Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X最新文献

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have been a group of disorders characterized by neuronal death and functional loss including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD), etc. Since diagnostic methods for the NDs biomarkers have been based on traditional enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or Western Blotting, the antibody intrinsic drawbacks such as large molecular weight and high cost make early diagnosis of NDs quite challenging. The aptamers bridge this gap effectively and their versatile features such as small molecular weight, easy modification, high stability and low cost have been widely used to fabricate biosensors to diagnose NDs. Various aptamer-based biosensors have shown excellent performance in the early diagnosis of NDs. Several biomarkers including nucleic acid, protein, biomolecule, and exosome has been used as early diagnostic indicators for NDs. In this minireview, we aim to report the latest progress in aptasensors (including colorimetric, fluorescence, electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence, etc) for detecting NDs protein biomarkers, summarize principles of their functions along with challenges in the way to diagnose NDs and emphasize their future perspectives.

The global spread of viral respiratory infections continues to pose a substantial threat to human health, exacerbating the societal burden. Timely and precise detection of viruses is pivotal in mitigating pandemic transmission. Currently, the prevalent diagnostic techniques for viruses include real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and colloidal gold assays. However, intricate workflows and protracted processing times of RT-qPCR and ELISA preclude real-time diagnostics, despite their high accuracy. Colloidal gold assays offer rapid turnaround. However, their accuracy and sensitivity are limited, particularly in the context of emerging variants like SARS-CoV-2, which renders them suboptimal test tools. Mounting evidence suggests that surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), with its streamlined operation, rapid analysis, high specificity and sensitivity, holds significant potential as a superior alternative test tool. This review consolidates various SERS-based approaches for detecting respiratory infection virus (RIV) and delineates their characteristics. The unique strengths of SERS technology, including its exceptional sensitivity, robust specificity, and expedited turnaround times, earmark it as particularly well-suited for large-scale instant screening of viral infections within populations.

This article explores the development and applications of a Cu₃N/GCE-based sensor using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) for selective uric acid (UA) detection in clinical analysis. The sensor achieves a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.57 × 10⁻⁸ M and a quantification limit (QL) of 8.102 × 10⁻⁸ M, demonstrating its capability to precisely quantify minute UA concentrations. With rapid responsiveness and reusability over 25 days, it offers cost-effective monitoring of UA levels, even in complex sample matrices. Cu₃N also exhibits high efficiency in degrading methylene blue (MB), achieving 87.7% degradation under optimized conditions, suggesting its potential as a photocatalyst for environmental remediation, particularly in dye degradation processes. Overall, Cu₃N-based technologies show promise in sensitive UA detection for clinical diagnostics, environmental remediation, and industrial catalysis, highlighting its versatility and broad applicability across scientific and practical domains.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality around the world. Diagnosis of CVD using biosensing strategy poised to improve the precision and efficiency of CVD treatment in standard clinical practice. Electrochemical biosensors show great promise for early and accurate diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, paving the way for personalized medicine and improved patient outcomes. Nanomaterials are emerging as a must need tool in biosensor fabrication. Graphene-based nanomaterials exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity, large surface area, and enhanced biofunctionalization ability for the receptor molecules, serving as an ideal platform for sensitive and selective biosensing applications, which in turn offers high sensitivity, rapid response times, and portability, making them ideal for point-of-care testing. The use of aptamers or molecularly imprinted polymers over antibodies as receptor can provide tool to develop innovative, highly stable biosensors over classical biosensors. In this review, electrochemical state-of-art technology for biosensor development incorporating graphene-related nanomaterials are discussed. Recently developed graphene-based electrochemical nanobiosensors for cardiac biomarker detection are reviewed. Current trends in biosensing strategy and future perspectives are outlined, with a focus on the potential use of graphene-related nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensing platforms.

Cancer continues to be a significant global health issue with one in six deaths linked to the disease despite advancements in cancer detection and treatment. Recently, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) was identified as a risk factor for cancer development. This gram-negative bacterium is associated with gastric conditions, including stomach cancer. Although the exact transmission methods of this bacterium are still unclear, studies suggest that waterborne transmission is possible. This study focuses on the development of a colorimetric nanomaterial-based paper biosensor for specific H. pylori detection using H. pylori extracellular proteases as biomarkers. The biosensor utilizes a unique substrate labeled with magnetic nanobeads and bound to a gold sensing platform. The biosensor's limit of detection (LOD) of 100 CFU/mL, selectivity, stability, and ability to detect H. pylori in clinical specimens were evaluated, demonstrating promising results in terms of sensitivity and specificity. In comparison to traditional methods, this biosensor offers advantages in simplicity and ease of use, making it appropriate for on-site detection in both environmental and clinical settings.

Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral infection, poses a significant global health threat, and early diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management. The utilization of advanced materials in the design ensures an improved surface area, facilitating a heightened interaction between the sensor and the target. In this study, the incorporation of biomass-derived high-surface porous carbon-based materials not only contributed to the sensor's sensitivity but also ensured a cost-effective and scalable manufacturing process. The electrochemical nature of the biosensor added a layer of precision to the detection process and offered a reliable, rapid method for identifying the infection of the dengue virus. The enhanced sensitivity of the biosensor allowed the detection of even trace amounts of the NS1 protein, enabling early diagnosis in the initial stages of dengue infection. The system exhibited a high sensitivity with a wide linear range between 1 pg/mL and 100 μg/mL, and the extremely low detection limit of 0.665 pg/mL ranks this as one of the most efficient biosensors for the detection of dengue virus NS1 protein. Selectivity studies, coupled with computational insights, showcased the biosensor's prowess in distinguishing NS1 protein from potential interfering substances, laying the foundation for reliable diagnostics in complex biological matrices. Real sample analysis using human serum spiked with NS1 protein offers a tantalizing glimpse into the transformative potential of biosensors in real-world scenarios. This innovative biosensor holds great promise for addressing the pressing need for early detection of dengue virus infections.

HeLa cervical cancer cells are immortal with telomerase activity and metastatic characteristics similar to circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Here, we report aptamer-modified multilayered magnetic beads (Apt@MBs) that efficiently targeted and captured HeLa cells up to a low concentration of freshly prepared cell suspension (500 cells/mL). Apt@MBs were functionalized with fluorophore-conjugated AS1411-aptamer on an outer layer made up of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) to target nucleolin on the cell surface of captured HeLa cells. Moreover, this outer MoS₂ layer of MBs was nanoporous and could load anticancer drugs inside its porous cavities with the possibility of killing the captured and metastatic CTCs in vivo. An internal core layer of Apt@MBs consisting of Ag–Fe₃O₄ magnetic particles (MPs) was designed for magnetic manifestations and cell sorting with the possibility of screening CTCs (in the patient's blood samples) for early diagnosis of metastatic cancers. The Apt@MBs after cell capture gave rise to the heavier HeLa-MBs composites to get settled down under gravitational/inertial forces to the bottom of the tube quicker than the free cells (within 10 min). The gravitational settling of HeLa-MBs was further coupled with exposing a magnetic field to effectively capture and enrich the cells at the bottom of the tube (from 91 to 98 % cells). While the fluid containing dead, non-cancerous, or uncaptured cells in the supernatant layers were easily removed by pipetting. The HeLa-MBs after sorting out were resuspended into a fresh culture medium for further incubation or cellular analysis. Moreover, both cisplatin (CP) and epirubicin (EP) loaded Apt@MBs showed the killing of about 50 % of the captured cells. Therefore, we are confident that Apt@MBs can contribute to enumerating patients' blood samples for screening CTCs to timely and efficiently detect metastatic cancers along with the ability to effectively perform prognosis, and treatment of metastatic cancers.

Phosphorylated Tau proteins are promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease. This study presents a novel voltametric sensor using a vanadium MXene polydopamine (V_xPDA) redox active composite and a Tau-441-specific polyaniline molecularly imprinted polymer (PANI MIP) for the sensitive detection of Tau-441 in interstitial fluid (ISF) and plasma. The V_xPDA/PANI MIP sensor demonstrates a broad detection range of 5 fg/mL to 5 ng/mL (122 aM/L to 122 pM/L) in ISF without the use of redox mediators, with a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 2.3 fg/mL (60 aM/L). Furthermore, a handheld device utilizing this technology successfully detects Tau-441 in artificial serum with high sensitivity (5 fg/mL to 150 fg/mL (122 aM/L to 366 aM/L)) and specificity within a clinically relevant range. The rapid detection time (∼32 min) and low cost (∼£20/device) of this sensor highlight its potential for minimally invasive, early AD diagnosis in clinical settings. This advancement aims to facilitate a transition away from invasive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-based diagnostic techniques for AD.

Nanozyme cascade have garnered substantial interest in recent years due to their distinctive properties. However, the conventional stepwise cascade reaction undergoes tedious two-step operation process owing to the incompatibility of reaction conditions. Moreover, most of reported nanozymes exhibit favorable catalytic performance only in acidic medium, which greatly restricts their usage especially in biochemical analysis. To address above challenges, we developed gold nanoparticles/calcium hexacyanoferrate (Ⅲ)/nitrogen-doped graphitic alkyne (AuNPs/CaHF NPs/N-GDY) nanozyme with superior cascade catalytic activity at neutral pH comparable to that of acidic. Specifically, AuNPs/CaHF NPs/N-GDY simultaneously possessed glucose oxidase-like (GOx) and peroxidase-like (HRP) activities, which could induce one-step cascade reaction in the presence of glucose, resulting in 5-fold enhancement in catalytic efficiency compared with conventional two-step cascade reaction. Besides, tripedal DNA walker was equipped with sufficient walking legs to walk on directional and highly controllable stepped track, reducing the possibility of derailment and boosting walking efficiency. As a proof of concept, a novel electrochemical biosensor was constructed for miRNA-21 sensitive detection at physiological pH, and successfully applied in human serum samples as well as practical intracellular analysis, offering great potential in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis.

Many biosensor technologies that can precisely and sensitively identify biomarkers reflecting disease status are being developed to help with early cancer detection and anticancer treatment monitoring. The creation of sensors based on nanozymes is one of the novel approaches in the intricate diagnosis and treatment of cancers. Because natural enzyme sensors can be unstable and expensive, the use of nanozymes in biosensors offers a great substitute for this type of study. Nanozymes have a stable shelf life, great operational reliability, cheap cost, and outstanding catalytic activity. The technological approaches to generating nanozymes and their use in sensors are briefly described in the paper. A summary of the many kinds of biosensors based on diverse kinds of nanomaterials for the identification of cancer biomarkers is provided, along with a discussion of the latest developments and challenges in the field of nanozyme biosensors for use in cancer diagnosis.