveals key dynamics affecting fruit quality","authors":"Nga Nguyen, Ulrich Bergmann, Laura Jaakola, Hely Häggman, Soile Jokipii‐Lukkari, Katalin Toth","doi":"10.1111/ppl.14534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.14534","url":null,"abstract":"Bilberry (<jats:italic>Vaccinium myrtillus</jats:italic> L.) is a wild berry species that is prevalent in northern Europe. It is renowned and well‐documented for its nutritional and bioactive properties, especially due to its anthocyanin content. However, an overview of biological systems governing changes in other crucial quality traits, such as size, firmness, and flavours, has received less attention. In the present study, we investigated detailed metabolomic and proteomic profiles at four different ripening stages of bilberry to provide a comprehensive understanding of overall quality during fruit ripening. By integrating omics datasets, we revealed a novel global regulatory network of plant hormones and physiological processes occurring during bilberry ripening. Key physiological processes, such as energy and primary metabolism, strongly correlate with elevated levels of gibberellic acids, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid in unripe fruits. In contrast, as the fruit ripened, processes including flavour formation, cell wall modification, seed storage, and secondary metabolism became more prominent, and these were associated with increased abscisic acid levels. An indication of the increase in ethylene biosynthesis was detected during bilberry development, raising questions about the classification of non‐climacteric and climacteric fruits. Our findings extend the current knowledge on the physiological and biochemical processes occurring during fruit ripening, which can serve as a baseline for studies on both wild and commercially grown berry species. Furthermore, our data may facilitate the optimization of storage conditions and breeding programs, as well as the future exploration of beneficial compounds in berries for new applications in food, cosmetics, and medicines.","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grain size and shape are critical agronomic traits that directly impact rice grain yield. Identifying genes that control these traits can provide new strategies for yield improvement. In this study, we characterized a rice mutant, reduced grain length (rgl), which exhibited decreased grain length due to reduced cell proliferation. Map‐based cloning identified a base deletion in OsRGL2, a gene encoding a keratin‐associated protein (KAP), as the cause of the mutant phenotype. CRISPR‐Cas9‐generated OsRGL2 knockout mutants also displayed reduced grain length, confirming its role. OsRGL2 transcripts were detected in various tissues, with relative higher gene expression in young panicles, and OsRGL2 was localized to the plasma membrane. Overexpression of OsRGL2 increased grain size by promoting cell proliferation in the spikelet hull and significantly enhanced grain yield per plant. Importantly, OsRGL2 was found to interact with RGB1, indicating that OsRGL2 positively regulates grain size and yield through its interaction with RGB1. Additionally, OsRGL2 regulated the expression of cell cycle‐related genes, further elucidating its role in grain development. These findings demonstrate that OsRGL2 is a positive regulator of grain size in rice, and manipulating its expression may offer a novel strategy for enhancing rice grain yield.
{"title":"Mutation of KAP, which encodes a keratin‐associated protein, affects grain size and yield production in rice","authors":"Chunpeng Chen, Weimin Cheng, Hongrui Jiang, Cheng Fang, Wenhao Li, Lingling Peng, Liangzhi Tao, Yue Zhan, Yuejin Wu, Xianzhong Huang, Binmei Liu, Yafeng Ye","doi":"10.1111/ppl.14528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.14528","url":null,"abstract":"Grain size and shape are critical agronomic traits that directly impact rice grain yield. Identifying genes that control these traits can provide new strategies for yield improvement. In this study, we characterized a rice mutant, reduced grain length (<jats:italic>rgl</jats:italic>), which exhibited decreased grain length due to reduced cell proliferation. Map‐based cloning identified a base deletion in <jats:italic>OsRGL2</jats:italic>, a gene encoding a keratin‐associated protein (KAP), as the cause of the mutant phenotype. CRISPR‐Cas9‐generated <jats:italic>OsRGL2</jats:italic> knockout mutants also displayed reduced grain length, confirming its role. <jats:italic>OsRGL2</jats:italic> transcripts were detected in various tissues, with relative higher gene expression in young panicles, and OsRGL2 was localized to the plasma membrane. Overexpression of <jats:italic>OsRGL2</jats:italic> increased grain size by promoting cell proliferation in the spikelet hull and significantly enhanced grain yield per plant. Importantly, OsRGL2 was found to interact with RGB1, indicating that OsRGL2 positively regulates grain size and yield through its interaction with RGB1. Additionally, OsRGL2 regulated the expression of cell cycle‐related genes, further elucidating its role in grain development. These findings demonstrate that OsRGL2 is a positive regulator of grain size in rice, and manipulating its expression may offer a novel strategy for enhancing rice grain yield.","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water‐saving and drought‐resistant rice (WDR) coupled with alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWDI) possesses a high photosynthetic potential due to higher mesophyll conductance (gm) under drought conditions. However, the physiological and structural contributions to the gm of leaves and their mechanisms in WDR under AWDI are still unclear. In this study, WDR (Hanyou 73) and drought‐sensitive rice (Huiliangyou 898) were selected as materials. Three irrigation patterns were established from transplanting to the heading stage, including conventional flooding irrigation (W1), moderate AWDI (W2), and severe AWDI (W3). A severe drought with a soil water potential of −50 kPa was applied for a week at the heading stage across all treatments and cultivars. The results revealed that severe drought reduced gas exchange parameters and gm but enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde content in the three treatments and both cultivars. The maximal photosynthetic rate (Amax) of HY73 in the W2 treatment was greater than that in the other combinations of cultivars and irrigation patterns. The contribution of leaf structure (54%) to gm (gm‐S, structural gm) was higher than that of leaf physiology (46%) to gm (gm‐P, physiological gm) in the W2 treatment of Hanyou 73. Additionally, gm‐S was significantly and linearly positively correlated with gm under severe drought. Moreover, both the initial and apparent quantum efficiencies were significantly and positively with gm in rice plants (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the improvements in photosynthesis and yield in the WDR combined with moderate AWDI can mainly be attributed to the enhancement of gm‐S under severe drought conditions. Quantum efficiency may be a potential factor in regulating photosynthesis by cooperating with the gm of rice plants under severe drought conditions.
{"title":"Moderate alternate wetting and drying irrigation enhances drought‐resistance abilities by improving structural mesophyll conductance of water‐saving and drought‐resistant rice under severe drought","authors":"Quan Wang, Hao Wang, Qiuju Liu, Tiezhong Zhu, Haocong Xu, Haojie Ren, Ru Yang, Liquan Wu, Qiangqiang Zhang, Jian Ke, Cuicui You, Haibing He","doi":"10.1111/ppl.14518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.14518","url":null,"abstract":"Water‐saving and drought‐resistant rice (WDR) coupled with alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWDI) possesses a high photosynthetic potential due to higher mesophyll conductance (<jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub>) under drought conditions. However, the physiological and structural contributions to the <jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub> of leaves and their mechanisms in WDR under AWDI are still unclear. In this study, WDR (Hanyou 73) and drought‐sensitive rice (Huiliangyou 898) were selected as materials. Three irrigation patterns were established from transplanting to the heading stage, including conventional flooding irrigation (W1), moderate AWDI (W2), and severe AWDI (W3). A severe drought with a soil water potential of −50 kPa was applied for a week at the heading stage across all treatments and cultivars. The results revealed that severe drought reduced gas exchange parameters and <jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub> but enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde content in the three treatments and both cultivars. The maximal photosynthetic rate (<jats:italic>A</jats:italic><jats:sub>max</jats:sub>) of HY73 in the W2 treatment was greater than that in the other combinations of cultivars and irrigation patterns. The contribution of leaf structure (54%) to <jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub> (<jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub>‐S, structural <jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub>) was higher than that of leaf physiology (46%) to <jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub> (<jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub>‐P, physiological <jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub>) in the W2 treatment of Hanyou 73. Additionally, <jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub>‐S was significantly and linearly positively correlated with <jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub> under severe drought. Moreover, both the initial and apparent quantum efficiencies were significantly and positively with <jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub> in rice plants (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.05). These results suggest that the improvements in photosynthesis and yield in the WDR combined with moderate AWDI can mainly be attributed to the enhancement of <jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub>‐S under severe drought conditions. Quantum efficiency may be a potential factor in regulating photosynthesis by cooperating with the <jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>m</jats:sub> of rice plants under severe drought conditions.","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flowering, the change from vegetative development to the reproductive phase, represents a crucial and intricate stage in the life cycle of plants, which is tightly controlled by both internal and external factors. In this study, we investigated the effect of Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE) on the flowering time of Arabidopsis. We found that a 0.1% concentration of ANE induced flowering in Arabidopsis, accompanied by the upregulation of key flowering time genes: FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T), SOC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1), and LFY (LEAFY). Further investigation showed that ANE specifically promotes flowering through the MIR156‐mediated age pathway. ANE treatment resulted in the repression of negative regulator genes, MIR156, while simultaneously enhancing the expression of positive regulator genes, including SPLs and MIR172. This, in turn, led to the downregulation of AP2‐like genes, which are known as floral repressors. It is worth noting that ANE did not alleviate the late flowering phenotype of MIR156‐overexpressing plants and spl mutants. Furthermore, ANE‐derived fucoidan mimics the function of sugars in regulating MIR156, closely mirroring the effects induced by ANE treatments. It suppresses the transcript levels of MIR156 and AP2‐like genes while inducing those of SPLs and MIR172, thereby reinforcing the involvement of fucoidan in the control of flowering by ANE. In summary, our results demonstrate that ANE induces flowering by modulating the MIR156‐SPL module within the age pathway, and this effect is mediated by fucoidan.
{"title":"A Plant biostimulant prepared from Ascophyllum nodosum Induces Flowering by Regulating the MIR156‐mediated Age Pathway in Arabidopsis","authors":"Ramin Bahmani, Balakrishnan Prithiviraj","doi":"10.1111/ppl.14531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.14531","url":null,"abstract":"Flowering, the change from vegetative development to the reproductive phase, represents a crucial and intricate stage in the life cycle of plants, which is tightly controlled by both internal and external factors. In this study, we investigated the effect of <jats:italic>Ascophyllum nodosum</jats:italic> extract (ANE) on the flowering time of Arabidopsis. We found that a 0.1% concentration of ANE induced flowering in Arabidopsis, accompanied by the upregulation of key flowering time genes: <jats:italic>FT</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>FLOWERING LOCUS T</jats:italic>), <jats:italic>SOC1</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1</jats:italic>), and <jats:italic>LFY</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>LEAFY</jats:italic>). Further investigation showed that ANE specifically promotes flowering through the <jats:italic>MIR156</jats:italic>‐mediated age pathway. ANE treatment resulted in the repression of negative regulator genes, <jats:italic>MIR156</jats:italic>, while simultaneously enhancing the expression of positive regulator genes, including <jats:italic>SPL</jats:italic>s and <jats:italic>MIR172</jats:italic>. This, in turn, led to the downregulation of AP2‐like genes, which are known as floral repressors. It is worth noting that ANE did not alleviate the late flowering phenotype of <jats:italic>MIR156</jats:italic>‐overexpressing plants and <jats:italic>spl</jats:italic> mutants. Furthermore, ANE‐derived fucoidan mimics the function of sugars in regulating <jats:italic>MIR156</jats:italic>, closely mirroring the effects induced by ANE treatments. It suppresses the transcript levels of <jats:italic>MIR156</jats:italic> and AP2‐like genes while inducing those of <jats:italic>SPL</jats:italic>s and <jats:italic>MIR172</jats:italic>, thereby reinforcing the involvement of fucoidan in the control of flowering by ANE. In summary, our results demonstrate that ANE induces flowering by modulating the <jats:italic>MIR156</jats:italic>‐<jats:italic>SPL</jats:italic> module within the age pathway, and this effect is mediated by fucoidan.","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The yield of Tartary buckwheat is significantly affected by continuous cropping. Melatonin plays a crucial role in plant defense mechanisms against abiotic stresses. However, the relationship between melatonin and continuous cropping tolerance remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze the physiological mechanism of melatonin in enhancing the continuous cropping tolerance (abiotic stress) of Tartary buckwheat. A field experiment was conducted on Tartary buckwheat cultivar Jinqiao 2 under continuous cropping with five melatonin application rates, 0 (Control), 10, 50, 100, and 200 μmol L−1, applied during the early budding stage. The chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity, osmolyte and auxin (IAA) contents, root activity, rhizosphere soil nutrient content, and agronomic traits of Tartary buckwheat initially increased and then decreased with an increase in the concentration of exogenous melatonin application, with the best effects observed at 100 μmol L−1. Compared with the Control treatment, the 100 μmol L−1 treatment decreased the contents of malondialdehyde, superoxide anion free radical, and abscisic acid (ABA) by an average of 28.79%, 27.08%, and 31.64%, respectively. Exogenous melatonin treatment significantly increased the yield of Tartary buckwheat under continuous cropping. Plants treated with 10, 50, 100, and 200 μM respectively had 1.88, 2.01, 2.20, and 1.78 times higher yield than those of the Control treatment. In summary, melatonin treatment, particularly 100 μmol L−1, enhanced the continuous cropping tolerance of Tartary buckwheat by increasing antioxidant capacity and osmotica content, coordinating endogenous ABA and IAA content levels, and delaying senescence, ultimately increasing yield.
{"title":"Exogenous melatonin enhances the continuous cropping tolerance of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) by regulating the antioxidant defense system","authors":"Xiaoyan Huang, Jiali Leng, Changmin Liu, Kaifeng Huang","doi":"10.1111/ppl.14524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.14524","url":null,"abstract":"The yield of Tartary buckwheat is significantly affected by continuous cropping. Melatonin plays a crucial role in plant defense mechanisms against abiotic stresses. However, the relationship between melatonin and continuous cropping tolerance remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze the physiological mechanism of melatonin in enhancing the continuous cropping tolerance (abiotic stress) of Tartary buckwheat. A field experiment was conducted on Tartary buckwheat cultivar Jinqiao 2 under continuous cropping with five melatonin application rates, 0 (Control), 10, 50, 100, and 200 μmol L<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, applied during the early budding stage. The chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity, osmolyte and auxin (IAA) contents, root activity, rhizosphere soil nutrient content, and agronomic traits of Tartary buckwheat initially increased and then decreased with an increase in the concentration of exogenous melatonin application, with the best effects observed at 100 μmol L<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. Compared with the Control treatment, the 100 μmol L<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> treatment decreased the contents of malondialdehyde, superoxide anion free radical, and abscisic acid (ABA) by an average of 28.79%, 27.08%, and 31.64%, respectively. Exogenous melatonin treatment significantly increased the yield of Tartary buckwheat under continuous cropping. Plants treated with 10, 50, 100, and 200 μM respectively had 1.88, 2.01, 2.20, and 1.78 times higher yield than those of the Control treatment. In summary, melatonin treatment, particularly 100 μmol L<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, enhanced the continuous cropping tolerance of Tartary buckwheat by increasing antioxidant capacity and osmotica content, coordinating endogenous ABA and IAA content levels, and delaying senescence, ultimately increasing yield.","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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