Xylella fastidiosa is xylem-limited bacterium capable of infecting a wide range of host plants, resulting in Pierce's disease in grapevine, citrus variegated chlorosis, olive quick decline syndrome, peach phony disease, plum leaf scald, alfalfa dwarf, margin necrosis and leaf scorch affecting oleander, coffee, almond, pecan, mulberry, red maple, oak, and other types of cultivated and ornamental plants and forest trees. In the European Union, X. fastidiosa is listed as a quarantine organism. Since its first outbreak in the Apulia region of southern Italy in 2013 where it caused devastating disease on Olea europaea (called olive leaf scorch and quick decline), X. fastidiosa continued to spread and successfully established in some European countries (Corsica and PACA in France, Balearic Islands, Madrid and Comunitat Valenciana in Spain, and Porto in Portugal). The most recent data for Europe indicates that X. fastidiosa is present on 174 hosts, 25 of which were newly identified in 2021 (with further five hosts discovered in other parts of the world in the same year). From the six reported subspecies of X. fastidiosa worldwide, four have been recorded in European countries (fastidiosa, multiplex, pauca, and sandyi). Currently confirmed X. fastidiosa vector species are Philaenus spumarius, Neophilaenus campestris, and Philaenus italosignus, whereby only P. spumarius (which has been identified as the key vector in Apulia, Italy) is also present in Americas. X. fastidiosa control is currently based on pathogen-free propagation plant material, eradication, territory demarcation, and vector control, as well as use of resistant plant cultivars and bactericidal treatments.
{"title":"Xylella fastidiosa in Europe: From the Introduction to the Current Status.","authors":"Vojislav Trkulja, Andrija Tomić, Renata Iličić, Miloš Nožinić, Tatjana Popović Milovanović","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.RW.09.2022.0127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.RW.09.2022.0127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Xylella fastidiosa is xylem-limited bacterium capable of infecting a wide range of host plants, resulting in Pierce's disease in grapevine, citrus variegated chlorosis, olive quick decline syndrome, peach phony disease, plum leaf scald, alfalfa dwarf, margin necrosis and leaf scorch affecting oleander, coffee, almond, pecan, mulberry, red maple, oak, and other types of cultivated and ornamental plants and forest trees. In the European Union, X. fastidiosa is listed as a quarantine organism. Since its first outbreak in the Apulia region of southern Italy in 2013 where it caused devastating disease on Olea europaea (called olive leaf scorch and quick decline), X. fastidiosa continued to spread and successfully established in some European countries (Corsica and PACA in France, Balearic Islands, Madrid and Comunitat Valenciana in Spain, and Porto in Portugal). The most recent data for Europe indicates that X. fastidiosa is present on 174 hosts, 25 of which were newly identified in 2021 (with further five hosts discovered in other parts of the world in the same year). From the six reported subspecies of X. fastidiosa worldwide, four have been recorded in European countries (fastidiosa, multiplex, pauca, and sandyi). Currently confirmed X. fastidiosa vector species are Philaenus spumarius, Neophilaenus campestris, and Philaenus italosignus, whereby only P. spumarius (which has been identified as the key vector in Apulia, Italy) is also present in Americas. X. fastidiosa control is currently based on pathogen-free propagation plant material, eradication, territory demarcation, and vector control, as well as use of resistant plant cultivars and bactericidal treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1c/3b/ppj-rw-09-2022-0127.PMC9742796.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10398925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.5423/PPJ.OA.04.2022.0054
Pachai Poonguzhali, Ashish Chauhan, Abinash Kar, Shivaji Lavale, Spurthi N Nayak, S K Prashanthi
Sheath blight disease caused by the necrotrophic, soilborne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, is the global threat to rice production. Lack of reliable stable resistance sources in rice germplasm pool for sheath blight has made resistance breeding a very difficult task. In the current study, 101 rice landraces were screened against R. solani under artificial epiphytotics and identified six moderately resistant landraces, Jigguvaratiga, Honasu, Jeer Sali, Jeeraga-2, BiliKagga, and Medini Sannabatta with relative lesion height (RLH) range of 21-30%. Landrace Jigguvaratiga with consistent and better level of resistance (21% RLH) than resistant check Tetep (RLH 28%) was used to develop mapping population. DNA markers associated with ShB resistance were identified in F2 mapping population developed from Jigguvaratiga × BPT5204 (susceptible variety) using bulk segregant analysis. Among 56 parental polymorphic markers, RM5556, RM6208, and RM7 were polymorphic between the bulks. Single marker analysis indicated the significant association of ShB with RM5556 and RM6208 with phenotypic variance (R2) of 28.29 and 20.06%, respectively. Co-segregation analysis confirmed the strong association of RM5556 and RM6208 located on chromosome 8 for ShB trait. This is the first report on association of RM6208 marker for ShB resistance. In silico analysis revealed that RM6208 loci resides the stearoyl ACP desaturases protein, which is involved in defense mechanism against plant pathogens. RM5556 loci resides a protein, with unknown function. The putative candidate genes or quantitative trait locus harbouring at the marker interval of RM5556 and RM6208 can be further used to develop ShB resistant varieties using molecular breeding approaches.
{"title":"New Sources of Resistance and Identification of DNA Marker Loci for Sheath Blight Disease Caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, in Rice.","authors":"Pachai Poonguzhali, Ashish Chauhan, Abinash Kar, Shivaji Lavale, Spurthi N Nayak, S K Prashanthi","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.04.2022.0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.04.2022.0054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sheath blight disease caused by the necrotrophic, soilborne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, is the global threat to rice production. Lack of reliable stable resistance sources in rice germplasm pool for sheath blight has made resistance breeding a very difficult task. In the current study, 101 rice landraces were screened against R. solani under artificial epiphytotics and identified six moderately resistant landraces, Jigguvaratiga, Honasu, Jeer Sali, Jeeraga-2, BiliKagga, and Medini Sannabatta with relative lesion height (RLH) range of 21-30%. Landrace Jigguvaratiga with consistent and better level of resistance (21% RLH) than resistant check Tetep (RLH 28%) was used to develop mapping population. DNA markers associated with ShB resistance were identified in F2 mapping population developed from Jigguvaratiga × BPT5204 (susceptible variety) using bulk segregant analysis. Among 56 parental polymorphic markers, RM5556, RM6208, and RM7 were polymorphic between the bulks. Single marker analysis indicated the significant association of ShB with RM5556 and RM6208 with phenotypic variance (R2) of 28.29 and 20.06%, respectively. Co-segregation analysis confirmed the strong association of RM5556 and RM6208 located on chromosome 8 for ShB trait. This is the first report on association of RM6208 marker for ShB resistance. In silico analysis revealed that RM6208 loci resides the stearoyl ACP desaturases protein, which is involved in defense mechanism against plant pathogens. RM5556 loci resides a protein, with unknown function. The putative candidate genes or quantitative trait locus harbouring at the marker interval of RM5556 and RM6208 can be further used to develop ShB resistant varieties using molecular breeding approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/dc/ed/ppj-oa-04-2022-0054.PMC9742804.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10398927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.5423/PPJ.OA.09.2022.0130
Seul Gi Baek, Jin Ju Park, Sosoo Kim, Mi-Jeong Lee, Ji-Seon Paek, Jangnam Choi, Ja Yeong Jang, Jeomsoon Kim, Theresa Lee
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most serious diseases in barley and wheat, as it is usually accompanied by the production of harmful mycotoxins in the grains. To identify FHB-resistant breeding resources, we evaluated 60 elite germplasm accessions of barley (24) and wheat (36) for FHB and mycotoxin accumulation. Assessments were performed in a greenhouse and five heads per accession were inoculated with both Fusarium asiaticum (Fa73, nivalenol producer) and F. graminearum (Fg39, deoxynivalenol producer) strains. While the accessions varied in disease severity and mycotoxin production, four wheat and one barley showed <20% FHB severity repeatedly by both strains. Mycotoxin levels in these accessions ranged up to 3.9 mg/kg. FHB severity was generally higher in barley than in wheat, and Fa73 was more aggressive in both crops than Fg39. Fg39 itself, however, was more aggressive toward wheat and produced more mycotoxin in wheat than in barley. FHB severity by Fa73 and Fg39 were moderately correlated in both crops (r = 0.57/0.60 in barley and 0.42/0.58 in wheat). FHB severity and toxin production were also correlated in both crops, with a stronger correlation for Fa73 (r = 0.42/0.82 in barley, 0.70 in wheat) than for Fg39.
小麦赤霉病(Fusarium head blight, FHB)是大麦和小麦最严重的病害之一,因为它通常伴随着谷物中有害真菌毒素的产生。为了鉴定抗FHB育种资源,我们对60份大麦(24份)和小麦(36份)的优质种质进行了FHB和霉菌毒素积累的评估。在温室中进行评估,每次接种5株亚洲镰刀菌(Fa73,产雪腐镰刀菌醇)和禾谷镰刀菌(Fg39,脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇)。虽然各品种在病害严重程度和霉菌毒素产量方面存在差异,但有4种小麦和1种大麦表现出这种差异
{"title":"Evaluation of Barley and Wheat Germplasm for Resistance to Head Blight and Mycotoxin Production by Fusarium asiaticum and F. graminearum.","authors":"Seul Gi Baek, Jin Ju Park, Sosoo Kim, Mi-Jeong Lee, Ji-Seon Paek, Jangnam Choi, Ja Yeong Jang, Jeomsoon Kim, Theresa Lee","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.09.2022.0130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.09.2022.0130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most serious diseases in barley and wheat, as it is usually accompanied by the production of harmful mycotoxins in the grains. To identify FHB-resistant breeding resources, we evaluated 60 elite germplasm accessions of barley (24) and wheat (36) for FHB and mycotoxin accumulation. Assessments were performed in a greenhouse and five heads per accession were inoculated with both Fusarium asiaticum (Fa73, nivalenol producer) and F. graminearum (Fg39, deoxynivalenol producer) strains. While the accessions varied in disease severity and mycotoxin production, four wheat and one barley showed <20% FHB severity repeatedly by both strains. Mycotoxin levels in these accessions ranged up to 3.9 mg/kg. FHB severity was generally higher in barley than in wheat, and Fa73 was more aggressive in both crops than Fg39. Fg39 itself, however, was more aggressive toward wheat and produced more mycotoxin in wheat than in barley. FHB severity by Fa73 and Fg39 were moderately correlated in both crops (r = 0.57/0.60 in barley and 0.42/0.58 in wheat). FHB severity and toxin production were also correlated in both crops, with a stronger correlation for Fa73 (r = 0.42/0.82 in barley, 0.70 in wheat) than for Fg39.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e9/48/ppj-oa-09-2022-0130.PMC9742790.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10764805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.5423/PPJ.RW.05.2022.0065
Da-Ran Kim, Youn-Sig Kwak
Plant microbiota has influenced plant growth and physiology significantly. Plant and plant-associated microbes have flexible interactions that respond to changes in environmental conditions. These interactions can be adjusted to suit the requirements of the microbial community or the host physiology. In addition, it can be modified to suit microbiota structure or fixed by the host condition. However, no technology is realized yet to control mechanically manipulated plant microbiota structure. Here, we review step-by-step plant-associated microbial partnership from plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to the microbiota structural modulation. Glutamic acid enriched the population of Streptomyces, a specific taxon in anthosphere microbiota community. Additionally, the population density of the microbes in the rhizosphere was also a positive response to glutamic acid treatment. Although many types of research are conducted on the structural revealing of plant microbiota, these concepts need to be further understood as to how the plant microbiota clusters are controlled or modulated at the community level. This review suggests that the intrinsic level of glutamic acid in planta is associated with the microbiota composition that the external supply of the biostimulant can modulate.
{"title":"Roads to Construct and Re-build Plant Microbiota Community.","authors":"Da-Ran Kim, Youn-Sig Kwak","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.RW.05.2022.0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.RW.05.2022.0065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant microbiota has influenced plant growth and physiology significantly. Plant and plant-associated microbes have flexible interactions that respond to changes in environmental conditions. These interactions can be adjusted to suit the requirements of the microbial community or the host physiology. In addition, it can be modified to suit microbiota structure or fixed by the host condition. However, no technology is realized yet to control mechanically manipulated plant microbiota structure. Here, we review step-by-step plant-associated microbial partnership from plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to the microbiota structural modulation. Glutamic acid enriched the population of Streptomyces, a specific taxon in anthosphere microbiota community. Additionally, the population density of the microbes in the rhizosphere was also a positive response to glutamic acid treatment. Although many types of research are conducted on the structural revealing of plant microbiota, these concepts need to be further understood as to how the plant microbiota clusters are controlled or modulated at the community level. This review suggests that the intrinsic level of glutamic acid in planta is associated with the microbiota composition that the external supply of the biostimulant can modulate.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bd/3f/ppj-rw-05-2022-0065.PMC9561157.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33501988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.5423/PPJ.OA.06.2022.0084
Hyo-Jeong Lee, In-Sook Cho, Rae-Dong Jeong
Lilies (Lilium spp.) are one of the most important ornamental flower crops grown in Korea. Most viral diseases in lilies are transmitted by infected bulbs, which cause serious economic losses due to reduced yields. Various diagnostic techniques and high-throughput sequencing methods have been used to detect lily viruses. According to Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), MinION is a compact and portable sequencing device. In this study, three plant viruses, lily mottle, lily symptomless, and plantago asiatica mosaic virus, were detected in lily samples using the ONT platform. As a result of genome assembly of reads obtained through ONT, 100% coverage and 90.3-93.4% identity were obtained. Thus, we show that the ONT platform is a promising tool for the diagnosis and characterization of viruses that infect crops.
{"title":"Nanopore Metagenomics Sequencing for Rapid Diagnosis and Characterization of Lily Viruses.","authors":"Hyo-Jeong Lee, In-Sook Cho, Rae-Dong Jeong","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.06.2022.0084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.06.2022.0084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lilies (Lilium spp.) are one of the most important ornamental flower crops grown in Korea. Most viral diseases in lilies are transmitted by infected bulbs, which cause serious economic losses due to reduced yields. Various diagnostic techniques and high-throughput sequencing methods have been used to detect lily viruses. According to Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), MinION is a compact and portable sequencing device. In this study, three plant viruses, lily mottle, lily symptomless, and plantago asiatica mosaic virus, were detected in lily samples using the ONT platform. As a result of genome assembly of reads obtained through ONT, 100% coverage and 90.3-93.4% identity were obtained. Thus, we show that the ONT platform is a promising tool for the diagnosis and characterization of viruses that infect crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/de/c5/ppj-oa-06-2022-0084.PMC9561158.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33500321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.5423/PPJ.OA.04.2022.0059
Hyeonheui Ham, Ga-Ram Oh, Dong Suk Park, Yong Hoon Lee
Fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora (Ea) is a devastating disease in apple and pear trees. Oxolinic acid (OA), a quinolone family antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase, has been employed to control fire blight in South Korea since 2015. The continuous use of this bactericide has resulted in the emergence of OA-resistant strains in bacterial pathogens in other countries. To investigate the occurrence of OA-resistant Ea strains in South Korea, we collected a total of 516 Ea isolates from diseased apple and pear trees in 2020-2021 and assessed their sensitivities to OA. We found that all isolates were susceptible to OA. To explore the possibility of emerging OA-resistant Ea by continuous application of OA, we exposed Ea stains to a range of OA concentrations and constructed OA-resistant mutant strains. Resistance was associated with mutations in the GyrA at codons 81 and 83, which result in glycine to cysteine and serine to arginine amino acid substitutions, respectively. The in vitro growth of the mutants in nutrient media and their virulence in immature apple fruits were lower than those of wild-type. Our results suggest that OA-resistance decreases the fitness of Ea. Future work should clarify the mechanisms by which OA-resistance decreases virulence of this plant pathogen. Continuous monitoring of OA-resistance in Ea is required to maintain the efficacy of this potent bactericide.
{"title":"Survey of Oxolinic Acid-Resistant Erwinia amylovora in Korean Apple and Pear Orchards, and the Fitness Impact of Constructed Mutants.","authors":"Hyeonheui Ham, Ga-Ram Oh, Dong Suk Park, Yong Hoon Lee","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.04.2022.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.04.2022.0059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora (Ea) is a devastating disease in apple and pear trees. Oxolinic acid (OA), a quinolone family antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase, has been employed to control fire blight in South Korea since 2015. The continuous use of this bactericide has resulted in the emergence of OA-resistant strains in bacterial pathogens in other countries. To investigate the occurrence of OA-resistant Ea strains in South Korea, we collected a total of 516 Ea isolates from diseased apple and pear trees in 2020-2021 and assessed their sensitivities to OA. We found that all isolates were susceptible to OA. To explore the possibility of emerging OA-resistant Ea by continuous application of OA, we exposed Ea stains to a range of OA concentrations and constructed OA-resistant mutant strains. Resistance was associated with mutations in the GyrA at codons 81 and 83, which result in glycine to cysteine and serine to arginine amino acid substitutions, respectively. The in vitro growth of the mutants in nutrient media and their virulence in immature apple fruits were lower than those of wild-type. Our results suggest that OA-resistance decreases the fitness of Ea. Future work should clarify the mechanisms by which OA-resistance decreases virulence of this plant pathogen. Continuous monitoring of OA-resistance in Ea is required to maintain the efficacy of this potent bactericide.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/37/66/ppj-oa-04-2022-0059.PMC9561153.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33501993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.5423/PPJ.RW.07.2022.0090
Abdelaziz Mansour, Mohamed Mannaa, Omar Hewedy, Mostafa G Ali, Hyejung Jung, Young-Su Seo
Planthopper infestation in rice causes direct and indirect damage through feeding and viral transmission. Host microbes and small RNAs (sRNAs) play essential roles in regulating biological processes, such as metabolism, development, immunity, and stress responses in eukaryotic organisms, including plants and insects. Recently, advanced metagenomic approaches have facilitated investigations on microbial diversity and its function in insects and plants, highlighting the significance of microbiota in sustaining host life and regulating their interactions with the environment. Recent research has also suggested significant roles for sRNA-regulated genes during rice-planthopper interactions. The response and behavior of the rice plant to planthopper feeding are determined by changes in the host transcriptome, which might be regulated by sRNAs. In addition, the roles of microbial symbionts and sRNAs in the host response to viral infection are complex and involve defense-related changes in the host transcriptomic profile. This review reviews the structure and potential functions of microbes and sRNAs in rice and the associated planthopper species. In addition, the involvement of the microbiota and sRNAs in the rice-planthopper-virus interactions during planthopper infestation and viral infection are discussed.
{"title":"Versatile Roles of Microbes and Small RNAs in Rice and Planthopper Interactions.","authors":"Abdelaziz Mansour, Mohamed Mannaa, Omar Hewedy, Mostafa G Ali, Hyejung Jung, Young-Su Seo","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.RW.07.2022.0090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.RW.07.2022.0090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Planthopper infestation in rice causes direct and indirect damage through feeding and viral transmission. Host microbes and small RNAs (sRNAs) play essential roles in regulating biological processes, such as metabolism, development, immunity, and stress responses in eukaryotic organisms, including plants and insects. Recently, advanced metagenomic approaches have facilitated investigations on microbial diversity and its function in insects and plants, highlighting the significance of microbiota in sustaining host life and regulating their interactions with the environment. Recent research has also suggested significant roles for sRNA-regulated genes during rice-planthopper interactions. The response and behavior of the rice plant to planthopper feeding are determined by changes in the host transcriptome, which might be regulated by sRNAs. In addition, the roles of microbial symbionts and sRNAs in the host response to viral infection are complex and involve defense-related changes in the host transcriptomic profile. This review reviews the structure and potential functions of microbes and sRNAs in rice and the associated planthopper species. In addition, the involvement of the microbiota and sRNAs in the rice-planthopper-virus interactions during planthopper infestation and viral infection are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/74/43/ppj-rw-07-2022-0090.PMC9561162.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33501989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.5423/PPJ.OA.07.2022.0093
Jin-Hee Seo, Jang-Gyu Choi, Hyun-Jin Park, Ji-Hong Cho, Young-Eun Park, Ju-Sung Im, Su-Young Hong, Kwang-Soo Cho
Potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is a destructive disease in Korea. To elucidate the genomic variation of the mitochondrial (mt) genome, we assembled its complete mt genome and compared its sequence among different haplotypes. The mt genome sequences of four Korean P. infestans isolates were revealed by Illumina HiSeq. The size of the circular mt genome of the four major genotypes, KR_1_A1, KR_2_A2, SIB-1, and US-11, was 39,872, 39,836, 39,872, and 39,840 bp, respectively. All genotypes contained the same 61 genes in the same order, comprising two RNA-encoding genes, 16 ribosomal genes, 25 transfer RNA, 17 genes encoding electron transport and ATP synthesis, 11 open reading frames of unknown function, and one protein import-related gene, tatC. The coding region comprised 91% of the genome, and GC content was 22.3%. The haplotypes were further analyzed based on sequence polymorphism at two hypervariable regions (HVRi), carrying a 2 kb insertion/deletion sequence, and HVRii, carrying 36 bp variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). All four genotypes carried the 2 kb insertion/deletion sequence in HVRi, whereas HVRii had two VNTRs in KR_1_A1 and SIB-1 but three VNTRs in US-11 and KR_2_A2. Minimal spanning network and phylogenetic analysis based on 5,814 bp of mtDNA sequences from five loci, KR_1_A1 and SIB-1 were classified as IIa-6 haplotype, and isolates KR_1_A2 and US-11 as haplotypes IIa-5 and IIb-2, respectively. mtDNA sequences of KR_1_A1 and SIB-1 shared 100% sequence identity, and both were 99.9% similar to those of KR_2_A2 and US-11.
马铃薯晚疫病是由马铃薯疫霉引起的马铃薯疫病。为了阐明线粒体(mt)基因组的基因组变异,我们组装了其完整的mt基因组,并比较了其在不同单倍型中的序列。利用Illumina HiSeq软件分析了韩国4株病原菌的mt基因组序列。4个主要基因型KR_1_A1、KR_2_A2、sib1和US-11的环mt基因组大小分别为39,872、39,836、39,872和39,840 bp。所有基因型均包含相同的61个基因,顺序相同,包括2个RNA编码基因,16个核糖体基因,25个转移RNA, 17个电子传递和ATP合成基因,11个功能未知的开放阅读框,1个蛋白质输入相关基因tatC。编码区占基因组的91%,GC含量为22.3%。单倍型在两个携带2kb插入/删除序列的高变区(HVRi)和携带36bp可变数串联重复序列(VNTRs)的HVRii进行序列多态性分析。所有4种基因型在HVRi中都携带2kb的插入/缺失序列,而HVRii在KR_1_A1和sib1中有2个VNTRs,在US-11和KR_2_A2中有3个VNTRs。基于5个位点的5814 bp mtDNA序列的最小跨越网络和系统发育分析,将KR_1_A1和ib -1分类为IIa-6单倍型,分离出KR_1_A2和US-11分别为IIa-5和IIb-2单倍型。KR_1_A1和sb -1的mtDNA序列同源性为100%,与KR_2_A2和US-11的相似度为99.9%。
{"title":"Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Korean Phytophthora infestans Isolates and Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial Haplotypes.","authors":"Jin-Hee Seo, Jang-Gyu Choi, Hyun-Jin Park, Ji-Hong Cho, Young-Eun Park, Ju-Sung Im, Su-Young Hong, Kwang-Soo Cho","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.07.2022.0093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.07.2022.0093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is a destructive disease in Korea. To elucidate the genomic variation of the mitochondrial (mt) genome, we assembled its complete mt genome and compared its sequence among different haplotypes. The mt genome sequences of four Korean P. infestans isolates were revealed by Illumina HiSeq. The size of the circular mt genome of the four major genotypes, KR_1_A1, KR_2_A2, SIB-1, and US-11, was 39,872, 39,836, 39,872, and 39,840 bp, respectively. All genotypes contained the same 61 genes in the same order, comprising two RNA-encoding genes, 16 ribosomal genes, 25 transfer RNA, 17 genes encoding electron transport and ATP synthesis, 11 open reading frames of unknown function, and one protein import-related gene, tatC. The coding region comprised 91% of the genome, and GC content was 22.3%. The haplotypes were further analyzed based on sequence polymorphism at two hypervariable regions (HVRi), carrying a 2 kb insertion/deletion sequence, and HVRii, carrying 36 bp variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). All four genotypes carried the 2 kb insertion/deletion sequence in HVRi, whereas HVRii had two VNTRs in KR_1_A1 and SIB-1 but three VNTRs in US-11 and KR_2_A2. Minimal spanning network and phylogenetic analysis based on 5,814 bp of mtDNA sequences from five loci, KR_1_A1 and SIB-1 were classified as IIa-6 haplotype, and isolates KR_1_A2 and US-11 as haplotypes IIa-5 and IIb-2, respectively. mtDNA sequences of KR_1_A1 and SIB-1 shared 100% sequence identity, and both were 99.9% similar to those of KR_2_A2 and US-11.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/87/fb/ppj-oa-07-2022-0093.PMC9561156.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33500325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.5423/PPJ.OA.07.2022.0102
Yong-Jik Jeong, Oh-Kyu Kwon, A-Ram Jeong, Hyunji Lee, Hyeran Moon, O New Lee, Jeum Kyu Hong, Chang-Jin Park
Gummy stem blight (GSB), a common and serious disease in cucurbits worldwide, is caused by three genetically distinct species: Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (syn. Didymella bryoniae), S. citrulli, and S. caricae. In Korea, however, the three species of Stagonosporopsis have been barely characterized. In this study, 21 Stagonosporopsis isolates were recovered from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo) leaves and stem showing blight symptoms collected from 43 fields in Korea. Sequence analysis performed with an internal transcribed spacer region was not competent to differentiate the Stagonosporopsis isolates. On the contrary, analysis of β-tubulin (TUB) genes and three microsatellite markers, Db01, Db05, and Db06, successfully differentiated Stagonosporopsis isolates. Further sequence analysis identified two Stagonosporopsis species, S. citrulli and S. caricae, and one previously unknown species of Stagonosporopsis. Representative isolates from three species caused dark water-soaked lesions on the detached watermelon and muskmelon leaves with no significant differences in the aggressiveness. Our results indicate that the S. citrulli, S. caricae, and unknown Stagonosporopsis sp. are all causal agents of GSB for both watermelon and muskmelon. This is the first report of a new species and the population structure of Stagonosporopsis species causing GSB in Korea.
{"title":"Population Structure of Stagonosporopsis Species Associated with Cucurbit Gummy Stem Blight in Korea.","authors":"Yong-Jik Jeong, Oh-Kyu Kwon, A-Ram Jeong, Hyunji Lee, Hyeran Moon, O New Lee, Jeum Kyu Hong, Chang-Jin Park","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.07.2022.0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.07.2022.0102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gummy stem blight (GSB), a common and serious disease in cucurbits worldwide, is caused by three genetically distinct species: Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (syn. Didymella bryoniae), S. citrulli, and S. caricae. In Korea, however, the three species of Stagonosporopsis have been barely characterized. In this study, 21 Stagonosporopsis isolates were recovered from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo) leaves and stem showing blight symptoms collected from 43 fields in Korea. Sequence analysis performed with an internal transcribed spacer region was not competent to differentiate the Stagonosporopsis isolates. On the contrary, analysis of β-tubulin (TUB) genes and three microsatellite markers, Db01, Db05, and Db06, successfully differentiated Stagonosporopsis isolates. Further sequence analysis identified two Stagonosporopsis species, S. citrulli and S. caricae, and one previously unknown species of Stagonosporopsis. Representative isolates from three species caused dark water-soaked lesions on the detached watermelon and muskmelon leaves with no significant differences in the aggressiveness. Our results indicate that the S. citrulli, S. caricae, and unknown Stagonosporopsis sp. are all causal agents of GSB for both watermelon and muskmelon. This is the first report of a new species and the population structure of Stagonosporopsis species causing GSB in Korea.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b2/9c/ppj-oa-07-2022-0102.PMC9561160.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33500323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thunberg fritillary (Fritillaria thunbergii), a perennial used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is a members of the family Liliaceae. The degeneration of germplasm is a severe problem in the production of Fritillaria thunbergii var. chekiangensis. However, no information about viral infections of F. thunbergii var. chekiangensis has been reported. In this study, we sequenced the small RNAs of F. thunbergii var. chekiangensis from leaves and bulbs, and viruses were identified using a phylogenetic analysis and BLAST search for sequence. In addition, multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to rapidly detect viruses in this variety. Our study first reported that five viruses infected F. thunbergii var. chekiangensis. Among them, fritillary virus Y (FVY), lily mottle virus (LMoV), Thunberg fritillary mosaic virus (TFMV), and hop yellow virus (HYV) had been reported in F. thunbergii, while apple stem grooving virus was first reported in the genus Fritillaria. A multiplex RT-PCR method was developed to rapidly test the four viruses FVY, LMoV, TFMV, and HYV in F. thunbergii var. chekiangensis. Our results provide a better understanding of the infection of F. thunbergii var. chekiangensis by viruses and a basic reference for the better design of suitable control measures.
浙贝母(贝母)是一种多年生中药,是百合科的一员。浙江浙贝母种质退化是浙贝母生产中存在的一个严重问题。然而,目前还没有关于浙江顿氏疏螺旋体病毒感染的报道。本研究利用系统发育分析和BLAST序列搜索方法,对浙江腾贝氏变种(F. thunbergii var. chekiangensis)叶片和球茎的小rna进行了测序,并对病毒进行了鉴定。此外,多重逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)用于快速检测该品种的病毒。我们的研究首次报道了五种病毒感染了浙江顿伯氏弧菌。其中,贝母Y型病毒(FVY)、百合斑驳病毒(LMoV)、腾贝格贝母花叶病毒(TFMV)和hop yellow病毒(HYV)在贝母属中有报道,苹果茎沟病毒在贝母属中首次报道。建立了多重RT-PCR快速检测浙江浙贝氏弧菌FVY、LMoV、TFMV和HYV四种病毒的方法。本研究结果为进一步了解浙江顿氏疏螺旋体的病毒感染情况提供了依据,并为更好地制定相应的防治措施提供了依据。
{"title":"Plant Virome Analysis by the Deep Sequencing of Small RNAs of Fritillaria thunbergii var. chekiangensis and the Rapid Identification of Viruses.","authors":"Lu-Xi Chen, Hang-Kai Pan, Yu-Tian Tao, Dang Yang, Hui-Min Deng, Kai-Jie Xu, Wen-Bin Chen, Jun-Min Li","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.04.2022.0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.04.2022.0058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thunberg fritillary (Fritillaria thunbergii), a perennial used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is a members of the family Liliaceae. The degeneration of germplasm is a severe problem in the production of Fritillaria thunbergii var. chekiangensis. However, no information about viral infections of F. thunbergii var. chekiangensis has been reported. In this study, we sequenced the small RNAs of F. thunbergii var. chekiangensis from leaves and bulbs, and viruses were identified using a phylogenetic analysis and BLAST search for sequence. In addition, multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to rapidly detect viruses in this variety. Our study first reported that five viruses infected F. thunbergii var. chekiangensis. Among them, fritillary virus Y (FVY), lily mottle virus (LMoV), Thunberg fritillary mosaic virus (TFMV), and hop yellow virus (HYV) had been reported in F. thunbergii, while apple stem grooving virus was first reported in the genus Fritillaria. A multiplex RT-PCR method was developed to rapidly test the four viruses FVY, LMoV, TFMV, and HYV in F. thunbergii var. chekiangensis. Our results provide a better understanding of the infection of F. thunbergii var. chekiangensis by viruses and a basic reference for the better design of suitable control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/da/5d/ppj-oa-04-2022-0058.PMC9561161.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33500324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}