Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781011
B. Scheuger, I. Levine, R. Sheinbein
Efficiency in today's world has become paramount in the quest to reduce our environmental impact on our planet. The focus on energy efficiency though can draw the attention away from other factors such as facility reliability. Efficiency improvements have been seen to affect reliability positively and negatively. The following paper will bring to light some of the designs concerns that must be accounted for while improving energy efficiency. It will continue to examine the effects that efficiency and reliability have on each other and ways to improve upon both. The primarily focus will be on the building industry and specifically data centers as a building sector that that has required increasing quantities power and a building type that requires a high level reliability.
{"title":"Review of the Impact of Improved Efficiency on Reliability","authors":"B. Scheuger, I. Levine, R. Sheinbein","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781011","url":null,"abstract":"Efficiency in today's world has become paramount in the quest to reduce our environmental impact on our planet. The focus on energy efficiency though can draw the attention away from other factors such as facility reliability. Efficiency improvements have been seen to affect reliability positively and negatively. The following paper will bring to light some of the designs concerns that must be accounted for while improving energy efficiency. It will continue to examine the effects that efficiency and reliability have on each other and ways to improve upon both. The primarily focus will be on the building industry and specifically data centers as a building sector that that has required increasing quantities power and a building type that requires a high level reliability.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122668839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781036
T. Das, D. Aliprantis
Depending upon the charging technique, fleets of PHEVs integrated within the power grid behave as constant power loads (CPL) or constant impedance loads (CIL). In this paper, a small-signal stability analysis of a power system with high PHEV penetration is performed. The results indicate that when the PHEVs are charged with a constant-current technique, the grid is more prone to instability. Consequently, operating PHEVs as CILs can increase their maximum penetration levels before the system becomes unstable.
{"title":"Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Power System Integrated with PHEVs","authors":"T. Das, D. Aliprantis","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781036","url":null,"abstract":"Depending upon the charging technique, fleets of PHEVs integrated within the power grid behave as constant power loads (CPL) or constant impedance loads (CIL). In this paper, a small-signal stability analysis of a power system with high PHEV penetration is performed. The results indicate that when the PHEVs are charged with a constant-current technique, the grid is more prone to instability. Consequently, operating PHEVs as CILs can increase their maximum penetration levels before the system becomes unstable.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122680924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781031
Yu Zhang, Zhenhua Jiang, X. Yu
Batteries are one of most cost-effective energy storage technologies. However, the use of batteries as energy buffers is somehow problematic, since it is hard, if not impossible, to recover from rapid power fluctuations without dramatically reducing the batteries' lifetimes. In a supercapacitor, energy storage is by means of static charge rather than of an electrochemical process as in a battery; thus the supercapacitor has a higher power density than a battery. It is then advantageous to combine these two energy storage devices to accomplish better power and energy performances. This paper presents an active hybrid energy storage system that comprises a rechargeable battery, a supercapacitor bank and two corresponding DC/DC power converters. The battery and the super-capacitor may be charged or discharged simultaneously with the current or power appropriately split between them. The battery may be predominant in either the charging or discharging mode. Three different control strategies for power sharing between them are developed for the hybrid energy storage system. These control strategies are verified and compared against each other under some certain operating conditions. The effects of controller parameter variations on the system performance are also studied.
{"title":"Control Strategies for Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems","authors":"Yu Zhang, Zhenhua Jiang, X. Yu","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781031","url":null,"abstract":"Batteries are one of most cost-effective energy storage technologies. However, the use of batteries as energy buffers is somehow problematic, since it is hard, if not impossible, to recover from rapid power fluctuations without dramatically reducing the batteries' lifetimes. In a supercapacitor, energy storage is by means of static charge rather than of an electrochemical process as in a battery; thus the supercapacitor has a higher power density than a battery. It is then advantageous to combine these two energy storage devices to accomplish better power and energy performances. This paper presents an active hybrid energy storage system that comprises a rechargeable battery, a supercapacitor bank and two corresponding DC/DC power converters. The battery and the super-capacitor may be charged or discharged simultaneously with the current or power appropriately split between them. The battery may be predominant in either the charging or discharging mode. Three different control strategies for power sharing between them are developed for the hybrid energy storage system. These control strategies are verified and compared against each other under some certain operating conditions. The effects of controller parameter variations on the system performance are also studied.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114159843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781049
H. Johal, D. Divan
As society transitions towards sustainable energy, the electricity grid will become the primary preferred energy delivery infrastructure. The ability of the grid to accommodate a variety of flexible non-carbon generation sources ranging from solar, wind, hydro and nuclear, and to integrate demand management and load control, provides unprecedented ability to coordinate operations across large geographical regions. A carbon tax or cap and trade policy is imminent as a measure to curb green house gas (GHG) emissions, to wean society from over-use of irreplaceable fossil fuels and towards a more sustainable future. In such an environment, 'green' electrons from non-carbon sources such as hydro, wind or solar will have no limitation on their generation or use, and will have a higher value than 'black' electrons from fossil fuel burning generators. This is only part of the problem. Unless these 'green' electrons can be verifiably delivered from a specific generator to an intended consumer along a designated contract path, one does not have a fully operating market. Currently, it is not possible to control power flow along designated contracted routes, i.e. pipes, on the power grid. This paper will present a new technique by which 'power-lines' on the existing grid can be turned into 'pipelines', causing specified electrons to flow along a specified contract path. The patent pending approach uses proven technology, and can be incrementally layered on to the existing grid. System simulations using the IEEE 39 bus system are used to show the viability of the proposed technique.
{"title":"From Power Line to Pipeline - Creating an Efficient and Sustainable Market Structure","authors":"H. Johal, D. Divan","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781049","url":null,"abstract":"As society transitions towards sustainable energy, the electricity grid will become the primary preferred energy delivery infrastructure. The ability of the grid to accommodate a variety of flexible non-carbon generation sources ranging from solar, wind, hydro and nuclear, and to integrate demand management and load control, provides unprecedented ability to coordinate operations across large geographical regions. A carbon tax or cap and trade policy is imminent as a measure to curb green house gas (GHG) emissions, to wean society from over-use of irreplaceable fossil fuels and towards a more sustainable future. In such an environment, 'green' electrons from non-carbon sources such as hydro, wind or solar will have no limitation on their generation or use, and will have a higher value than 'black' electrons from fossil fuel burning generators. This is only part of the problem. Unless these 'green' electrons can be verifiably delivered from a specific generator to an intended consumer along a designated contract path, one does not have a fully operating market. Currently, it is not possible to control power flow along designated contracted routes, i.e. pipes, on the power grid. This paper will present a new technique by which 'power-lines' on the existing grid can be turned into 'pipelines', causing specified electrons to flow along a specified contract path. The patent pending approach uses proven technology, and can be incrementally layered on to the existing grid. System simulations using the IEEE 39 bus system are used to show the viability of the proposed technique.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117211678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781063
R. Mehta, D. Deshpande, K. Kulkarni, S. Sharma, D. Divan
Lighting accounts for approximately 30% of the total energy consumption in the US. An increasing focus on energy efficiency and sustainability is driving the adoption of efficient lighting technologies. Solid state lighting, in particular light emitting diodes (LED) offer significant potential for replacing a large part of the general lighting applications, currently occupied by incandescent and halogen lamps. This paper discusses the opportunities and challenges for LEDs in general lighting, and shows the overall impact that this technology can have.
{"title":"LEDs A Competitive Solution for General Lighting Applications","authors":"R. Mehta, D. Deshpande, K. Kulkarni, S. Sharma, D. Divan","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781063","url":null,"abstract":"Lighting accounts for approximately 30% of the total energy consumption in the US. An increasing focus on energy efficiency and sustainability is driving the adoption of efficient lighting technologies. Solid state lighting, in particular light emitting diodes (LED) offer significant potential for replacing a large part of the general lighting applications, currently occupied by incandescent and halogen lamps. This paper discusses the opportunities and challenges for LEDs in general lighting, and shows the overall impact that this technology can have.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121299324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781055
R. Melsert, R. Chandrasekaran, T. Bandhauer, T. Fuller, J. Meisel
As part of the EcoCAR: The next challenge student competition, the Georgia Tech (GT) team is designing a hybrid vehicle to be integrated into a production stock 2009 Saturn Vue. The team chose to use E85 in a spark-ignition engine with lithium ion batteries and employ GM's 2-mode hybrid transmission (2-MT). The preliminary results in terms of performance, emissions, and fuel economy are presented.
{"title":"Design of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle","authors":"R. Melsert, R. Chandrasekaran, T. Bandhauer, T. Fuller, J. Meisel","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781055","url":null,"abstract":"As part of the EcoCAR: The next challenge student competition, the Georgia Tech (GT) team is designing a hybrid vehicle to be integrated into a production stock 2009 Saturn Vue. The team chose to use E85 in a spark-ignition engine with lithium ion batteries and employ GM's 2-mode hybrid transmission (2-MT). The preliminary results in terms of performance, emissions, and fuel economy are presented.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115442409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781034
C. KAYSER-BRIL, Cindy Liotard, N. Maizi, V. Mazauric
Island territories are often blessed with abundant renewable resources, but tend to depend mainly on imported petroleum products for power generation, as shown by a comparative study of several islands' energy mixes. Furthermore, power supply is usually less reliable on islands. Increasing the share of intermittent renewables like sun or wind could worsen grid stability problems. However, technical solutions that are adapted to islands' generation and grid specificities are emerging. For small generating capacities, renewable-based technologies tend to be more cost effective than a diesel generator - but they are land-consuming. Various examples show how a balanced generation mix, coupled with adapted storage means, is a potent lever for increasing the penetration of renewables. Hybrid generation systems like wind-hydro combine renewability with reliability. But as of today it seems difficult to do without fossil fuels. For renewables to become predominant, an overall reflection on an island's actual need for power reliable has to be conducted.
{"title":"Power Grids on Islands: from Dependency to Sustainability?","authors":"C. KAYSER-BRIL, Cindy Liotard, N. Maizi, V. Mazauric","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781034","url":null,"abstract":"Island territories are often blessed with abundant renewable resources, but tend to depend mainly on imported petroleum products for power generation, as shown by a comparative study of several islands' energy mixes. Furthermore, power supply is usually less reliable on islands. Increasing the share of intermittent renewables like sun or wind could worsen grid stability problems. However, technical solutions that are adapted to islands' generation and grid specificities are emerging. For small generating capacities, renewable-based technologies tend to be more cost effective than a diesel generator - but they are land-consuming. Various examples show how a balanced generation mix, coupled with adapted storage means, is a potent lever for increasing the penetration of renewables. Hybrid generation systems like wind-hydro combine renewability with reliability. But as of today it seems difficult to do without fossil fuels. For renewables to become predominant, an overall reflection on an island's actual need for power reliable has to be conducted.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130943668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781064
K. Lima, A. Luna, P. Rodríguez, E. Watanabe, R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg
This paper proposes a new control technique to improve the fault-ride through capability of doubly fed induction generators (DFIG). In such generators the appearance of severe voltage sags at the coupling point make rise to high over currents at the rotor/stator windings, something that makes necessary to protect the machine as well as the rotor side power converter. As a difference with the most extended solution, that reduces these currents by means of the connection of a crowbar circuit, this works intends to enhance the DFIG's response in such conditions without introducing extra hardware in the system. To this end, the proposed control system feedback the stator currents as the rotor current reference during the fault, until they are driven to their nominal values. The feasibility of this proposal has been proven by means of mathematical and simulation models, based on PSCAD/EMTDC.
{"title":"Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Control Under Voltage Sags","authors":"K. Lima, A. Luna, P. Rodríguez, E. Watanabe, R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781064","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new control technique to improve the fault-ride through capability of doubly fed induction generators (DFIG). In such generators the appearance of severe voltage sags at the coupling point make rise to high over currents at the rotor/stator windings, something that makes necessary to protect the machine as well as the rotor side power converter. As a difference with the most extended solution, that reduces these currents by means of the connection of a crowbar circuit, this works intends to enhance the DFIG's response in such conditions without introducing extra hardware in the system. To this end, the proposed control system feedback the stator currents as the rotor current reference during the fault, until they are driven to their nominal values. The feasibility of this proposal has been proven by means of mathematical and simulation models, based on PSCAD/EMTDC.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120945184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781005
Yongqiang Zhu, Zejun Ding, Y. Gong
Remarkable increase of agricultural load due to concentrative irrigation arrangement will consume a large amount of energy and impact the operation of power system. Traditional waterwheels require wind and water being together and can only deal with surface water, as will be unpractical in many areas. An irrigation system applying wind power generation is proposed. Wind energy is converted to electric power to drive pumps to bring water to a storage pool at a higher place. The wind turbine may locate at a different place from rivers. The underground water can also be used. The design of water storage system allows a longer time for power generation and water collection than for irrigation, which is helpful to make sufficient use of wind power whenever it is available. Irrigation can still keep on temporarily when there is no wind. The new scheme is helpful for energy saving and carbon emission.
{"title":"Advanced Agricultural Irrigation System Applying Wind Power Generation","authors":"Yongqiang Zhu, Zejun Ding, Y. Gong","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781005","url":null,"abstract":"Remarkable increase of agricultural load due to concentrative irrigation arrangement will consume a large amount of energy and impact the operation of power system. Traditional waterwheels require wind and water being together and can only deal with surface water, as will be unpractical in many areas. An irrigation system applying wind power generation is proposed. Wind energy is converted to electric power to drive pumps to bring water to a storage pool at a higher place. The wind turbine may locate at a different place from rivers. The underground water can also be used. The design of water storage system allows a longer time for power generation and water collection than for irrigation, which is helpful to make sufficient use of wind power whenever it is available. Irrigation can still keep on temporarily when there is no wind. The new scheme is helpful for energy saving and carbon emission.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128904873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781068
Wei Qiao, Ronald G. Harley
As the number and size of wind farms continue to grow, many countries have established or are developing a set of specific requirements (i.e., grid codes) for operation and grid connection of wind farms. The objective of these grid codes is to ensure that wind farms do not adversely affect the power system operation with respect to security of supply, reliability and power quality. This paper reviews major grid code requirements for wind farms, and investigates various technologies developed by and solutions proposed by researchers and wind turbine manufactures in order to meet these requirements. In addition, some of the authors' work on these issues are discussed and demonstrated by simulation studies.
{"title":"Grid Connection Requirements and Solutions for DFIG Wind Turbines","authors":"Wei Qiao, Ronald G. Harley","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781068","url":null,"abstract":"As the number and size of wind farms continue to grow, many countries have established or are developing a set of specific requirements (i.e., grid codes) for operation and grid connection of wind farms. The objective of these grid codes is to ensure that wind farms do not adversely affect the power system operation with respect to security of supply, reliability and power quality. This paper reviews major grid code requirements for wind farms, and investigates various technologies developed by and solutions proposed by researchers and wind turbine manufactures in order to meet these requirements. In addition, some of the authors' work on these issues are discussed and demonstrated by simulation studies.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121114144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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