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Climate Evolution Through the Onset and Intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation 通过北半球冰期的开始和加强的气候演化
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.1029/2022RG000793
E. L. McClymont, S. L. Ho, H. L. Ford, I. Bailey, M. A. Berke, C. T. Bolton, S. De Schepper, G. R. Grant, J. Groeneveld, G. N. Inglis, C. Karas, M. O. Patterson, G. E. A. Swann, K. Thirumalai, S. M. White, M. Alonso-Garcia, P. Anand, B. A. A. Hoogakker, K. Littler, B. F. Petrick, B. Risebrobakken, J. T. Abell, A. J. Crocker, F. de Graaf, S. J. Feakins, J. C. Hargreaves, C. L. Jones, M. Markowska, A. S. Ratnayake, C. Stepanek, D. Tangunan

The Pliocene Epoch (∼5.3–2.6 million years ago, Ma) was characterized by a warmer than present climate with smaller Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, and offers an example of a climate system in long-term equilibrium with current or predicted near-future atmospheric CO2 concentrations (pCO2). A long-term trend of ice-sheet expansion led to more pronounced glacial (cold) stages by the end of the Pliocene (∼2.6 Ma), known as the “intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation” (iNHG). We assessed the spatial and temporal variability of ocean temperatures and ice-volume indicators through the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene (from 3.3 to 2.4 Ma) to determine the character of this climate transition. We identified asynchronous shifts in long-term means and the pacing and amplitude of shorter-term climate variability, between regions and between climate proxies. Early changes in Antarctic glaciation and Southern Hemisphere ocean properties occurred even during the mid-Piacenzian warm period (∼3.264–3.025 Ma) which has been used as an analog for future warming. Increased climate variability subsequently developed alongside signatures of larger Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (iNHG). Yet, some regions of the ocean felt no impact of iNHG, particularly in lower latitudes. Our analysis has demonstrated the complex, non-uniform and globally asynchronous nature of climate changes associated with the iNHG. Shifting ocean gateways and ocean circulation changes may have pre-conditioned the later evolution of ice sheets with falling atmospheric pCO2. Further development of high-resolution, multi-proxy reconstructions of climate is required so that the full potential of the rich and detailed geological records can be realized.

上新世(约530 - 260万年前,Ma)的特征是气候比现在更温暖,北半球冰盖更小,并提供了一个与当前或预测的近未来大气CO2浓度(pCO2)长期平衡的气候系统的例子。到上新世末期(~ 2.6 Ma),冰盖扩张的长期趋势导致了更明显的冰川(冷)阶段,被称为“北半球冰川强化”(iNHG)。我们评估了上新世晚期和更新世早期(3.3 ~ 2.4 Ma)海洋温度和冰量指标的时空变化,以确定这一气候转变的特征。我们确定了区域之间和气候代理之间的长期均值和短期气候变率的速度和幅度的非同步变化。南极冰川作用和南半球海洋性质的早期变化甚至发生在皮亚琴世中期暖期(~ 3.264-3.025 Ma),这已被用作未来变暖的模拟。随着北半球冰盖(iNHG)变大的特征,气候变率随之增加。然而,海洋的一些地区没有受到洲际高压的影响,特别是在低纬度地区。我们的分析表明,与iNHG相关的气候变化具有复杂性、非均匀性和全球非同步性。海洋门户的移动和海洋环流的变化可能预先调节了冰盖随着大气二氧化碳分压下降的后期演变。需要进一步发展高分辨率、多代理的气候重建,以便充分发挥丰富而详细的地质记录的潜力。
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引用次数: 1
Upper Ocean Biogeochemistry of the Oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: From Nutrient Sources to Carbon Export 北太平洋副热带低营养环流的上层海洋生物地球化学:从营养源到碳输出
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-04 DOI: 10.1029/2022RG000800
Minhan Dai, Ya-Wei Luo, Eric P. Achterberg, Thomas J. Browning, Yihua Cai, Zhimian Cao, Fei Chai, Bingzhang Chen, Matthew J. Church, Dongjian Ci, Chuanjun Du, Kunshan Gao, Xianghui Guo, Zhendong Hu, Shuh-Ji Kao, Edward A. Laws, Zhongping Lee, Hongyang Lin, Qian Liu, Xin Liu, Weicheng Luo, Feifei Meng, Shaoling Shang, Dalin Shi, Hiroaki Saito, Luping Song, Xianhui Sean Wan, Yuntao Wang, Wei-Lei Wang, Zuozhu Wen, Peng Xiu, Jing Zhang, Ruifeng Zhang, Kuanbo Zhou

Subtropical gyres cover 26%–29% of the world's surface ocean and are conventionally regarded as ocean deserts due to their permanent stratification, depleted surface nutrients, and low biological productivity. Despite tremendous advances over the past three decades, particularly through the Hawaii Ocean Time-series and the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study, which have revolutionized our understanding of the biogeochemistry in oligotrophic marine ecosystems, the gyres remain understudied. We review current understanding of upper ocean biogeochemistry in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, considering other subtropical gyres for comparison. We focus our synthesis on spatial variability, which shows larger than expected dynamic ranges of properties such as nutrient concentrations, rates of N2 fixation, and biological production. This review provides new insights into how nutrient sources drive community structure and export in upper subtropical gyres. We examine the euphotic zone (EZ) in subtropical gyres as a two-layered vertically structured system: a nutrient-depleted layer above the top of the nutricline in the well-lit upper ocean and a nutrient-replete layer below in the dimly lit waters. These layers vary in nutrient supply and stoichiometries and physical forcing, promoting differences in community structure and food webs, with direct impacts on the magnitude and composition of export production. We evaluate long-term variations in key biogeochemical parameters in both of these EZ layers. Finally, we identify major knowledge gaps and research challenges in these vast and unique systems that offer opportunities for future studies.

副热带环流覆盖了世界表面海洋的26%-29%,由于其永久分层、表面营养物质枯竭和生物生产力低下,通常被认为是海洋沙漠。尽管在过去的三十年里取得了巨大的进步,特别是通过夏威夷海洋时间序列和百慕大大西洋时间序列研究,它们彻底改变了我们对低营养海洋生态系统生物地球化学的理解,但环流仍然没有得到充分的研究。我们回顾了目前对北太平洋副热带环流上层海洋生物地球化学的认识,并考虑了其他副热带环流的比较。我们将研究重点放在空间变异性上,空间变异性显示出比预期更大的动态范围,如养分浓度、氮固定率和生物产量。本文综述为副热带上层环流中营养源驱动群落结构和输出提供了新的认识。我们研究了亚热带环流中的光带(EZ)作为一个双层垂直结构系统:在光线充足的上层海洋中,营养线顶部上方的营养枯竭层,在光线昏暗的水域中,营养充足层位于下方。这些层在营养供应、化学计量和物理强迫方面各不相同,促进了群落结构和食物网的差异,对出口生产的规模和组成产生直接影响。我们评估了这两个EZ层的关键生物地球化学参数的长期变化。最后,我们在这些庞大而独特的系统中确定了主要的知识差距和研究挑战,为未来的研究提供了机会。
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引用次数: 3
Recent Advances and New Frontiers in Riverine and Coastal Flood Modeling 河流和沿海洪水模型的最新进展和新领域
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-26 DOI: 10.1029/2022RG000788
Keighobad Jafarzadegan, Hamid Moradkhani, Florian Pappenberger, Hamed Moftakhari, Paul Bates, Peyman Abbaszadeh, Reza Marsooli, Celso Ferreira, Hannah L. Cloke, Fred Ogden, Qingyun Duan

Over the past decades, the scientific community has made significant efforts to simulate flooding conditions using a variety of complex physically based models. Despite all advances, these models still fall short in accuracy and reliability and are often considered computationally intensive to be fully operational. This could be attributed to insufficient comprehension of the causative mechanisms of flood processes, assumptions in model development and inadequate consideration of uncertainties. We suggest adopting an approach that accounts for the influence of human activities, soil saturation, snow processes, topography, river morphology, and land-use type to enhance our understanding of flood generating mechanisms. We also recommend a transition to the development of innovative earth system modeling frameworks where the interaction among all components of the earth system are simultaneously modeled. Additionally, more nonselective and rigorous studies should be conducted to provide a detailed comparison of physical models and simplified methods for flood inundation mapping. Linking process-based models with data-driven/statistical methods offers a variety of opportunities that are yet to be explored and conveyed to researchers and emergency managers. The main contribution of this paper is to notify scientists and practitioners of the latest developments in flood characterization and modeling, identify challenges in understanding flood processes, associated uncertainties and risks in coupled hydrologic and hydrodynamic modeling for forecasting and inundation mapping, and the potential use of state-of-the-art data assimilation and machine learning to tackle the complexities involved in transitioning such developments to operation.

在过去的几十年里,科学界已经做出了巨大的努力,使用各种复杂的基于物理的模型来模拟洪水条件。尽管有了这些进步,但这些模型在准确性和可靠性方面仍然不足,并且通常被认为是计算密集型的,无法完全运行。这可归因于对洪水过程的成因机制理解不足、模型开发中的假设和对不确定性考虑不足。我们建议采用一种考虑人类活动、土壤饱和度、积雪过程、地形、河流形态和土地利用类型影响的方法来提高我们对洪水产生机制的理解。我们还建议过渡到开发创新的地球系统建模框架,其中地球系统所有组件之间的相互作用同时建模。此外,应进行更多的非选择性和严格的研究,以提供洪水淹没制图的物理模型和简化方法的详细比较。将基于过程的模型与数据驱动/统计方法联系起来提供了各种机会,这些机会尚待探索并传达给研究人员和应急管理人员。本文的主要贡献是通知科学家和实践者洪水表征和建模的最新发展,确定理解洪水过程的挑战,预测和洪水制图中耦合水文和水动力建模的相关不确定性和风险,以及最先进的数据同化和机器学习的潜在应用,以解决将这些发展转变为操作所涉及的复杂性。
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引用次数: 2
Expressing Gratitude to Reviewers: A Message From the Editors of Reviews of Geophysics for 2022 感谢审稿人:《地球物理学评论》2022年版编辑寄语
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000814
Fabio Florindo, Valerio Acocella, Robert Bingham, Ann Marie Carlton, Paolo D’Odorico, Qingyun Duan, Andrew Gettelman, Jasper S. Halekas, Ruth Harris, Gesine Mollenhauer, Alan Robock, Claudine Stirling, Yusuke Yokoyama

Reviews of Geophysics (RoG) is the top-rated journal in geochemistry and geophysics (Florindo et al., 2023) and it could not exist without your investment of time and effort. Your expertise ensures that the papers published in this journal meet the standards that the research community expects. We sincerely appreciate the time you spent reading and commenting on manuscripts, and we are very grateful for your willingness and readiness to serve in this role.

RoG published 22 review papers and an editorial in 2022, covering most of the American Geophysical Union section topics, and for this, we were able to rely on the efforts of 69 dedicated reviewers who freely donated their expertise to the journal. Many reviewers answered the call multiple times, as RoG received 82 reviews in 2022. Thank you all again for your awesome efforts, your insights, and your service on behalf of the Earth and space science community.

We look forward to a 2023 of exciting advances in the field and communicating those advances to our community and the broader public. If you have comments regarding the RoG or its peer review process, we invite you to contact the journal at [email protected].

《地球物理学评论》(Reviews of Geophysics, RoG)是地球化学和地球物理学领域的顶级期刊(Florindo et al., 2023),如果没有您的时间和精力投入,它就不可能存在。您的专业知识确保在本刊上发表的论文符合研究界期望的标准。我们真诚地感谢您花时间阅读和评论稿件,我们非常感谢您愿意和愿意担任这个角色。RoG在2022年发表了22篇评论论文和一篇社论,涵盖了美国地球物理联合会的大部分主题,为此,我们能够依靠69位专业审稿人的努力,他们免费向该杂志贡献了他们的专业知识。许多评论者多次回应了这一呼吁,因为2022年RoG收到了82篇评论。再次感谢你们所有人,感谢你们代表地球和空间科学界所做的了不起的努力、你们的洞察力和你们的服务。我们期待着2023年在该领域取得令人兴奋的进展,并将这些进展传达给我们的社区和更广泛的公众。如果您对RoG或其同行评议过程有意见,我们邀请您通过[email protected]与期刊联系。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of Air Flow in Partially Water-Saturated Porous Media 部分水饱和多孔介质中空气流动动力学
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.1029/2022RG000798
Ilan Ben-Noah, Shmulik P. Friedman, Brian Berkowitz

Dynamics of flowing air in partially water-saturated, porous geological formations are governed by a wide range of forces and parameters. These dynamics are reviewed in the contexts of flow patterns that arise and the corresponding applicability of diverse modeling approaches. The importance of reliable gas-liquid flow models draws from the key role gases play in earth systems, and the various engineering practices involving air injection into geological formations. Here, we focus on air flow in water-wet porous media. We survey the factors that affect flow patterns and phase configurations, and the measures that quantify them. For single-phase flow in saturated media (i.e., air flow in dry media or water flow in water-saturated media), the continuum approach (Darcy's law) is generally applicable and offers a good interpretive tool. However, the coupled two-phase flow continuum approach appears appropriate only for phase-saturation degrees that allow both phases to be continuous in the flow domain. Furthermore, air flow in wet media is highly unstable. As a result, air commonly flows in preferential pathways or in the form of bubbles and ganglia, which are not amenable to continuum modeling. On the other hand, pore-scale models that account for the complex geometries and interfaces between the fluids and the media require extreme computational efforts, and generally inaccessible details on medium characteristics. Other stochastically-based representations, such as percolation theory, have value in the conceptualization of complex flow problems but demonstrate limited success in interpreting phase configurations, saturation degrees, and relative permeabilities.

在部分水饱和的多孔地质构造中,流动空气的动力学受到各种力和参数的控制。这些动力学在流动模式的背景下进行了审查,并提出了各种建模方法的相应适用性。可靠的气液流动模型的重要性来自于气体在地球系统中的关键作用,以及各种涉及向地质构造注入空气的工程实践。在这里,我们关注的是水湿多孔介质中的空气流动。我们调查了影响流型和相配置的因素,以及量化它们的措施。对于饱和介质中的单相流动(即干介质中的气流或水饱和介质中的水流),连续介质法(达西定律)一般适用,并提供了一个很好的解释工具。然而,耦合两相流连续方法似乎只适用于相饱和度允许两相在流域中连续的情况。此外,湿介质中的气流非常不稳定。因此,空气通常以优先路径或以气泡和神经节的形式流动,这是不适合连续体模型的。另一方面,考虑流体和介质之间复杂几何形状和界面的孔隙尺度模型需要极大的计算努力,并且通常无法获得介质特性的细节。其他基于随机的表示,如渗透理论,在复杂流动问题的概念化方面具有价值,但在解释相配置、饱和度和相对渗透率方面表现出有限的成功。
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引用次数: 0
Reducing Aerosol Forcing Uncertainty by Combining Models With Satellite and Within-The-Atmosphere Observations: A Three-Way Street 将模式与卫星和大气内观测相结合降低气溶胶强迫的不确定性:一条三边街
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.1029/2022RG000796
Ralph A. Kahn, Elisabeth Andrews, Charles A. Brock, Mian Chin, Graham Feingold, Andrew Gettelman, Robert C. Levy, Daniel M. Murphy, Athanasios Nenes, Jeffrey R. Pierce, Thomas Popp, Jens Redemann, Andrew M. Sayer, Arlindo M. da Silva, Larisa Sogacheva, Philip Stier

Aerosol forcing uncertainty represents the largest climate forcing uncertainty overall. Its magnitude has remained virtually undiminished over the past 20 years despite considerable advances in understanding most of the key contributing elements. Recent work has produced modest increases only in the confidence of the uncertainty estimate itself. This review summarizes the contributions toward reducing the uncertainty in the aerosol forcing of climate made by satellite observations, measurements taken within the atmosphere, as well as modeling and data assimilation. We adopt a more measurement-oriented perspective than most reviews of the subject in assessing the strengths and limitations of each; gaps and possible ways to fill them are considered. Currently planned programs supporting advanced, global-scale satellite and surface-based aerosol, cloud, and precursor gas observations, climate modeling, and intensive field campaigns aimed at characterizing the underlying physical and chemical processes involved, are all essential. But in addition, new efforts are needed: (a) to obtain systematic aircraft in situ measurements capturing the multi-variate probability distribution functions of particle optical, microphysical, and chemical properties (and associated uncertainty estimates), as well as co-variability with meteorology, for the major aerosol airmass types; (b) to conceive, develop, and implement a suborbital (aircraft plus surface-based) program aimed at systematically quantifying the cloud-scale microphysics, cloud optical properties, and cloud-related vertical velocities associated with aerosol-cloud interactions; and (c) to focus much more research on integrating the unique contributions of satellite observations, suborbital measurements, and modeling, to reduce the persistent uncertainty in aerosol climate forcing.

气溶胶强迫的不确定性代表了总体上最大的气候强迫不确定性。在过去的20年中,尽管在了解大多数关键因素方面取得了相当大的进展,但其规模几乎没有减少。最近的工作只在不确定性估计本身的信心方面产生了适度的增加。本综述总结了卫星观测、大气内测量以及模拟和数据同化对减少气候气溶胶强迫不确定性的贡献。在评估各自的优势和局限性时,我们采用了比大多数评论更以测量为导向的观点;考虑了差距和可能的填补方法。目前计划的项目支持先进的、全球尺度的卫星和地面气溶胶、云和前体气体观测、气候建模以及旨在描述所涉及的潜在物理和化学过程的密集实地活动,这些都是必不可少的。但除此之外,还需要作出新的努力:(a)获得系统的飞机现场测量,获取主要气溶胶气团类型的粒子光学、微物理和化学性质(以及相关的不确定性估计)的多变量概率分布函数,以及与气象学的共变率;(b)构思、开发和实施亚轨道(飞机加地面)计划,旨在系统地量化云尺度微物理、云光学特性和与气溶胶-云相互作用相关的云相关垂直速度;(c)将更多的研究重点放在整合卫星观测、亚轨道测量和模拟的独特贡献上,以减少气溶胶气候强迫的持续不确定性。
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引用次数: 1
Heat Waves: Physical Understanding and Scientific Challenges 热浪:物理认识和科学挑战
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.1029/2022RG000780
D. Barriopedro, R. García-Herrera, C. Ordó?ez, D. G. Miralles, S. Salcedo-Sanz

Heat waves (HWs) can cause large socioeconomic and environmental impacts. The observed increases in their frequency, intensity and duration are projected to continue with global warming. This review synthesizes the state of knowledge and scientific challenges. It discusses different aspects related to the definition, triggering mechanisms, observed changes and future projections of HWs, as well as emerging research lines on subseasonal forecasts and specific types of HWs. We also identify gaps that limit progress and delineate priorities for future research. Overall, the physical drivers of HWs are not well understood, partly due to difficulties in the quantification of their interactions and responses to climate change. Influential factors convey processes at different spatio-temporal scales, from global warming and the large-scale atmospheric circulation to regional and local factors in the affected area and upwind regions. Although some thermodynamic processes have been identified, there is a lack of understanding of dynamical aspects, regional forcings and feedbacks, and their future changes. This hampers the attribution of regional trends and individual events, and reduces the ability to provide accurate forecasts and regional projections. Sustained observational networks, models of diverse complexity, narrative-based methodological approaches and artificial intelligence offer new opportunities toward process-based understanding and interdisciplinary research.

热浪(HWs)会造成巨大的社会经济和环境影响。观测到的其频率、强度和持续时间的增加预计将随着全球变暖而继续。这篇综述综合了知识状况和科学挑战。它讨论了与高温天气的定义、触发机制、观测到的变化和未来预测有关的不同方面,以及分季节预报和特定类型高温天气的新研究方向。我们还确定了限制进展的差距,并划定了未来研究的优先事项。总体而言,高通量的物理驱动因素尚未得到很好的理解,部分原因是难以量化它们的相互作用和对气候变化的响应。从全球变暖和大尺度大气环流到受影响地区和逆风地区的区域和局地因子,影响因子传递了不同时空尺度的过程。虽然已经确定了一些热力学过程,但缺乏对动力学方面、区域强迫和反馈及其未来变化的了解。这妨碍了对区域趋势和个别事件的归因,并降低了提供准确预报和区域预测的能力。持续的观测网络、不同复杂性的模型、基于叙事的方法论方法和人工智能为基于过程的理解和跨学科研究提供了新的机会。
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引用次数: 9
60 Years and Beyond of Reviews of Geophysics 地球物理学回顾60年及以后
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000807
Fabio Florindo, Valerio Acocella, Ann Marie Carlton, Paolo D’Odorico, Qingyun Duan, Andrew Gettelman, Jasper Halekas, Ruth Harris, Gesine Mollenhauer, Alan Robock, Claudine Stirling, Yusuke Yokoyama

Reviews of Geophysics is an AGU journal, first established in February 1963. It is a hybrid open access invitation-only journal that publishes comprehensive review articles across various disciplines within the Earth and Space Sciences. The selection criteria are rigorous and many submissions are declined without review. The journal is the highest ranked in the fields of Geochemistry and Geophysics, with a high Journal Impact Factor (JIF2021 = 24.9), which is indicative of its high visibility and influence within the scientific community. The journal's published review papers, beyond a mere summary of literature, provide crucial context for current work, and establish the framework for comprehensive understanding of research progress, challenges, and interconnections between different communities, so that research may be appreciated by a broad audience. We emphasize the importance of publishing studies that provide a comprehensive overview and synthesis of the current state of knowledge in a field, especially in the case of geophysics, where knowledge is rapidly developing, increasing and becoming more specialized.

《地球物理学评论》是AGU期刊,创刊于1963年2月。这是一本只接受邀请的混合型开放获取期刊,发表地球与空间科学各个学科的综合评论文章。选择标准是严格的,许多提交的材料未经审查就被拒绝了。该期刊在地球化学和地球物理学领域排名最高,具有很高的期刊影响因子(JIF2021 = 24.9),这表明其在科学界的高知名度和影响力。该杂志发表的评论论文,不仅仅是对文献的总结,还为当前的工作提供了重要的背景,并建立了对研究进展、挑战和不同社区之间相互联系的全面理解的框架,从而使研究能够得到广泛的读者的欣赏。我们强调发表研究的重要性,这些研究提供了一个领域知识现状的全面概述和综合,特别是在地球物理学的情况下,知识正在迅速发展,增加和变得更加专业化。
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引用次数: 0
Health and Safety Effects of Airborne Soil Dust in the Americas and Beyond 美洲及其他地区空气中土壤粉尘对健康和安全的影响
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.1029/2021RG000763
Daniel Q. Tong, Thomas E. Gill, William A. Sprigg, Robert Scott Van Pelt, Alexander A. Baklanov, Bridget Marie Barker, Jesse E. Bell, Juan Castillo, Santiago Gassó, Cassandra J. Gaston, Dale W. Griffin, Nicolas Huneeus, Ralph A. Kahn, Arunas P. Kuciauskas, Luis A. Ladino, Junran Li, Olga L. Mayol-Bracero, Orion Z. McCotter, Pablo A. Méndez-Lázaro, Pierpaolo Mudu, Slobodan Nickovic, Damian Oyarzun, Joseph Prospero, Graciela B. Raga, Amit U. Raysoni, Ling Ren, Nikias Sarafoglou, Andrea Sealy, Ziheng Sun, Ana Vukovic Vimic

Risks associated with dust hazards are often underappreciated, a gap between the knowledge pool and public awareness that can be costly for impacted communities. This study reviews the emission sources and chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of airborne soil particles (dust) and their effects on human and environmental health and safety in the Pan-American region. American dust originates from both local sources (western United States, northern Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina) and long-range transport from Africa and Asia. Dust properties, as well as the trends and interactions with criteria air pollutants, are summarized. Human exposure to dust is associated with adverse health effects, including asthma, allergies, fungal infections, and premature death. In the Americas, a well-documented and striking effect of soil dust is its association with Coccidioidomycosis, commonly known as Valley fever, an infection caused by inhalation of soil-dwelling fungi unique to this region. Besides human health, dust affects environmental health through nutrients that increase phytoplankton biomass, contaminants that diminish water supply and affect food (crops/fruits/vegetables and ready-to-eat meat), spread crop and marine pathogens, cause Valley fever among domestic and wild animals, transport heavy metals, radionuclides and microplastics, and reduce solar and wind power generation. Dust is also a safety hazard to road transportation and aviation, in the southwestern US where blowing dust is one of the deadliest weather hazards. To mitigate the harmful effects, coordinated regional and international efforts are needed to enhance dust observations and prediction capabilities, soil conservation measures, and Valley fever and other disease surveillance.

与粉尘危害相关的风险往往被低估,知识库和公众意识之间的差距可能会给受影响的社区带来高昂的代价。本研究综述了泛美区域空气中土壤颗粒(粉尘)的排放源、化学、物理和生物特性及其对人类和环境健康与安全的影响。美洲的沙尘既来自当地(美国西部、墨西哥北部、秘鲁、玻利维亚、智利和阿根廷),也来自非洲和亚洲的长途运输。总结了粉尘的性质,以及与标准空气污染物的趋势和相互作用。人类接触粉尘会对健康产生不良影响,包括哮喘、过敏、真菌感染和过早死亡。在美洲,有充分记录的土壤粉尘的显著影响是它与球孢子菌病(俗称谷热)有关,这是一种因吸入该地区特有的土壤真菌而引起的感染。除人类健康外,粉尘还通过增加浮游植物生物量的营养物质、减少供水并影响食物(作物/水果/蔬菜和即食肉类)的污染物、传播作物和海洋病原体、在家畜和野生动物中引起谷热、运输重金属、放射性核素和微塑料以及减少太阳能和风能发电等方式影响环境健康。扬尘也是公路运输和航空的安全隐患,在美国西南部,扬尘是最致命的天气危害之一。为了减轻有害影响,需要协调区域和国际努力,加强沙尘观测和预报能力、土壤保持措施以及谷热和其他疾病监测。
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引用次数: 7
A Review of Speleothems as Archives for Paleofire Proxies, With Australian Case Studies 古火代用资料中洞穴主题的研究综述,并以澳大利亚为例
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.1029/2022RG000790
Micheline Campbell, Liza McDonough, Pauline C. Treble, Andy Baker, Nevena Kosarac, Katie Coleborn, Peter M. Wynn, Axel K. Schmitt

Wildfires affect 40% of the earth's terrestrial biome, but much of our knowledge of wildfire activity is limited to the satellite era. Improved understanding of past fires is necessary to better forecast how fire regimes might change with future climate change, to understand ecosystem resilience to fire, and to improve data-model comparisons. Environmental proxy archives can extend our knowledge of past fire activity. Speleothems, naturally occurring cave formations, are widely used in paleoenvironmental research as they are absolutely dateable, occur on every ice-free continent, and include multiple proxies. Recently, speleothems have been shown to record past fire events (Argiriadis et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00767; McDonough et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2022.03.020; Homann et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34950-x). Here we present a review of this emerging application in speleothem paleoenvironmental science. We give a concise overview of fire regimes and common paleofire proxies, describe past attempts to use stalagmites to investigate paleofire, and describe the physical basis through which speleothems can record past fires. We then describe the ideal speleothem sample for paleofire research and offer a summary of applicable laboratory and statistical methods. Finally, we present four case studies from southwest Australia which: (a) explore the geochemistry of ash leachates, (b) detail how sulfate isotopes may be a proxy for post fire ecological recovery, (c) demonstrate how a catastrophic paleofire was linked to changes in climate and land management, and (d) investigate whether deep caves can record past fire events. We conclude the paper by outlining future research directions for paleofire applications.

野火影响着地球上40%的陆地生物群落,但我们对野火活动的了解大多局限于卫星时代。提高对过去火灾的了解对于更好地预测火灾制度如何随未来气候变化而变化、了解生态系统对火灾的恢复能力以及改进数据模型比较是必要的。环境代理档案可以扩展我们对过去火灾活动的认识。洞穴是自然形成的洞穴结构,在古环境研究中被广泛使用,因为它们具有绝对的可追溯性,存在于每个无冰大陆,并包括多种代用物。最近,洞穴主题被证明可以记录过去的火灾事件(Argiriadis等人,2019,https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00767;McDonough等人,2022,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2022.03.020;Homann et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34950-x)。本文就该技术在洞穴古环境科学中的应用作一综述。本文简要概述了古火的形态和常见的古火代用物,描述了过去利用石笋研究古火的尝试,并描述了洞穴记录古火的物理基础。然后,我们描述了古火研究的理想洞穴样品,并总结了适用的实验室和统计方法。最后,我们介绍了澳大利亚西南部的四个案例研究:(a)探索灰烬渗出物的地球化学,(b)详细说明硫酸盐同位素如何作为火灾后生态恢复的代理,(c)证明灾难性古火灾如何与气候和土地管理变化联系在一起,以及(d)调查深洞是否可以记录过去的火灾事件。最后对古火应用的未来研究方向进行了展望。
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引用次数: 3
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Reviews of Geophysics
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