. To define the conceptual vision of the unified development of Georgia, it is necessary to understand it as a systemic process against the background of continuous historical and civilizational progress, which emphasizes the main features of the dynamic picture from time immemorial to the present. These visions have largely led to the development of the Georgian. National Security Concept. The geo-economic strategy of the country is an important part of it. Geoeconomics as a separate science emerged in the late twentieth century and studies the interaction between the man and the space. The formation of geoeconomic science is linked to the emergence of global economic problems. A characteristic feature of modernity has been the shift of the center of gravity of the struggle against the government to the economic sphere. Problems that have been solved by force of arms for centuries are finally being solved on the basis of finances and information. Economic wars have largely replaced conventional warfare. According to the American Scientists, Robert Blackville and Jennifer M. Harris's three-component definition, geoeconomics is the use of economic tools: to pursue and protect national interests; to achieve positive geopolitical results. Currently, in theory, geopolitical applications have seven economic instruments: trade policy, investment policy, economic and financial sanctions, cyber attacks, economic development assistance, financial and monetary policy, energy and commodity policy. They may be very different from each other, but it still makes sense to discuss them together. Geoeconomics is an interdisciplinary subject. It allows you to study and connect the best of different subjects around one topic. Therefore, the role of geoeconomics in the preparation of undergraduate, graduate and doctoral students of economic profile is important. It allows to strengthen the interdisciplinary academic approach which will facilitate the optimal use of geo-economic instruments and the country's geo-economic potential for the interests of Georgia. The National Security Concept of Georgia, in order to realize and dispute the national interests of Georgia, analyzes the threats, risks and challenges facing Georgia and defines the main directions of Georgia's security policy. The use of geo-economic instruments plays an important role in the implementation of this policy.
。要确定格鲁吉亚统一发展的概念图景，必须将其理解为一个在历史和文明不断进步的背景下的系统过程，强调从远古到现在的动态图景的主要特征。这些愿景在很大程度上导致了格鲁吉亚的发展。国家安全概念。国家地缘经济战略是其中的重要组成部分。地缘经济学作为一门独立的科学出现在20世纪后期，研究人与空间之间的相互作用。地理经济学的形成与全球经济问题的出现息息相关。现代性的一个特征是反对政府的斗争的重心转移到了经济领域。几个世纪以来靠武力解决的问题终于在财政和信息的基础上得到了解决。经济战争在很大程度上取代了传统战争。根据美国科学家罗伯特·布莱克维尔(Robert Blackville)和詹妮弗·m·哈里斯(Jennifer M. Harris)的三要素定义，地缘经济学是对经济工具的使用:追求和保护国家利益;取得积极的地缘政治成果。目前，从理论上讲，地缘政治的应用有七种经济工具:贸易政策、投资政策、经济和金融制裁、网络攻击、经济发展援助、金融和货币政策、能源和商品政策。它们可能彼此非常不同，但在一起讨论它们仍然是有意义的。地缘经济学是一门交叉学科。它可以让你围绕一个主题学习和连接不同学科的精华。因此，地缘经济学在培养经济专业本科生、研究生和博士生中的作用非常重要。它可以加强跨学科的学术方法，这将有助于为格鲁吉亚的利益最佳地利用地缘经济手段和该国的地缘经济潜力。《格鲁吉亚国家安全观》分析了格鲁吉亚面临的威胁、风险和挑战，明确了格鲁吉亚安全政策的主要方向，以实现和维护格鲁吉亚的国家利益。地缘经济手段的使用在执行这一政策方面发挥着重要作用。
{"title":"GLOBALIZATION AND NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR GEORGIA","authors":"Shota Veshapidze, Tamaz Zubiashvili, Ketevan Chiabrishvili","doi":"10.35945/gb.2021.12.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.003","url":null,"abstract":". To define the conceptual vision of the unified development of Georgia, it is necessary to understand it as a systemic process against the background of continuous historical and civilizational progress, which emphasizes the main features of the dynamic picture from time immemorial to the present. These visions have largely led to the development of the Georgian.\u0000National Security Concept. The geo-economic strategy of the country is an important part of it.\u0000Geoeconomics as a separate science emerged in the late twentieth century and studies the interaction between the man and the space. The formation of geoeconomic science is linked to the emergence of global economic problems. A characteristic feature of modernity has been the shift of the center of gravity of the struggle against the government to the economic sphere.\u0000Problems that have been solved by force of arms for centuries are finally being solved on the basis of finances and information.\u0000Economic wars have largely replaced conventional warfare.\u0000According to the American Scientists, Robert Blackville and Jennifer M. Harris's three-component definition, geoeconomics is the use of economic tools: to pursue and protect national interests; to achieve positive geopolitical results. Currently, in theory,\u0000geopolitical applications have seven economic instruments: trade policy, investment policy, economic and financial sanctions, cyber attacks, economic development assistance, financial and monetary policy, energy and commodity policy. They may be very different from each other, but it still makes sense to discuss them together.\u0000Geoeconomics is an interdisciplinary subject. It allows you to study and connect the best of different subjects around one topic. Therefore, the role of geoeconomics in the preparation of undergraduate, graduate and doctoral students of economic profile is important. It allows to strengthen the interdisciplinary academic approach which will facilitate the optimal use of geo-economic instruments and the country's geo-economic potential for the interests of Georgia. The National Security Concept of Georgia, in order to realize and dispute the national interests of Georgia, analyzes the threats, risks and challenges facing Georgia and defines the main directions of Georgia's security policy. The use of geo-economic instruments plays an important role in the implementation of this policy.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125619201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the 50s and 60s of the twentieth century, when a proper parity was established in the economic rivalry between the capitalist and socialist systems, the economists and sociologists in the bourgeois reformist current formulated the theory of convergence (“convergence” comes from Latin convergere - from con- ‘together’ + vergere - ‘incline’). Convergence implies to merge, to bring two different socio-economic systems (capitalism and communism) together and to create a common techno-industrial system. Convergence involves similarity and integration of some characteristic features of different social and political systems and their structures, which gradually become similar and by means of interrelationship, cooperation and mutual understanding overcome the obstacles and acquire common character and become especially active in the conditions of scientific and technical development, internationalization and globalization until they create a new type, mixed, i.e. hybrid society, which includes the positive features of both capitalism and socialism. The global problems common to all mankind must be solved according to the above said.
{"title":"MODERN ASPECTS OF CONVERGENCE THEORY","authors":"Jemal Kharitonashvili","doi":"10.35945/gb.2021.12.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"In the 50s and 60s of the twentieth century, when a proper parity was established in the economic rivalry between the capitalist and socialist systems, the economists and sociologists in the bourgeois reformist current formulated the theory of convergence (“convergence” comes from Latin convergere - from con- ‘together’ + vergere - ‘incline’).\u0000Convergence implies to merge, to bring two different socio-economic systems (capitalism and communism) together and to create a common techno-industrial system. Convergence involves similarity and integration of some characteristic features of different social and political systems and their structures, which gradually become similar and by means of interrelationship, cooperation and mutual understanding overcome the obstacles and acquire common character and become especially active in the conditions of scientific and technical development, internationalization and globalization until they create a new type, mixed, i.e. hybrid society, which includes the positive features of both capitalism and socialism. The global problems common to all mankind must be solved according to the above said.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128474709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an economic crisis in almost every country in the world and has exacerbated economic, social, cultural, legal, educational, and other problems. Artificial intelligence, as the technology of the future, offers new ways to solve the problems of the post-pandemic period, to make technological decisions, to develop business processes using modern innovative advances, to improve management processes, to improve medical services opportunity etc. Artificial intelligence is a field of special interest for researchers, one of the promising technologies of modern digital culture, which seeks not only to understand the nature of intelligence but also to create artificial systems with intelligent behavior. The potential of artificial intelligence can be harnessed in healthcare, agriculture, finance, energy, communications, economics, cybersecurity, and many more. However, artificial intelligence is associated with many risks, such as its use for criminal purposes, loss of jobs, or potential replacement. The main goal of the research is to determine the possibilities of introducing artificial intelligence systems in Georgia in the post-pandemic period, to select innovative approaches to increase economic efficiency, and to find ways to solve the postpandemic socio-economic problem. In the scientific paper, to determine the possibility of using artificial intelligence in the post-pandemic period and indepth analysis of the current situation, both Georgian and foreign scientific literature, studies, and statistical data were studied. Using quantitative-statistical research methods, some conclusions and recommendations were developed based on the sharing of existing practices related to the use the artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence plays a special role in the process of sustainable development of the post-pandemic economy and maximization of economic prosperity.
{"title":"POSSIBILITIES OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN POST-PANDEMIC GEORGIA","authors":"G. Giguashvili, Tamar Makasarashvili","doi":"10.35945/gb.2021.12.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.011","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an economic crisis in almost every country in the world and has exacerbated economic, social, cultural, legal, educational, and other problems. Artificial intelligence, as the technology of the future, offers\u0000new ways to solve the problems of the post-pandemic period, to make technological decisions, to develop business processes using modern innovative advances, to improve management processes, to improve medical services opportunity etc.\u0000Artificial intelligence is a field of special interest for researchers, one of the promising technologies of modern digital culture, which seeks not only to understand the nature of intelligence but also to create artificial systems with intelligent behavior.\u0000The potential of artificial intelligence can be harnessed in healthcare, agriculture, finance, energy, communications, economics, cybersecurity, and many more. However, artificial intelligence is associated with many risks, such as its use for criminal purposes, loss of jobs, or potential replacement. The main goal of the research is to determine the possibilities of introducing artificial intelligence systems in Georgia in\u0000the post-pandemic period, to select innovative approaches to increase economic efficiency, and to find ways to solve the postpandemic socio-economic problem.\u0000In the scientific paper, to determine the possibility of using artificial intelligence in the post-pandemic period and indepth analysis of the current situation, both Georgian and foreign scientific literature, studies, and statistical data were studied. Using quantitative-statistical research methods, some conclusions and recommendations were developed based on the sharing of existing practices related to the use the artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence plays a special role in the process of sustainable development of the post-pandemic economy and maximization of economic prosperity.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124139219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main objective of the presented paper is to identify investment opportunities in the apple value chain and also to evaluate the specific apple project using the state programs/projects. The methodological part provides a financial evaluation of a specific business project, taking into account state funding programs/projects. Furthermore, general investment opportunities of apples are analyzed in the paper. In addition, in order to study the investment potential, the investment climate of Georgia and Georgia’s international ratings are discussed. A brief description and analysis of various state support projects are also provided. Additionally, an overview of local apples and the world market is given. Due to the climate conditions and soil types of Georgia, the production of intensive apple varieties has a great potential in the country. Promoting the cultivation of intensive apple orchards through the use of various state supporting programs/projects and full compliance with apple production technologies, Georgia will have potential to increase the average apple yield per hectare. It is important for Georgia to use the existing free trade relations with other countries and to diversify the apple export market, which will further increase its competitiveness. Based on the financial evaluation, key performance indicators are positive and beneficial for the investors, which should give the motivation to the investors to invest in the apple value chain. In the field of agriculture, the continuation of the implementation of various state co-financing projects/programs and their development will give additional motivation to local and foreign investors, which will further increase the competitiveness of Georgian apple value chain.
{"title":"APPLE PRODUCTION INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN GEORGIA AND GLOBAL CONTEXT","authors":"Ekaterine Zviadadze, Lasha Zivzivadze LASHA ZIVZIVADZE, Mikheili Kuchava","doi":"10.35945/gb.2021.12.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.028","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of the presented paper is to identify investment opportunities in the apple value chain and also to evaluate the specific apple project using the state programs/projects. The methodological part provides a financial evaluation\u0000of a specific business project, taking into account state funding programs/projects. Furthermore, general investment opportunities of apples are analyzed in the paper. In addition, in order to study the investment potential, the investment climate of Georgia\u0000and Georgia’s international ratings are discussed. A brief description and analysis of various state support projects are also provided. Additionally, an overview of local apples and the world market is given. Due to the climate conditions and soil types of Georgia, the production of intensive apple varieties has a great potential in\u0000the country. Promoting the cultivation of intensive apple orchards through the use of various state supporting programs/projects and full compliance with apple production technologies, Georgia will have potential to increase the average apple yield per\u0000hectare. It is important for Georgia to use the existing free trade relations with other countries and to diversify the apple export market, which will further increase its competitiveness. Based on the financial evaluation, key performance indicators are positive and beneficial for the investors, which should give the motivation to the investors to invest in the apple value chain. In the field of agriculture, the continuation of the implementation of various state co-financing projects/programs and their development will give additional motivation to local and foreign investors, which will further increase the competitiveness of Georgian apple value chain.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116067365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Entrepreneurial activity has always been a major factor in the socio-economic development of any country in the world. This is especially evident in the discussion of the problems of economic growth, when the efficiency of the functioning of the entrepreneurial sphere within the country clearly determines both the rates of economic growth and the state of the social sphere and the well-being of the people. It is noteworthy that in modern conditions, against the background of the high importance of the formation of the knowledge economy, the innovative aspect of entrepreneurial activity in the context of all business entities is gaining special urgency. The effectiveness of the whole innovation process depends on the effective functioning of knowledge-based entrepreneurship. The aim of the research is to identify the requirements of the entrepreneurial field for human capital skills, to identify the imbalances in the labor market, to determine the compliance of the skills required for the teaching and learning activities of high schools, to identify the existing challenges and to formulate separate recommendations. The research process used the methods of induction, deduction, qualitative, quantitative, comparison, statistical analysis, benchmarking. The processing of existing literature, retrieval of statistical data (including with the direct assistance of the National Statistics Office of Georgia), automatic download of data (so-called scraping) from various employment sites, conducting surveys and in-depth interviews, sorting and quantitative analysis of retrieved data were included in the own research. The consideration of expert opinions is within the research. Research has shown that when considering the skills of entrepreneurs, as a starting point, the entrepreneurial activity in a particular country and the requirements for its development should be considered. It should be noted, however, that the labor market may not be able to meet the needs of the entrepreneurial sector (employers). On the other hand, the perceptions of the entrepreneurial subjects themselves about the required skills are often limited and conditioned by the relatively short-term current perceptions of the modern technologies of the entrepreneurial activity itself. The research and the analysis of the positive practical experience of the developed countries of the world clearly showed that in this regard, close cooperation with universities in the field of entrepreneurship in the form of entrepreneurship training and short-term courses will be effective. The involvement and support of the state in the development and implementation of innovative entrepreneurial policies would also be important here.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY, LABOR MARKET AND MODERN CHALLENGES OF HIGHER EDUCATION","authors":"Givi Bedianashvili, Quji Bichia, E. Natsvlishvili","doi":"10.35945/gb.2021.12.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"Entrepreneurial activity has always been a major factor in the socio-economic development of any country in the world. This is especially evident in the discussion of the problems of economic growth, when the efficiency of the functioning of the entrepreneurial sphere within the country clearly determines both the rates of economic growth and the state of the social sphere and the well-being of the people. \u0000It is noteworthy that in modern conditions, against the background of the high importance of the formation of the knowledge economy, the innovative aspect of entrepreneurial activity in the context of all business entities is gaining special urgency.\u0000The effectiveness of the whole innovation process depends on the effective functioning of knowledge-based entrepreneurship.\u0000The aim of the research is to identify the requirements of the entrepreneurial field for human capital skills, to identify the imbalances in the labor market, to determine the compliance of the skills required for the teaching and learning activities of high\u0000schools, to identify the existing challenges and to formulate separate recommendations.\u0000The research process used the methods of induction, deduction, qualitative, quantitative, comparison, statistical analysis,\u0000benchmarking. The processing of existing literature, retrieval of statistical data (including with the direct assistance of the National Statistics Office of Georgia), automatic download of data (so-called scraping) from various employment sites, conducting surveys and in-depth interviews, sorting and quantitative analysis of retrieved data were included in the own research. The consideration of expert opinions is within the research.\u0000\u0000Research has shown that when considering the skills of entrepreneurs, as a starting point, the entrepreneurial activity in a particular country and the requirements for its development should be considered. It should be noted, however, that the labor\u0000market may not be able to meet the needs of the entrepreneurial sector (employers).\u0000On the other hand, the perceptions of the entrepreneurial subjects themselves about the required skills are often limited and conditioned by the relatively short-term current perceptions of the modern technologies of the entrepreneurial activity itself.\u0000The research and the analysis of the positive practical experience of the developed countries of the world clearly showed that in this regard, close cooperation with universities in the field of entrepreneurship in the form of entrepreneurship training\u0000and short-term courses will be effective. The involvement and support of the state in the development and implementation of innovative entrepreneurial policies would also be important here.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121541872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The findings presented in this article are to some extent continuation of the previous studies done by Georgian authors on the economy of Georgia using CGE models. The main instrument used in our research is based on a standard model tailored by Hosoe (Hosoe, 2004) to specifics of open small economy and is its modification of a certain kind. Two types of factors of production are used in this model to produce goods and services: labour and capital. The model also includes four types of commodities and production activities: agriculture, industry, construction and services. Under the necessary assumptions and restrictions, our model is a system composed of 99 equations and as many of endogenous variables. 36 of these equations correspond to the peculiarities of domestic production; 13 of them describe the government behavior; 4 characterize the investment demand function; The other 46 equations represent the behavioral characteristics of government, households, and the external sector. The social accounting matrix corresponding to the state of the economy of Georgia in 2019 is specially constructed for our research. To build it, we used the information contained in the Geostat Supply and Use tables (SUT), separate aggregates of national accounts, balance of payments, consolidated budget, and labor force survey data. Parameters of CGE model are calibrated based on the social accounting matrix. For this purpose, 2019 is considered as a base year and it is assumed that at that time economy of Georgia was in equilibrium. To define units of measurement for commodities and factors of production we set all prices of initial equilibrium to be equal to 1. Using our estimated model we arrange three different scenarios for the Georgian economy to find out what could have happened after implementing certain economic policies under ceteris paribus. According to the first scenario, the initial equilibrium of the economy is determined as of 2019 and the rate of indirect taxes is reduced by 10%. In the second scenario, we assume that the Georgian lari, has depreciated by 15% against the US dollar under ceteris paribus and we examine the expected results of the event. Lastly, in the third scenario, we assume under ceteris paribus that export increases by 20% and determine the aftereffects of export incentives.
{"title":"ESTIMATION OF THE POLICY EFFECTS USING COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL\u0000(THE CASE OF GEORGIA)","authors":"Iuri Ananiashvili, Natia Matsiashvili","doi":"10.35945/gb.2021.12.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.018","url":null,"abstract":"The findings presented in this article are to some extent continuation of the previous studies done by Georgian authors on the economy of Georgia using CGE models. The main instrument used in our research is based on a standard model tailored by Hosoe (Hosoe, 2004) to specifics of open small economy and is its modification of a certain kind. Two types of factors of production are used in this model to produce goods and services: labour and capital. The model also includes four types of commodities and production activities: agriculture, industry, construction and services. Under the necessary assumptions and restrictions, our model is a system composed of 99 equations and as many of endogenous variables. 36 of these equations\u0000correspond to the peculiarities of domestic production; 13 of them describe the government behavior; 4 characterize the investment demand function; The other 46 equations represent the behavioral characteristics of government, households, and\u0000the external sector. The social accounting matrix corresponding to the state of the economy of Georgia in 2019 is specially constructed for our research. To build it, we used the information contained in the Geostat Supply and Use tables (SUT), separate aggregates of national accounts, balance of payments, consolidated budget, and labor force survey data. Parameters of CGE model are calibrated based on the social accounting matrix. For this purpose, 2019 is considered as a base year and it is assumed that at that time economy of Georgia was in equilibrium. To define units of measurement for commodities and factors of production we set all prices of initial equilibrium to be equal to 1.\u0000Using our estimated model we arrange three different scenarios for the Georgian economy to find out what could have happened after implementing certain economic policies under ceteris paribus.\u0000According to the first scenario, the initial equilibrium of the economy is determined as of 2019 and the rate of indirect taxes is reduced by 10%. In the second scenario, we assume that the Georgian lari, has depreciated by 15% against the US dollar under\u0000ceteris paribus and we examine the expected results of the event. Lastly, in the third scenario, we assume under ceteris paribus that export increases by 20% and determine the aftereffects of export incentives.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116077548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tax administrations play a big role in terms of economic development of the country. Each reform or change implemented by them leave significant imprint on shaping the business environment. Without adopting a fair tax policy, progress in business, as well as in economy is unachievable. Fulfilment of commitments under the cooperation with EU, represents the state priority. Respectively, the best model of European practice is being established from 2021, further promoting the cooperation between Georgia and EU to move to another level. Considering the abovementioned circumstances, the value-added taxable objects have been substantively changed since 2021 in Georgia. The amendments aim to protect the tax payers’ rights, improve the tax regime and approximate it to the European Standard to the maximum extent possible. As a result of a qualitative research, the expectations both of field experts and business sector representatives towards the amendments made to value added tax since 2021 have been analyzed through an in-depth interview. The research was aimed at defining the further role of the amendments from the perspective of economic development. The impact of implemented reforms on the development of the country’s economy was assessed as the research object; and the amendments made to the Tax Code in 2021 and the mechanisms of its functioning were determined as the subject of the research.
{"title":"IMPACT OF AMENDMENTS MADE TO VALUE ADDED TAX IN 2021 ON PUBLIC AND BUSINESS SECTORS","authors":"Mamuka Lezhava","doi":"10.35945/gb.2021.12.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.024","url":null,"abstract":"Tax administrations play a big role in terms of economic development of the country. Each reform or change implemented by them leave significant imprint on shaping the business environment. Without adopting a fair tax policy, progress\u0000in business, as well as in economy is unachievable. Fulfilment of commitments under the cooperation with EU, represents the state priority. Respectively, the best model of\u0000European practice is being established from 2021, further promoting the cooperation between Georgia and EU to move to another level. Considering the abovementioned circumstances, the value-added taxable objects have been substantively changed\u0000since 2021 in Georgia. The amendments aim to protect the tax payers’ rights, improve the tax regime and approximate it to the European Standard to the maximum extent possible. As a result of a qualitative research, the expectations both of field experts and business sector representatives towards the amendments made to value added tax since 2021 have been analyzed through an in-depth interview. The research was aimed\u0000at defining the further role of the amendments from the perspective of economic development. The impact of implemented reforms on the development of the country’s economy was assessed as the research object; and the amendments made to the\u0000Tax Code in 2021 and the mechanisms of its functioning were determined as the subject of the research.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123897107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. The contemporary ultimate goal for any national government is to insure science-based economic development to achieve higher standard of leaving for citizens. Technological achievements are significant factors for modern global economic development. The new industrial revolution is fundamentally different from the old ones. The current one – named as fourth industrial revolution-creates the new environment of digital world. Fourth Industrial Revolution is the key issue on contemporary development agenda in academic, political and economic circles. Against the constant development of the information technologies, more and more business processes, products, goods, and services are impacted by innovations. This process entails the continuous evolution of business models, which eventually are becoming more and more digitalized. However, the digital development remains still an on-going process even in condition of COVID pandemic rather than a reality of every national economy. National Governments have to redouble their efforts to create better and larger infrastructure for the digital economy to grow. The ability of expanding business through physical infrastructure cannot be considered for granted in the digital economy. Not only physical infrastructure is enough for further digitalization. The creation of an ecosystem that systematically allows top innovations to be advanced globally still remains a key policy goals. Consequently, the national economic policy aiming at rising the welfare of the country has to pay particular attention to resource, mainly labour and capital, efficiency by providing basic infrastructure for facilitation of digitalization and increasing their expenditure on R&D to enable businesses and individuals effectively use novelties for creating competitive advantages to take stronger position in global markets.
{"title":"FOCUSING ON DIGITALIZATION: CORE FOR NATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICIES TO COMPETE GLOBALLY","authors":"Eka Sepashvili","doi":"10.35945/gb.2021.12.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.001","url":null,"abstract":". The contemporary ultimate goal for any national government is to insure science-based economic development to achieve higher standard of leaving for citizens. Technological achievements are significant factors for modern global\u0000economic development. The new industrial revolution is fundamentally different from the old ones. The current one – named as fourth industrial revolution-creates the new environment of digital world. Fourth Industrial Revolution is the key issue on\u0000contemporary development agenda in academic, political and economic circles. Against the constant development of the information technologies, more and more business processes, products, goods, and services are impacted by innovations.\u0000This process entails the continuous evolution of business models, which eventually are becoming more and more digitalized. However, the digital development remains still an on-going process even in condition of COVID pandemic rather than a reality of every national economy. National Governments have to redouble their efforts to create better and larger infrastructure for the digital economy to grow. The ability of expanding business through physical infrastructure cannot be considered for granted in the digital economy. Not only physical infrastructure is enough for further digitalization. The\u0000creation of an ecosystem that systematically allows top innovations to be advanced globally still remains a key policy goals. Consequently, the national economic policy aiming at rising the welfare of the country has to pay particular attention to\u0000resource, mainly labour and capital, efficiency by providing basic infrastructure for facilitation of digitalization and increasing their expenditure on R&D to enable businesses and individuals effectively use novelties for creating competitive advantages\u0000to take stronger position in global markets.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130782908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The inevitable decline in the reserves of traditional energy sources is fostering interest in the development of renewable energy technologies around the world. The territorial characteristics and abundance of water resources in Georgia have great potential for the development of small hydropower, although the reality indicates a lack of high practical interest in this field. Comparative analysis of the characteristics of Georgian and foreign energy systems indicates the existence of a number of problems in the small hydropower industry in Georgia, which is related to the strategic understanding of the development prospects of this field at the state level. This situation naturally leads to an increase in investment risks. The aim of the article is to determine the conditions that will make the construction of small hydropower plants attractive and facilitate the formation of a relevant market through a geoeconomic understanding of the issue. The object of research is the opportunities and tools to improve Georgia's energy security, taking into account the geoeconomic factor of the state. The subject of the research is to discuss some of the current problems related to Georgia's energy security in the geo-economic context, in the context of hydropower. Institutional analysis, synthesis and comparison methods are used in the processing of the article.
{"title":"ENERGY SECURITY OF GEORGIA AS A COMPILER OF GEO-ECONOMICS (HYDROPOWER CONTEXT)","authors":"Otar Tukvadze, Ana Guchua, N. Chikhladze","doi":"10.35945/gb.2021.12.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"The inevitable decline in the reserves of traditional energy sources is fostering interest in the development of renewable energy technologies around the world. The territorial characteristics and abundance of water resources in Georgia have great potential for the development of small hydropower, although the reality indicates a lack of high practical interest in this field. Comparative analysis of the characteristics of Georgian and foreign energy systems indicates the existence of a number of problems in the small hydropower industry in Georgia, which is related to the strategic understanding of the development prospects of this field at the state level. This situation naturally leads to an increase in investment risks. The aim of the article is to determine the conditions that will make the construction of small hydropower plants attractive and facilitate the formation of a relevant market through a geoeconomic understanding of the issue.\u0000The object of research is the opportunities and tools to improve Georgia's energy security, taking into account the geoeconomic factor of the state. The subject of the research is to discuss some of the current problems related to Georgia's energy\u0000security in the geo-economic context, in the context of hydropower. Institutional analysis, synthesis and comparison methods are used in the processing of the article.","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130326291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In terms of overcoming the socio-economic problems in Georgia, great importance is attached to efficient functioning of the labour market. It must ensure a radical change the sphere of social-labour relations, accordingly, efficient overcoming the chronic unemployment in the country and efficient employment of labour force. The results of the research confirms, that adequate labour market of normal market environment is still on the formation stage with serious problems and challenges which is developed in Georgia. In 1990s at the initial stage of formation the national labour market difficult economic situation which was in the country, give a push negative developments in the field of labour relations, among which before nowadays invincible challenge is the growing trend of informal employment. It can be said, that this one took on a large-scale character in the current period of financial and economic crisis caused by the global pandemic. In fact, the informal sector in Georgia has become an independent segment of the labour market, which has a significant impact on employment of the population, standard of living and on the overall process of economic development. Informal employment, as an important study socio-economic event and phenomenon, assess its level and scale, it can be said convincingly that it will not lose its relevance for many years. Negative consequences of informal employment, needs analysis and evaluation factors affecting the influx of economically active population into the informal sector of the labour market. Also its important discuss and evaluate the positive aspects of informal employment in the short term, which manifested in facilitation reasons socio-economic and psychological consequences of unemployment. In the work researched certain aspects of informal employment, analyzed its forms, faces, identified peculiarities of informal employment and rated its scale against the background of the global pandemic. Substantiated, that informal segment of the labour market requires depth research and evaluation. By the research identified the main factors for the growth and development of employment in the informal sector of economy in the Georgian labour market, from which we must distinguish: high levels and scale of poverty in the country, chronic unemployment and inefficient employment; insecurity social principle of justice in the field of employment; equal employment opportunities for job seekers; lack of proper conditions for equal realization of labour rights; population low availability on different types of labour market services and events, inadequate rates of economic development; reduced demand for labour, accordingly limited employment opportunities and prospects; low level and quality of development of vocational education system, which not fully focused on labour market demands, social protection of the unemployed, none of insurance mechanism; difficulties in training and retraining the unemployed; low level
{"title":"LABOUR MARKET AND PECULIARITIES OF INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF\u0000THE GLOBAL PANDEMIC","authors":"M. Tsartsidze, N. Latsabidze","doi":"10.35945/gb.2021.12.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.017","url":null,"abstract":"In terms of overcoming the socio-economic problems in Georgia, great importance is attached to efficient functioning of the labour market. It must ensure a radical change the sphere of social-labour relations, accordingly, efficient overcoming the chronic\u0000unemployment in the country and efficient employment of labour force. The results of the research confirms, that adequate labour market of normal market environment is still on the formation stage with serious problems and challenges which is developed in Georgia. In 1990s at the initial stage of formation the national labour market difficult economic situation which was in the country, give a push negative developments in the field of labour relations, among which before nowadays invincible challenge is the growing trend of informal employment. It can be said, that this one took on a large-scale character in the current period of financial and economic crisis caused by the global pandemic. In fact, the informal sector in Georgia has become an independent segment of the labour market, which has a significant impact on employment of the population, standard of living and on the overall process of economic development.\u0000Informal employment, as an important study socio-economic event and phenomenon, assess its level and scale, it can be said convincingly that it will not lose its relevance for many years. Negative consequences of informal employment, needs analysis and evaluation factors affecting the influx of economically active population into the informal sector of the labour market. Also its important discuss and evaluate the positive aspects of informal employment in the short term, which manifested in facilitation reasons socio-economic and psychological consequences of unemployment.\u0000In the work researched certain aspects of informal employment, analyzed its forms, faces, identified peculiarities of informal employment and rated its scale against the background of the global pandemic. Substantiated, that informal segment of the labour market requires depth research and evaluation. By the research identified the main factors for the growth and development of employment in the informal sector of economy in the Georgian labour market, from which we must distinguish: high levels and scale of poverty in the country, chronic unemployment and inefficient employment; insecurity social principle of justice in the field of employment; equal\u0000employment opportunities for job seekers; lack of proper conditions for equal realization of labour rights; population low availability on different types of labour market services and events, inadequate rates of economic development; reduced demand for labour, accordingly limited employment opportunities and prospects; low level and quality of development of vocational education system, which not fully\u0000focused on labour market demands, social protection of the unemployed, none of insurance mechanism; difficulties in training and retraining the unemployed; low level","PeriodicalId":272914,"journal":{"name":"Globalization and Business","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133130238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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