Resources Policy最新文献_第9页

Governing mined landscapes through memory: Afro-centred approaches to post-extractive transitions 通过记忆管理开采景观：以非洲为中心的开采后过渡方法

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105734

Úrsula de Azevedo Ruchkys , Eduardo Evangelista Ferreira , Múcio do Amaral Figueiredo , Alice Ruchkys

This article examines the heritage-making of the Du Veloso Mine, located in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero—one of Brazil's most strategic mining regions—as a process of post-extractive, Afro-centred governance led by community actors in a context of institutional absence. Grounded in Evolutionary Governance Theory (EGT), the study interprets heritage-making as path creation, in which symbolic disputes, material legacies, and institutional reconfigurations are mobilised through a lens of historical justice. The research adopts a qualitative approach that combines interpretive analysis of the guided tour, an interview with the site manager, and the complementary application of the Relevance Determinancy Analysis (RDA) and Competitive Performance Analysis (CPA) frameworks, used as auxiliary tools to capture public perceptions and symbolic effects. The findings indicate that the site's symbolic legitimacy is primarily shaped by its Afro-centred narrative, the role of community mediation, and the emotional connection experienced by visitors. Du Veloso Mine's development reflects a new approach to heritage that challenges technocratic and Eurocentric frameworks, reimagining the subsoil as a space of memory, Black agency, and territorial transformation. The study suggests that policies for post-mining areas should give greater attention to symbolic and emotional aspects as integral parts of resource governance, particularly in historically marginalised settings where state presence is limited.

本文考察了位于巴西最具战略意义的采矿区Quadrilátero Ferrífero-one的Du Veloso矿山的遗产创造过程，作为一个在制度缺失的背景下，由社区行动者领导的、以非洲为中心的后采掘过程。该研究以进化治理理论（EGT）为基础，将遗产创造解释为路径创造，其中通过历史正义的视角动员象征性争议、物质遗产和制度重构。本研究采用定性方法，结合对导游的解释分析、对现场经理的访谈，以及相关决定性分析（RDA）和竞争绩效分析（CPA）框架的补充应用，作为辅助工具来捕捉公众感知和象征效应。研究结果表明，该遗址的象征性合法性主要是由其以非洲为中心的叙事、社区调解的作用以及游客所经历的情感联系所塑造的。Du Veloso Mine的开发反映了一种新的遗产处理方法，挑战了技术官僚和以欧洲为中心的框架，将底土重新想象为记忆、黑人机构和领土转型的空间。研究表明，采矿后地区的政策应该更多地关注象征和情感方面，作为资源治理的组成部分，特别是在历史上被边缘化的环境中，国家的存在有限。

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引用次数: 0

Metal mining decarbonisation scenarios – Ontario's path towards net zero GHG emissions 金属采矿脱碳情景——安大略省实现温室气体净零排放的道路

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105732

Michelle Y. Levesque

Mining is crucial for providing minerals to meet decarbonisation goals to restrict global temperature increases as proposed in the Paris Agreement. To ensure alignment with Paris Agreement objectives, some mining companies have set decarbonisation targets for 30 % greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction by 2030 and net zero emissions by 2050. Consequently, mining companies have developed decarbonisation roadmaps. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current and future GHG emission profiles of mines along with the impact of implementing the main technologies included in these decarbonisation roadmaps. A model was developed to assess various strategies for reaching climate change targets. The study was limited to Ontario metal mines, where 14 scenarios with varying technology adoption rates were modeled. The decarbonisation technologies investigated in this study included battery electric vehicles (BEVs), ventilation control strategies (VCS), and general energy management. Results showed that the 30 % GHG emission reduction is achieved between 2032 and 2035 for the more optimistic scenarios, or from 2038 to 2040 for the more conservative cases. GHG emission reductions in 2050 range from 67 to 74 % where displacing diesel equipment with battery electric vehicles (BEVs) was the initiative that produced the largest impact. Results showed that continued adoption of existing technologies and low emission grid electricity could significantly impact the mining sector GHG emission profile, however additional decarbonisation measures and efforts from various stakeholders will be required to reach established targets.

采矿业对于提供矿物以实现《巴黎协定》提出的限制全球气温上升的脱碳目标至关重要。为了确保与《巴黎协定》的目标保持一致，一些矿业公司制定了到2030年减少30%温室气体（GHG）排放和到2050年实现净零排放的脱碳目标。因此，矿业公司制定了脱碳路线图。本研究的目的是调查矿山当前和未来的温室气体排放概况，以及实施这些脱碳路线图中包括的主要技术的影响。开发了一个模型来评估实现气候变化目标的各种战略。这项研究仅限于安大略省的金属矿山，在那里模拟了14种不同技术采用率的情景。本研究调查的脱碳技术包括电池电动汽车（bev）、通风控制策略（VCS）和一般能源管理。结果表明，在较乐观的情景下，温室气体减排30%在2032 - 2035年之间实现，而在较保守的情景下，则在2038 - 2040年之间实现。到2050年，温室气体排放量将减少67%至74%，其中电池电动汽车（bev）取代柴油设备是产生最大影响的举措。结果表明，继续采用现有技术和低排放电网电力可能会显著影响采矿业的温室气体排放情况，但要达到既定目标，还需要各利益相关者采取额外的脱碳措施和努力。

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引用次数: 0

Digging deeper: Assessing the trade-offs of domestic cobalt mining in the United States of America 深入挖掘：评估美国国内钴矿开采的权衡

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105729

Chava Makman, Brandon Marc Finn

Cobalt is a critical mineral for the global shift to decarbonized energy systems. Cobalt supply chains, however, raise urgent questions about their stability and environmental impact, and are embroiled in human rights issues. Recent U.S. federal initiatives have intensified efforts to onshore critical mineral mining. The goals of onshoring include securing domestic sources and reducing China's dominance over mineral supply chains. Although large cobalt deposits are rare in the U.S., southeastern Idaho has a significant and untapped source. Accessing U.S domestic reserves of cobalt, like other critical minerals, involves complex trade-offs at the intersection of decarbonization, national security, and global supply chain dynamics. Drawing on qualitative interviews with diverse stakeholders, this study unpacks these trade-offs and challenges. These interrelated challenges include environmental degradation, access and quality of reserves, economic interests, and the disproportionate risks of mining to Indigenous communities. We integrate expert and community perspectives to highlight the profound moral complexities at the core of U.S. critical mineral onshoring efforts, exemplified through cobalt mining. We urge policymakers and scholars to grapple with the layered consequences of cobalt mining and demonstrate that sustainability questions must necessarily be considered across geographies and contexts.

钴是全球向脱碳能源系统转变的关键矿物。然而，钴供应链引发了关于其稳定性和环境影响的紧迫问题，并卷入了人权问题。最近，美国联邦政府加大了对陆上关键矿产开采的努力。在岸的目标包括确保国内资源和削弱中国在矿产供应链上的主导地位。虽然大型钴矿床在美国很少见，但爱达荷州东南部有一个重要的未开发资源。与其他重要矿产一样，开采美国国内的钴储量涉及到脱碳、国家安全和全球供应链动态的复杂权衡。通过对不同利益相关者的定性访谈，本研究揭示了这些权衡和挑战。这些相互关联的挑战包括环境退化、储量的获取和质量、经济利益以及采矿对土著社区造成的不成比例的风险。我们整合了专家和社区的观点，以突出美国关键矿产在岸工作的核心深刻的道德复杂性，以钴开采为例。我们敦促政策制定者和学者努力解决钴开采的分层后果，并证明必须跨地域和背景考虑可持续性问题。

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引用次数: 0

Strategic potential assessment of lanthanum and scandium through geochemical-lithological analysis with unsupervised machine learning in southern Ecuador 在厄瓜多尔南部，通过无监督机器学习的地球化学-岩性分析对镧和钪的战略潜力进行评估

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105731

Marco A. Cotrina-Teatino , Jairo J. Marquina-Araujo , Jose N. Mamani-Quispe , José A. Guartán , Aldo R. Castillo-Chung , Solio M. Arango-Retamozo , Joe A. González-Vasquez , Salomon M. Ortiz-Quintanilla

The preliminary identification of areas with strategic geochemical potential poses a major challenge in mineral exploration when only surface-level and unclassified data are available. This study aimed to integrate geostatistical techniques with unsupervised machine learning algorithms to classify zones of high, medium, and low potential for lanthanum (La) and scandium (Sc) in southern Ecuador. A database comprising 3998 geochemical samples was used, with concentrations estimated via Ordinary Kriging (OK), employing variogram structures tailored to each element. The K-means, Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM), Mini-Batch K-means (MBKM), and Spectral Clustering (SC) algorithms were applied to the interpolated values to achieve automated spatial segmentation. Validation against a traditional percentile-based classification yielded high accuracy, with SC (accuracy = 0.898) and KM (0.860) performing best for La, and GMM (0.899) for Sc. Additionally, total metal contents per zone were estimated, reaching up to 725.10 t of La (average grade: 11.98 mg/kg) and 103.23 t of Sc (average grade: 2.08 mg/kg) in medium-potential zones according to GMM and SC, respectively. Strong lithological associations were identified, particularly highlighting the JUB unit as key for scandium occurrence. Overall, the results confirm that the combination of kriging and unsupervised clustering enables effective classification of mineralogical domains with high spatial coherence, providing a robust tool for prioritizing target areas in early exploration stages.

在只有地表和未分类数据的情况下，初步确定具有战略地球化学潜力的地区对矿物勘探构成重大挑战。本研究旨在将地质统计学技术与无监督机器学习算法相结合，对厄瓜多尔南部镧（La）和钪（Sc）的高、中、低潜力区进行分类。使用了包含3998个地球化学样品的数据库，通过普通克里格法（OK）估计浓度，采用针对每种元素定制的变异图结构。采用K-means、高斯混合模型（GMM）、Mini-Batch K-means （MBKM）和谱聚类（SC）算法对插值值进行自动空间分割。采用传统的百分位分类方法进行验证，获得了较高的准确性，其中SC（精度= 0.898）和KM（精度= 0.860）对La的检测效果最好，而GMM（0.899）对SC的检测效果最好。此外，根据GMM和SC估算，中电位区各区域的总金属含量分别高达725.10 t La（平均品位：11.98 mg/kg）和103.23 t SC（平均品位：2.08 mg/kg）。发现了强烈的岩性关联，特别突出了JUB单元是钪赋存的关键。总的来说，结果证实，克里格和无监督聚类的结合可以有效地分类具有高空间相干性的矿物域，为在早期勘探阶段优先考虑目标区域提供了一个强大的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Connectedness between gold, copper, fossil fuels, and major stock markets: Implications for portfolio management 黄金、铜、化石燃料和主要股票市场之间的联系：对投资组合管理的影响

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105728

Farzaneh Ahmadian-Yazdi , Walid Mensi , Khamis Hamed Al-Yahyaee , Manijeh Ramsheh , Sami Al-Kharusi

This study explores the dynamic connectedness between commodity futures (copper, Brent oil, natural gas, and gold) and pivotal stock markets in Japan, France, Canada, Germany, the U.S., China, and Italy using the time-varying parameter vector-autoregressive (TVP-VAR) model of Antonakakis et al. (2020). Moreover, we analyze portfolio design using multivariate optimal weights by relying on the Minimum Variance Portfolio (MVP), Minimum Correlation Portfolio (MCP), and Minimum Connectedness Portfolio (MCoP) approaches, as well as bivariate optimal weights and hedge ratios using the Broadstock et al. (2022) method. The results show that the French and German stock market returns are the main shock drivers in the network. However, natural gas is the least contributor of shocks to the network and can be used as a hedge asset. Furthermore, all commodity markets are net shock receivers in the system. The spillovers between commodity and stock markets experience a jump during extreme event periods. However, the results reveal that investors should hold more gold than other commodities to equity portfolios, irrespective of market status, under the MVP and MCP approaches. Moreover, we show that the cheapest strategies with significant hedging effectiveness (HE) values are the Shanghai Stock Exchange (CN)/Brent oil in normal mode, Germany and the Shanghai Stock Exchange/Brent oil in bearish mode, and gold/Italy and Brent oil in bullish mode. Conversely, the most expensive strategies are Brent oil/Canada in the normal mode, Italy and Germany/France in the bearish mode, and gold/Italy and Brent oil in the bullish mode.

本研究利用Antonakakis等人（2020）的时变参数向量自回归（TVP-VAR）模型，探讨了商品期货（铜、布伦特石油、天然气和黄金）与日本、法国、加拿大、德国、美国、中国和意大利关键股票市场之间的动态联系。此外，我们通过依赖最小方差投资组合（MVP）、最小相关投资组合（MCP）和最小连通性投资组合（MCoP）方法，以及使用Broadstock等人（2022）方法，使用多元最优权重和对冲比率来分析投资组合设计。结果表明，法国和德国股市的收益是网络中主要的冲击驱动因素。然而，天然气对电网的冲击最小，可以用作对冲资产。此外，所有商品市场都是系统中的净冲击接受者。在极端事件期间，大宗商品和股票市场之间的溢出效应会急剧上升。然而，结果显示，在MVP和MCP方法下，无论市场状况如何，投资者都应该持有更多的黄金而不是其他商品。此外，我们表明，具有显著对冲有效性（HE）值的最便宜策略是正常模式下的上海证券交易所(CN)/布伦特原油，看跌模式下的德国和上海证券交易所/布伦特原油，以及看涨模式下的黄金/意大利和布伦特原油。相反，最昂贵的策略是正常模式下的布伦特原油/加拿大，看跌模式下的意大利和德国/法国，看涨模式下的黄金/意大利和布伦特原油。

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引用次数: 0

Allies and enemies: On the political determinants of trade in critical minerals 盟友与敌人：论关键矿产贸易的政治决定因素

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105701

Markos Farag , Chahir Zaki

While trade in critical minerals is increasingly shaped by geopolitical tensions, most existing studies emphasize economic factors and overlook the role of political alignment. This paper addresses that gap by examining how political dissimilarity – measured through UN voting patterns – affects bilateral trade in critical minerals, which are essential to renewable energy and high-tech applications. Moreover, we distinguish between supply-side and demand-side characteristics. On the supply side, we differentiate between processed and semi-processed products and between products traded in concentrated and diversified markets. On the demand side, we classify minerals based on whether they are used in energy and digital applications or not. Employing a gravity model over the period 1995–2022 and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator, we account for zero trade flows and heteroskedasticity. Our analysis reveals that political dissimilarity with China and the United States is an important determinant of trade in critical minerals, particularly for semi-processed products, those used in energy and digital transitions, and products with more geographically concentrated markets. At the product level, minerals such as nickel, cobalt, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, and aluminum appear especially sensitive to strategic considerations. Finally, our findings are robust across different model specifications.

虽然关键矿物的贸易日益受到地缘政治紧张局势的影响，但大多数现有研究都强调经济因素，而忽视了政治结盟的作用。本文通过研究政治差异（通过联合国投票模式衡量）如何影响关键矿产的双边贸易来解决这一差距，而关键矿产对可再生能源和高科技应用至关重要。此外，我们区分了供给侧和需求侧特征。在供应方面，我们区分加工产品和半成品，区分在集中市场和多样化市场交易的产品。在需求方面，我们根据矿物是否用于能源和数字应用来对其进行分类。采用1995-2022年期间的重力模型和泊松伪极大似然（PPML）估计器，我们解释了零贸易流量和异方差。我们的分析表明，与中国和美国的政治差异是关键矿产贸易的一个重要决定因素，尤其是半成品、用于能源和数字化转型的产品，以及地理上市场更集中的产品。在产品层面，镍、钴、钒、钼、铜和铝等矿物似乎对战略考虑特别敏感。最后，我们的发现在不同的模型规范中都是健壮的。

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引用次数: 0

Multivariate regression (MVR) mining project cost estimator for future mineral supply scenario modeling 基于多元回归（MVR）的未来矿产供应情景建模采矿项目成本估算

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105727

Tim M. O'Brien, Elisa Alonso, Dalton M. McCaffrey, John W. Ryter

Growing demand for various communication, transportation and energy technologies will require a wide range of minerals at quantities that are significantly greater than historical levels. To model future mineral supplies to meet this demand, we developed a new, globally representative, multivariate regression-based (MVR) mining project cost model that can be used to estimate capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenses (OPEX) for 28 mineral commodities that cover the agricultural, energy, infrastructure, and manufacturing industries. These equations utilize common mining project parameters and do not require detailed knowledge of a specific project to estimate costs.

An uneven distribution in reported CAPEX and OPEX data led to the generation of two sets of MVR equations: commodity-specific MVR equations for commodities with a large sample size (e.g., Au, Cu, Zn), and data-aggregated, non-commodity-specific equations for commodities with minimal reported data (e.g., Nb, Ta, and V). Commodity-specific CAPEX and/or OPEX equations were developed for the following 19 minerals: Ag, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, graphite, Li, lanthanides, Mo, Ni, Nb, Pb, phosphate, potash, Pt, Sn, U, W, and Zn, with most equations yielding R² > 0.7. Using the data aggregated approach, non-commodity-specific regressions were developed to estimate bauxite, Nb, Ta, ilmenite, rutile, Mn, Pd, Ti, V, and Zr project costs. Furthermore, we demonstrate the diverse utility of our equations through case studies coupled with Net Present Value (NPV) estimates, highlighting (1) the impact of price volatility on fertilizer projects, (2) the dependency of co-production in platinum group metal projects for increasing the added value and viability of the project, and (3) the capability of various copper projects in meeting growing global demand.

对各种通讯、运输和能源技术日益增长的需求将需要各种各样的矿物，其数量将大大超过历史水平。为了模拟未来的矿产供应以满足这一需求，我们开发了一个新的、具有全球代表性的、基于多元回归（MVR）的采矿项目成本模型，该模型可用于估计农业、能源、基础设施和制造业等28种矿产商品的资本支出（CAPEX）和运营支出（OPEX）。这些公式利用常见的采矿项目参数，不需要详细了解具体项目来估算成本。报告的资本支出和运营支出数据的不均匀分布导致了两组MVR方程的产生：对于具有大样本量的商品（例如，Au, Cu, Zn）的特定商品MVR方程，以及对于具有最小报告数据的商品（例如，Nb， Ta和V）的数据汇总的非特定商品方程。针对以下19种矿物开发了特定商品的CAPEX和/或OPEX方程：Ag、Au、Co、Cu、Fe、石墨、Li、镧系元素、Mo、Ni、Nb、Pb、磷酸盐、钾肥、Pt、Sn、U、W和Zn，大多数方程的收益率为R2 >； 0.7。使用数据汇总方法，开发了非商品特定回归来估计铝土矿，铌，钽，钛，金红石，锰，钯，钛，钒和锆项目成本。此外，我们通过结合净现值（NPV）估算的案例研究证明了我们的方程的多种效用，突出了(1)价格波动对化肥项目的影响，(2)铂族金属项目联合生产对增加项目附加值和可行性的依赖，以及(3)各种铜项目满足日益增长的全球需求的能力。

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引用次数: 0

Uncovering direct and indirect causes of coal mine accidents: A novel analysis utilizing social network and Sent-LDA models 揭示煤矿事故的直接和间接原因：一种利用社会网络和send - lda模型的新分析

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105730

Yangyang Chen , Wenyi Tang , Xiaojie Liu , Yi Shi , Jiannan Zhu

引用次数: 0

Memory, myths and conspiracy theories: The legacy of mine decline for women in the Free State Goldfields, South Africa 记忆、神话和阴谋论：南非自由邦金矿区女性矿山衰落的遗产

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105725

Kentse Sesele , Lochner Marais

In South Africa's mining past, women were excluded from commercial mining and forbidden to live with their migrant labourer partners at the mines. By the mid-1980s, change was in the air, and by the mid-1990s restrictions on the movement of miners and their families had ended. Miners still moved around from mine to mine, but now accompanied by women. Memory studies of mining history in South Africa have been largely about the men who worked in the mines and the powerful people and organisations who influenced their lives. In this paper we look instead at the women, to see how their experiences have shaped their memories of the past. As they told their stories, we heard about their struggles and regrets after three decades of swift decline in the Goldfields. We recorded a mélange of memories, myths and conspiracy theories. Our paper contributes to the literature on the social memories of vulnerable women in a resource community. We show how their memories of the wealth and safety of the past determine their thinking about the future.

在南非过去的采矿业中，妇女被排除在商业采矿业之外，并被禁止与她们的移徙劳工伙伴在矿山生活。到20世纪80年代中期，变化正在发生，到20世纪90年代中期，对矿工及其家属行动的限制已经结束。矿工们仍然从一个矿井搬到另一个矿井，但现在有了妇女陪伴。对南非矿业历史的记忆研究主要是关于在矿山工作的人，以及影响他们生活的有权势的人和组织。在这篇论文中，我们转而关注这些女性，看看她们的经历是如何塑造她们对过去的记忆的。当他们讲述自己的故事时，我们听到了他们在金矿区三十年迅速衰落后的挣扎和遗憾。我们记录了大量的记忆、神话和阴谋论。我们的论文对资源社区中弱势女性的社会记忆文献做出了贡献。我们展示了他们对过去财富和安全的记忆如何决定了他们对未来的思考。

引用次数: 0

Edmonton, a resource city: urban development examined through unrecognized resource legacies 埃德蒙顿，一个资源型城市：通过未被认可的资源遗产考察城市发展

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105692

Peter Whyte, Kristof Van Assche

Edmonton, Alberta, is currently associated with oil and gas industries, yet its history as a resource community is in many ways not only obscure but also influential, even key to the understanding of its urban development. Timber harvesting, brick making but most importantly local coal mining powered and structured Edmonton's growth. Several communities were key to this foundation, ultimately becoming hosts for many other city sustaining functions. River flats communities like Riverdale and Cloverdale were vulnerable to floods. Beverly, an official coal mining town had a prolonged history of struggle. McCauley was home to the Federal prison; resident prisoners mined the coal beneath Riverdale. Coal mining in Edmonton was replaced by informal and social housing, waste management, major transportation projects, and finally development of Edmonton's River Valley parks system. Edmonton provides a case study for expanding the resource communities narrative. Key communities in Edmonton's early years show how coal mining influenced landscape, economic shifts, and relationships within a growing city. A combined process of GIS analysis, local media analysis, and literature review provides a framework for understanding how Edmonton, a large northern city initially shared the experiences and difficulties of small resource communities in earlier years of growth and development. Large and diverse cities which seemingly transcended their extractive origin can be analyzed through the lens of resource legacies, which can reveal, as in Edmonton, that largely forgotten histories of vanished resources can mark cities and their planning in profound ways. We therefore speak of opaque resource cities.

艾伯塔省的埃德蒙顿目前与石油和天然气工业有关，但它作为一个资源社区的历史在很多方面不仅不为人知，而且很有影响力，甚至是理解其城市发展的关键。木材采伐，制砖但最重要的是当地的煤矿开采为埃德蒙顿的发展提供了动力和结构。几个社区是这个基础的关键，最终成为许多其他城市维持功能的东道主。Riverdale和Cloverdale这样的河畔社区很容易受到洪水的影响。贝弗利，一个官方的煤矿城镇，有着漫长的斗争历史。麦考利是联邦监狱的所在地；囚犯们在Riverdale地下开采煤炭。埃德蒙顿的煤矿被非正式的社会住房、废物管理、主要的交通项目所取代，最后发展了埃德蒙顿的河谷公园系统。埃德蒙顿提供了一个扩展资源社区叙事的案例研究。埃德蒙顿早期的主要社区展示了煤炭开采如何影响景观、经济转变和城市发展中的关系。GIS分析、当地媒体分析和文献综述相结合的过程为理解埃德蒙顿这个北方大城市最初如何分享小型资源社区早年成长和发展的经验和困难提供了一个框架。可以通过资源遗产的视角来分析那些似乎超越了其采掘起源的大型和多样化的城市，就像在埃德蒙顿一样，它可以揭示，在很大程度上被遗忘的资源消失的历史可以以深刻的方式标志着城市及其规划。因此，我们说的是不透明的资源城市。

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引用次数: 0