Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.22580
Nasution Nasution
This research examines the Puja Bhairawa teachings development in Hindu Bhairawa in Pujungan Bali, especially the stages of ritual transformation and traces of the remaining practices of them which are still carried out as the Indonesian society traditions. The Research Methods include interview, observation, and documentation. The research results are the remaining teachings of the Pancamakara Puja practice that still exist such as Bhairawa puja ritual in Pujungan Bali. Hindu Bhairawa in Pujungan was brought to life by a man named I Nengah Gatot Kaca. The Bhairawa puja ritual is used as a short cut problem weapon to solve world problems. The Bhairawa puja ritual at Pujungan is placed in a quiet Pujungan coffee garden area away from the crowds. The ceremony leader of the ritual is I Nengah Gatot Kaca/Gede Gatot Bhinawa Rata who has the title of Diksa Bheru Baba. In the coffee garden area, two black stones (linggams) were placed as the embodiment of Bhairava and Bhairavi. The Bhairawa puja ritual procession began with prepare ritual facilities for male goat blood, alcohol, flowers, fruits and other ingredients. After all the ritual facilities were ready and the ritual participants were present, the ritual procession begins by summoning the spirits of Bhairawa and Bhairawi which was done by making offerings such as the blood of a sacrificial animal which is sprinkled on two lingams as the embodiment of Bhairava and Bhairavi while accompanied by chanting of mantras by the priest, followed by other offerings such as alcoholic beverages, fragrances, and flowers on the Linggam. At that time, some participants will feel the presence of Bhairava and all ritual participants can do whatever prayer or invocation they want.Penelitian ini mengkaji perkembangan ajaran Puja Bhairawa dalam Hindu Bhairawa di Pujungan Bali, khususnya tahapan transformasi ritual dan jejak sisa praktiknya yang masih dilakukan sebagai tradisi masyarakat Indonesia. Metode Penelitian meliputi wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian adalah sisa ajaran dari praktik Puja Pancamakara yang masih ada seperti ritual puja Bhairawa di Pujungan Bali. Bhairawa Hindu di Pujungan dihidupkan kembali oleh seorang pria bernama I Nengah Gatot Kaca. Ritual puja bhairawa digunakan sebagai senjata jalan pintas untuk memecahkan masalah dunia. Ritual puja Bhairawa di Pujungan ditempatkan di area kebun kopi Pujungan yang tenang jauh dari keramaian. Pemimpin upacara ritual tersebut adalah I Nengah Gatot Kaca/Gede Gatot Bhinawa Rata yang bergelar Diksa Bheru Baba. Di areal kebun kopi ditempatkan dua buah batu hitam (linggam) sebagai perwujudan Bhairava dan Bhairavi. Prosesi ritual puja bhairawa dimulai dengan menyiapkan sarana ritual untuk darah kambing jantan, alkohol, bunga, buah-buahan dan bahan lainnya. Setelah semua sarana ritual siap dan peserta ritual sudah hadir, prosesi ritual dimulai dengan pemanggilan arwah Bhairawa dan Bhairawi yang dilakukan dengan cara memberikan sesaji berupa dar
本研究考察了普宗干巴厘印度教拜拉瓦的普加拜拉瓦教义的发展，特别是仪式转变的阶段和仍然作为印度尼西亚社会传统进行的剩余实践的痕迹。研究方法包括访谈法、观察法和文献法。研究结果是现存的潘卡玛卡拉法会实践的剩余教义，如巴厘岛普君干的Bhairawa法会。Pujungan的Hindu Bhairawa是由一个名叫I Nengah Gatot Kaca的人带来的。Bhairawa puja仪式被用作解决世界问题的捷径武器。普军干的拜拉瓦礼拜仪式在远离人群的安静的普军干咖啡花园举行。仪式的领袖是I Nengah Gatot Kaca/Gede Gatot Bhinawa Rata，他的头衔是Diksa Bheru Baba。在咖啡花园区域，放置了两块黑色的石头(linggams)作为Bhairava和Bhairavi的化身。Bhairawa puja仪式游行从准备公山羊血、酒精、鲜花、水果和其他成分的仪式设施开始。在所有的仪式设施都准备好了，仪式参与者都出席了之后，仪式的游行开始于召唤Bhairawa和Bhairawi的灵魂，这是通过献祭来完成的，比如祭祀动物的血洒在两个灵干上作为Bhairava和Bhairavi的化身，同时伴随着牧师的诵经，然后是其他的祭品，比如酒精饮料，香水，和灵干上的鲜花。在那个时候，一些参与者会感受到Bhairava的存在，所有的仪式参与者都可以做任何他们想做的祈祷或祈祷。Penelitian ini mengkaji perkembangan ajaran Puja Bhairawa dalam印度教Bhairawa di Pujungan Bali, khususnya tahapan transformasi ritual dan jejak sisa praktiknya yang masih dilakukan sebagai tradisi masyarakat印度尼西亚。方法Penelitian meliputi wawancara，观测，和文献。哈西尔·佩尼利特·阿达尔·阿扎尔·达尔·帕拉尔·潘卡玛卡拉·扬·马西尔·阿达尔·阿扎尔·巴厘仪式Bhairawa Hindu di Pujungan dihidupkan kembali oleh seorang pria bernama I Nengah Gatot Kaca。仪式仪式拜会bhairawa digunakan sebagai senjata jalan pintas untuk memecahkan masalah dunia。仪式仪式Bhairawa di Pujungan ditempatkan di area kebun kopi Pujungan yang tenang jauh dari keramaian。Pemimpin upacara仪式tersebut adalah I Nengah gaot Kaca/Gede gaot Bhinawa Rata yang bergelar Diksa Bheru Baba。Di areal kebun kopi ditempatkan dua buah batu hitam (linggam) sebagai perwujudan Bhairava dan Bhairavi。Prosesi仪式puja bhairawa dimulai dengan menyiapkan sarana仪式untuk darah kambing jantan，酒精，bunga, buah-buahan dan bahan lainnya。Setelah semua sarana ritual siap dan peserta ritual sudah hadir, prosesi ritual dimulai dengan pemanggilan arwah Bhairawa dan Bhairawi yang dilakukan dailan dakukan dailan hewan kurban yang dipercikkan pada dua lingam sebagai perwujudan dari Bhairava dan Bhairavi sambil diiringi dengan pembacaan mantra oleh pendeta, dilanjutkan dengan sesaji lainnya perperti minuman beralkohol, wewangian, dan bunga di linggan。祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷，祈祷。引用这篇文章:Nasution。(2022)。巴厘岛普君干的拜拉瓦普加仪式练习。历史研究，32(1)，97-106。http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.22580
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Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31579
Siti Fatimah, Uun Lionar
This paper belongs to historical research or biographical research of a figure. In contrast to biographical research that has been done by other historians and researchers which generally emphasized on the history and role of a figure, this paper looks at the existence of a figure, named Chatib Sulaiman, from the geospatial setting of his birthplace, Sumpur, located on the lakeside of Lake Singkarak, West Sumatra. Chatib Sulaiman is quite different from other local figures in Minangkabau. This study aims at analyzing the process of character building of Chatib Sulaiman that is influenced by the spatial conditions of his birthplace in relation to the dynamics of his life and struggles. The results indicate that the existence of Chatib Sulaiman cannot be separated from the geospatial of Nagari Sumpur, his birthplace, which then has a very significant influence on the building of his character as a fighter. The existence of Nagari Sumpur with an egalitarian and democratic style has built the character of Chatib Sulaiman as an independent and open-minded person. Through the western education he has received, Chatib Sulaiman became a smart and skilled young man. He was at the forefront of opposing the practice of colonialism in West Sumatra. In his struggle, Chatib Sulaiman once led the Regional People's Defense Council, served as the secretary of the National Defense Front, and was the most prominent young man in West Sumatra when the physical revolution took place, especially during the PDRI (Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia) period.Tulisan ini termasuk penelitian sejarah atau penelitian biografis seorang tokoh. Berbeda dengan penelitian biografi yang telah dilakukan oleh para sejarawan dan peneliti lain yang pada umumnya menekankan pada sejarah dan peran seorang tokoh, tulisan ini melihat keberadaan seorang tokoh bernama Chatib Sulaiman, dari setting geospasial tempat kelahirannya, Sumpur, terletak di tepi danau Danau Singkarak, Sumatera Barat. Chatib Sulaiman cukup berbeda dengan tokoh-tokoh lokal lainnya di Minangkabau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis proses pembentukan karakter Chatib Sulaiman yang dipengaruhi oleh kondisi spasial tempat kelahirannya dalam kaitannya dengan dinamika kehidupan dan perjuangannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan Chatib Sulaiman tidak lepas dari geospasial Nagari Sumpur, tempat kelahirannya, yang kemudian berpengaruh sangat signifikan terhadap pembentukan karakternya sebagai seorang pejuang. Keberadaan Nagari Sumpur dengan gaya egaliter dan demokratis telah membangun karakter Chatib Sulaiman sebagai pribadi yang mandiri dan berpikiran terbuka. Melalui pendidikan barat yang diterimanya, Chatib Sulaiman menjadi pemuda yang cerdas dan terampil. Ia berada di garda terdepan menentang praktik kolonialisme di Sumatera Barat. Dalam perjuangannya, Chatib Sulaiman pernah memimpin Dewan Pertahanan Rakyat Daerah, menjabat sebagai sekretaris Front Pertahanan Negara, dan merupakan pemuda
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Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31857
I. Wijaya
Balingkang Kintamani Festival is a cultural parade held in Bali during 2019 Chinese New Year holiday. The main purpose of this festival was to increase the number of tourist visits from China, which had sharply declined due to the lawsuit against super cheap package tour to Bali, followed by the closure of illegal and semi-legal shops owned by citizens of China in Bali in 2018. Balingkangis a temple of worship in Bangli Regency, estimated to be as old as the kingdom of King Jayapangus (1177-1182 AD), who is said to have had a princess of China as his wife. This narrative, however, is not supported by adequate historical evidence. King Jayapangus had never established cultural, political, and trade relations with China,and thus he cannot have had a wife of a Chinese princess. Consequently, the narrative of the past in the festival seems to have been falselynarrated. This article wishes to demonstrate how the interests of the present has dictated the narrative of the past, and how this has affected the collective memory of the Balinese people regarding the Chinese community in Bali.Balingkang Kintamani Festival adalah sebuah parade budaya yang diselenggarakan di Bali pada liburan Imlek 2019. Tujuan utama Festival ini untuk membidik kunjungan wisatawan asal Tiongkok, yang sempat menurun tajam sejak munculnya gugatan terhadap kasus paket wisata super murah di Tiongkok untuk tujuan Bali, disusul penutupan toko-toko ilegal dan semi legal milik warga Tiongkok di Bali pada 2018. Balingkang adalah sebuah kuil pemujaan di Kabupaten Bangli, diperkirakan sezaman dengan masa pemerintahan Raja Jayapangus (1177-1182), yang dikisahkan memiliki istri seorang putri Tiongkok. Akan tetapi narasi ini tidak didukung bukti-bukti sejarah yang memadai. Raja Jayapangus tidak pernah menjalin hubungan dagang, politik, dan budaya dengan Tiongkok,dan karena itu tidak mungkin beristrikan puteri Tiongkok. Jadi, narasi masa lalu dalam festival itu tampak sangat dipaksakan. Artikel ini ingin menunjukkan bagaimana kepentingan masa kini mendikte narasi masa lalu, serta bagaimana implikasinya atas memori kolektif masyarakat Bali terhadap komunitas Tionghoa di Bali. Cite this article: Wijaya, I N. (2022). Balingkang Kintamani Festival, Chinese Tourists, and the Collective Memory of the Balinese. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 67-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31857
巴厘岛金塔马尼节是2019年农历新年期间在巴厘岛举行的文化游行。该节日的主要目的是增加中国游客的数量。由于2018年巴厘岛超廉价跟团游诉讼，以及中国公民在巴厘岛开设的非法和半合法商店被关闭，中国游客数量大幅下降。巴陵康是邦里摄政的一座寺庙，据估计，它的历史与查亚彭古斯国王(公元1177-1182年)的王国一样古老，据说他的妻子是一位中国公主。然而，这种叙述没有充分的历史证据支持。贾亚彭古国王从未与中国建立文化、政治和贸易关系，因此他不可能娶中国公主为妻。因此，节日中对过去的叙述似乎被错误地叙述了。这篇文章希望展示当下的利益如何支配了对过去的叙述，以及这如何影响了巴厘岛人对巴厘岛华人社区的集体记忆。巴林康金塔马尼节adalah sebuah游行budaya yang diselenggarakan di巴林康图书馆2019年Imlek。2018年，在巴厘岛，在巴厘岛，在巴厘岛，在巴厘岛，在巴厘岛，在巴厘岛，在东京，在东京，非法和半合法的节日，在巴厘岛，在巴厘岛。Balingkang adalah sebuah kuil pemujaan di Kabupaten Bangli, diperkirakan sezaman dengan masa pemerintahan Raja Jayapangus (1177-1182)， yang dikisahkan memiliki istri seorang putri Tiongkok。Akan tetapi narasi ini tidak didukung bukti-bukti sejarah yang memadai。拉贾贾贾潘古斯达达克pernah menjalin hubungan dagang，政治，丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹丹Jadi, narasi masa lalu dalam节，tampak sangat dipaksakan。Artikel ini in menunjukkan bagaimana kepentingand masa kinkte narasi masa lalu, serta bagaimana implikasinya atas memori kolektif masyarakat Bali terhadap komunitas Tionghoa di Bali。引用本文:Wijaya, I N.(2022)。巴陵康金塔马尼节、中国游客与巴厘人的集体记忆。历史研究，32(1)，67-77。http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31857
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The growth of the city of Medan since the end of the 19th century had not only shown changes in terms of city infrastructure but also caused problems of urban sanitation such as slum settlements, industrial and household waste as well as river pollution. This study aims to explain sanitation problems in Medan City and the efforts to overcome them. This study used historical methods consisting of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The sources used are archives, documents, city reports, city sheets, meeting minutes, contemporary newspapers, and other sources relevant to this study. The results show that the city's sanitation problems are caused by the habits of residents, plantation companies and institutions in the city government itself. These various sanitation problems were solved by developing urban sanitation despite having a limited city budget. This city sanitation development effort was focused on the aspects of public bathroom projects for the natives and the construction of a sewer system.Pertumbuhan Kota Medan sejak akhir abad 19 memperlihatkan perubahan dari sisi prasarana kota namun juga memberikan permasalahan sanitasi kota seperti permukiman kumuh, limbah industri dan rumah tangga serta pencemaran sungai. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan permasalahan sanitasi di Kota Medan dan upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Sumber-sumber yang digunakan adalah arsip, dokumen, laporan kota, lembaran kota, notulen rapat, surat kabar sezaman, dan sumber lain yang relevan dengan studi ini. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa masalah sanitasi kota disebabkan oleh kebiasaan penduduk, perusahaan perkebunan dan institusi pada pemerintah kota itu sendiri. Berbagai permasalahan sanitasi tersebut diatasi dengan membangun sanitasi kota meskipun memiliki anggaran kota yang terbatas. Usaha pembangunan sanitasi kota ini memperlihatkan konsentrasi dan kepedulian dalam bidang proyek kamar mandi umum bagi penduduk bumiputra dan pembangunan sistem saluran pembuangan limbah kota.Cite this article: Affandi, K.M., Agustono, B., Zuska, F. (2022). Urban Sanitation Problems and the Efforts to Overcome It in Medan City, 1909–1930s. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 45-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31353
{"title":"Urban Sanitation Problems and the Efforts to Overcome it in Medan City, 1909-1930s","authors":"Kiki Maulana Affandi, Budi Agustono, Fikarwin Zuska","doi":"10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31353","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of the city of Medan since the end of the 19th century had not only shown changes in terms of city infrastructure but also caused problems of urban sanitation such as slum settlements, industrial and household waste as well as river pollution. This study aims to explain sanitation problems in Medan City and the efforts to overcome them. This study used historical methods consisting of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The sources used are archives, documents, city reports, city sheets, meeting minutes, contemporary newspapers, and other sources relevant to this study. The results show that the city's sanitation problems are caused by the habits of residents, plantation companies and institutions in the city government itself. These various sanitation problems were solved by developing urban sanitation despite having a limited city budget. This city sanitation development effort was focused on the aspects of public bathroom projects for the natives and the construction of a sewer system.Pertumbuhan Kota Medan sejak akhir abad 19 memperlihatkan perubahan dari sisi prasarana kota namun juga memberikan permasalahan sanitasi kota seperti permukiman kumuh, limbah industri dan rumah tangga serta pencemaran sungai. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan permasalahan sanitasi di Kota Medan dan upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Sumber-sumber yang digunakan adalah arsip, dokumen, laporan kota, lembaran kota, notulen rapat, surat kabar sezaman, dan sumber lain yang relevan dengan studi ini. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa masalah sanitasi kota disebabkan oleh kebiasaan penduduk, perusahaan perkebunan dan institusi pada pemerintah kota itu sendiri. Berbagai permasalahan sanitasi tersebut diatasi dengan membangun sanitasi kota meskipun memiliki anggaran kota yang terbatas. Usaha pembangunan sanitasi kota ini memperlihatkan konsentrasi dan kepedulian dalam bidang proyek kamar mandi umum bagi penduduk bumiputra dan pembangunan sistem saluran pembuangan limbah kota.Cite this article: Affandi, K.M., Agustono, B., Zuska, F. (2022). Urban Sanitation Problems and the Efforts to Overcome It in Medan City, 1909–1930s. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 45-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31353 ","PeriodicalId":30724,"journal":{"name":"Paramita Historical Studies Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41590578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.28405
K. Kurniawati, M. Winarsih, A. Rahman
The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of teachers to apply historical literacy to history learning in high school and the obstacles faced by teachers in the application of historical literacy. This research is a qualitative research with problem analysis using a case study type of multi-case analysis carried out during Distance Learning (PJJ) during the COVID-19 pandemic at Labschool Jakarta High School and Public High School 30 Jakarta in 2020. Data collection was conducted using in-depth interviews, document studies, and field notes. Analysis and interpretation of the data show that (1) history learning during the distance learning period at SMA Labschool Jakarta and SMA Negeri 30 Jakarta is still running conducive, but this condition also affects teacher and student interactions to be more limited in learning; (2) The teacher has been able to apply historical literacy in history learning in accordance with a summary of the main aspects of the concept of historical literacy; (3) The obstacles faced by teachers in applying historical literacy are mainly to teachers' conceptual understanding of historical literacy which is still at the stage of traditional understanding of reading and writing, low levels of student literacy, and becomes increasingly complex when implementing PJJ, teachers have difficulty bringing innovations in application of historical literacy due to limited interaction space and duration of teaching time and presenting historical literacy as an effort to foster critical thinking skills.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan guru dalam menerapkan literasi sejarah pada pembelajaran sejarah di SMA dan kendala yang dihadapi guru dalam penerapan literasi sejarah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan analisis masalah menggunakan jenis studi kasus analisis multi kasus yang dilakukan pada Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh (PJJ) pada masa pandemi COVID-19 di SMA Labschool Jakarta dan SMA Negeri 30 Jakarta tahun 2020. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam, studi dokumen, dan catatan lapangan. Analisis dan interpretasi data menunjukkan bahwa (1) pembelajaran sejarah pada masa pembelajaran jarak jauh di SMA Labschool Jakarta dan SMA Negeri 30 Jakarta masih berjalan kondusif, namun kondisi ini juga mempengaruhi interaksi guru dan siswa menjadi lebih terbatas dalam pembelajaran; (2) Guru telah mampu menerapkan literasi sejarah dalam pembelajaran sejarah sesuai dengan rangkuman aspek-aspek pokok konsep literasi sejarah; (3) Kendala yang dihadapi guru dalam menerapkan literasi sejarah terutama pada pemahaman konseptual guru tentang literasi sejarah yang masih pada tahap pemahaman tradisional membaca dan menulis, rendahnya tingkat literasi siswa, dan menjadi semakin kompleks pada saat pelaksanaan PJJ, guru kesulitan menghadirkan inovasi dalam penerapan literasi sejarah karena terbatasnya ruang interaksi dan durasi waktu pengajaran serta menghadirkan literasi sejarah sebagai upay
本研究的目的是确定教师将历史素养应用于高中历史学习的能力，以及教师在应用历史素养方面面临的障碍。本研究是一项定性研究，采用案例研究类型的多案例分析，在2020年新冠肺炎大流行期间在雅加达实验室高中和雅加达30公立高中的远程学习（PJJ）期间进行问题分析。数据收集采用了深入访谈、文件研究和实地考察。对数据的分析和解释表明：（1）SMA实验室学校雅加达分校和SMA Negeri 30雅加达分校在远程学习期间的历史学习仍然有利，但这种情况也影响了教师和学生在学习中的互动更加有限；（2） 教师已经能够将历史素养应用到历史学习中，总结出历史素养的主要方面概念；（3） 教师在应用历史素养方面面临的障碍主要是教师对历史素养的概念理解，尚处于传统的读写理解阶段，学生识字水平较低，在实施PJJ时变得越来越复杂，-由于互动空间和教学时间有限，教师很难在历史素养的应用方面进行创新，也很难将历史素养作为培养批判性思维技能的一种努力。本研究的目的是了解高中教师将历史文献应用于历史的能力，以及教师在历史文献应用中面临的控制问题。本研究是一项具有问题分析的定性研究，使用了2020年在雅加达Labschool和雅加达SMA 30州新冠肺炎大流行期间进行的多病例分析研究。数据收集是通过深入访谈、研究文件和实地记录来完成的。对数据的分析和解释表明：（1）雅加达实验学校和雅加达30高中的远程历史学习仍然具有传导性，但这种情况也影响了师生互动在学习中的局限性；（2） 教师已经能够根据历史素养概念的一系列方面，将历史素养应用于历史课程中；（3） 教师在应用历史文学时所面临的态度，特别是教师对历史文学的概念理解，仍然处于传统的理解阅读和写作水平，学生文学水平较低，在PJJ实施时变得越来越复杂，由于历史文学的互动空间和教学时间有限，教师们发现在应用历史文学方面很难进行创新，也很难将历史文学作为增加批判性思维的一种尝试。引用本文：Kurniawati，WInarsih，M.，Rahman，A.（2022）。教师在高中历史学习中应用历史素养的能力。〔UNK〕帕拉米塔：《历史研究杂志》，〔UNK】32（1），127-137。http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.28405
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Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.27173
Nina Witasari
Forest utilization and conservation have become a serious problem faced by many countries in the world. Forests in Java have been exploited massively since colonial rule. Exploitation not only by the colonial government but also by the indigenous rulers. Of course, this exploitation has a big impact on the ecology of Java's forests, which then experience a decline in quality and the loss of several forest areas. Behind all the chaos that occurs in forest management in Java, people instinctively have a mechanism to manage and preserve the forest where they live and make a living. The mechanism in question is to use traditions and myths that have grown and developed in society. This research is social history research, which explores the historical sources of Javanese forestry and relates to social changes that occur in society. The method used is the historical research method and is equipped with information obtained from interviews with some informants. From the results of the research conducted, it can be seen that the Javanese people, especially those who still live around the forest, are currently carrying out traditions related to forest maintenance. Although the forest area is shrinking, the tradition is still carried out, for reasons of cultural and economic preservation.Pemanfaatan dan konservasi hutan telah menjadi masalah serius yang dihadapi oleh banyak negara di dunia. Hutan di Jawa telah dieksploitasi secara besar-besaran sejak pemerintahan kolonial. Eksploitasi tidak hanya dilakukan oleh pemerintah kolonial tetapi juga oleh penguasa pribumi. Tentu saja eksploitasi ini berdampak besar terhadap ekologi hutan Jawa yang kemudian mengalami penurunan kualitas dan hilangnya beberapa kawasan hutan. Di balik semua kekacauan yang terjadi dalam pengelolaan hutan di Jawa, masyarakat secara naluriah memiliki mekanisme untuk mengelola dan melestarikan hutan tempat mereka hidup dan mencari nafkah. Mekanisme yang dimaksud adalah dengan menggunakan tradisi dan mitos yang telah tumbuh dan berkembang di masyarakat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian sejarah sosial, yang menggali sumber-sumber sejarah kehutanan Jawa dan berkaitan dengan perubahan sosial yang terjadi di masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian sejarah dan dilengkapi dengan informasi yang diperoleh dari wawancara dengan beberapa informan. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa masyarakat Jawa khususnya yang masih tinggal di sekitar hutan saat ini menjalankan tradisi yang berkaitan dengan pemeliharaan hutan. Meski luas hutan semakin menyusut, tradisi tersebut tetap dilakukan, dengan alasan pelestarian budaya dan ekonomi.Cite this article: Witasari, N. (2022). Whispers from the Forest: Local Wisdom in forest Conservation and Utilization. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 23-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.27173
森林的利用与保护已成为世界上许多国家面临的严峻问题。自殖民统治以来，爪哇的森林一直被大规模开采。不仅受到殖民政府的剥削，也受到土著统治者的剥削。当然，这种开发对爪哇森林的生态造成了很大的影响，导致森林质量下降，一些森林地区消失。在爪哇森林管理出现的所有混乱的背后，人们本能地有一种机制来管理和保护他们生活和谋生的森林。这种机制是利用在社会中成长和发展起来的传统和神话。本研究为社会史研究，探讨爪哇林业的历史渊源，并与社会中发生的社会变迁有关。使用的方法是历史研究法，并配备了从采访一些线人获得的信息。从所进行的研究结果可以看出，爪哇人，特别是那些仍然生活在森林周围的人，目前正在进行与森林维护有关的传统。虽然森林面积正在缩小，但出于文化和经济保护的原因，这一传统仍在继续。pmanfaatan dan konservasi hutan telah menjadi masalah serius yang dihadapi oleh banyak negara di dunii。Hutan di java telah diekspploitasi secara besar-besaran sejak primeintahan殖民地。Eksploitasi tidak hanya dilakukan oleh peremerintah殖民地tetapi juga oleh企鹅prihumi。不丹的生态环境是不丹的，不丹的生态是不丹的，不丹的生态是不丹的，不丹的生态是不丹的。我在这里是说，我在这里是说，我在这里是说，我在这里是说，我在这里是说，我在这里是说，我在这里是说，我在这里是说。Mekanisme yang dimaksud adalah dengan menggunakan tradisi danmitos yang telah tumbuh danberkembang di masyarakat。Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian sejarah social, yang mengali sumber-sumber sejarah kehutanan Jawa dan berkaitan dengan perubahan social yang terjadi di masyarakat。这句话的意思是:“我的意思是说，我的意思是说，我的意思是说，我的意思是说，我的意思是说，我的意思是说，我的意思是说，我的意思是我的意思。”中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:Meski - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki引用本文:Witasari, N.(2022)。森林的低语:森林保护和利用中的当地智慧。历史研究，32(1)，23-32。http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.27173
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Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.30787
R. A. Surya, Rif'atul Fikriya
Abstract: This study aims to investigate the contribution of Western humanism ideas towards education policy in the Netherland Indies or Dutch East Indies. This study engaged historical method with four stages, namely heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Humanism ideas that initially appeared in Italy obtained significant impact on European history afterwards. Thinkers as Rousseau, Montesquieu, Hobbes, and so on brought humanitarian ideas towards children, education as well as policy towards colonies as the result of humanisms movement. Those ideas clarify how children should be perceived and be treated that spread almost in many countries of Europe. At the time, many Europeans colonized several countries in Asia and Africa. Therefore, the ideas of humanism also encouraged the changes of colonial policy regarding how they should treat colonies in the sense of humanitarian thoughts. As many Southeast Asian countries were controlled by the western, Indonesia experienced several occupations of Europeans after initially colonized by the Portuguese, followed by Dutch, France and British. Officially, Indonesia under the realm of Dutch government since 1817 experienced the changes and shifts upon colonial treatment. After the collapse of VOC, Dutch colonial policy was affected by humanism movement. In term of education, there were policies being established such as Nativism, Concordantie, and Ethical Politic. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh gagasan humanisme Barat terhadap kebijakan politik di Hindia Belanda. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri atas, heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Gagasan humanisme pertama kali muncul di Italia memberikan dampak signifikan terhadap sejarah Eropa pada periode berikutnya. Para pemikir seperti Rousseau, Montesquieu, Hobbes, dan lain-lain berusaha membawa gagasan humanism terhadap peserta didik, pendidikan, serta kebijakan pendidikan terhadap wilayah jajahan sebagai konsekuensi gerakan humanisme. Gagasan humanisme memberikan penjelasan bagaimana seharusnya peserta didik dilihat dan diperlakukan menyebar ke hampir seluruh negara di Eropa. Pada waktu yang bersamaan, banyak bangsa Eropa yang melakukan penjajahan di kawasan Asia dan Afrika. Dengan demikian, gagasan tentang humanisme juga mendorong perubahan kebijakan penjajah tentang bagaimana mereka memperlakukan koloni berdasarkan gagasan humanitarian. Beberapa kawasan di Asia Tenggara di kuasai bangsa Barat, Indonesia mengalami serangkaian pengalaman penjajahan setelah pertama kali dijajah oleh Portugis, kemudian Belanda, Perancis, Inggris, dan Jepang. Secara resmi, Indonesia dijajah oleh pemerintah Belanda pada tahun 1817 mengalami berbagai perubahan kebijakan. Setelah pembubaran VOC, kebijakan colonial Belanda juga dipengaruhi oleh gerakan humanisme. Dalam konteks pendidikan, pengaruh gagasan humanisme terhadap kebijakan colonial tertuang dalam kebijakan Nativisme, Konkordansi, d
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Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31048
A. Widiadi, M. Sheehan, Sydney J. Shep
To foster students’ historical thinking in Indonesia, teachers should not merely use textbooks as the only learning resource. They must utilize primary sources in teaching history that are important to encourage students to think historically. Unfortunately, it was not easy to access primary sources in Indonesia. For that reason, this study explored alternative learning resources to overcome the main difficulty faced by history teachers in Indonesia in fostering students’ historical thinking skills. This study aimed to develop web-based historical sources as learning resources and evaluate its potential to foster students’ historical thinking skills in Indonesia. As evaluation research, this study applied educational research and development approach. The results of this study indicated that the website that had been developed had challenges and opportunities in fostering students’ historical thinking skills in Indonesia.Untuk menumbuhkan keterampilan berpikir sejarah siswa di Indonesia, guru sejarah seharusnya tidak hanya mengandalkan buku teks sebagai satu-satunya sumber belajar. Mereka juga harus memanfaatkan sumber-sumber primer dalam pembelajaran sejarah yang begitu penting dalam mendorong siswa berpikir secara historis. Sayangnya, tidak mudah untuk mengakses sumber primer di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi sumber belajar alternatif untuk mengatasi kesulitan utama yang dihadapi oleh guru sejarah di Indonesia dalam menumbuhkan keterampilan berpikir sejarah siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sumber belajar sejarah berupa website yang berisi sumber-sumber sejarah dan sekaligus mengevaluasi potensinya dalam menumbuhkan keterampilan berpikir sejarah siswa di Indonesia. Sebagai kajian evaluasi, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian dan pengembangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa website yang telah dikembangkan memiliki beberapa tantangan sekaligus kesempatan baik dalam menumbuhkan keterampilan berpikir sejarah siswa di Indonesia.Cite this article: Widiadi, A.N., Sheehan, M., Shep, S. (2022). The Potential of Web-Based Historical Sources as Learning Resources to Foster Students’ Historical Thinking Skills. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 138-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31048
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Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.29470
P. Semedi
The article argues that social tensions in Indonesian oil palm cultivation have social origins internal to the communities that have adopted oil palm, and it traces some of these origins back across several processes of land conversion. In the early 20th century, the adoption of rubber among West Kalimantan farmers led to the privatization of land tenure and wealth accumulation in the hand of village traders, tokeh, that eventually caused social tension within the community. More money has come to the farmers following the conversion of land from rubber to oil palm since the 1990s, and the money is accompanied by a quicker pace of land accumulation in the hands of the village rich and plantation companies. This process opens a path for the grow of local, village-based capitalism.Artikel ini menyampaikan bahwa ketegangan sosial berkaitan dengan budidaya sawit di Indonesia bersumber dari dari dinamika sosial di dalam masyarakat petani saat mereka mengadopsi tanaman pasar ini. Pada awal abad ke-20, adopsi karet di kalangan petani Kalimantan Barat menyebabkan privatisasi penguasaan tanah dan penumpukan kekayaan di tangan pedagang desa, tokeh, yang akhirnya menimbulkan ketegangan sosial di dalam masyarakat. Uang dalam jumlah yang lebih besar diterima para petani setelah mereka mengganti karet dengan sawit sejak tahun 1990-an. Kedatangan uang tersebut dibarengi dengan laju akumulasi tanah yang lebih cepat di tangan orang-orang kaya desa dan perusahaan perkebunan. Proses ini membuka jalan bagi tumbuhnya kapitalisme lokal berbasis pedesaan.Cite this article: Semedi, P. (2022). Rubber, Oil Palm and Accumulation in Rural West Kalimantan, 1910s - 2010s. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 33-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.29470
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Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v32i1.26636
Ahmad Tohri, Abdul Rasyad, Habibuddin Habibuddin, Z. Zulkarnain
Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu (TGU) was one of the pioneers and a central figure born in the era of the teacher-teaching of the Sasak-Lombok community. The purpose of this study is to analyze the monotheistic view of TGU as the central figure of Lombok clerics in the study of intellectual history. The research method used is the historical method, which is a process of critically analyzing records and experiences or relics of the past. The results showed that TGU as a teacher early generation was born from a family that has a breed very strong with the Islamic Selaparang Kingdom by mastering religious knowledge broadly and deeply which was obtained from scholars in Lombok, the archipelago, and the world. The wisdom of TGU is reflected in the book of monotheism written at the age of ± 25 years, with the title Manzarul Amrad. The systematic thinking, perspective, and narrative style are unique in writing the book of monotheism that distinguishes it from other scholars. The monotheistic view of TGU has an impact on strengthening Islam, especially strengthening the faith of the Sasak-Islamic community. Instilling the spirit of jihad fi sabilillah, the Sasak people fought against the Balinese and Dutch rulers. TGU is involved in the dialectic of Islamic intellectuals through a network of teachers, friends, and students in Lombok, the archipelago, and even the Islamic world.Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu (TGU) merupakan salah seorang perintis dan tokoh sentral kelahiran era ke-tuan guru-an masyarakat Sasak-Lombok. Tujuan penelitian menganalisis pandangan tauhid TGU sebagai tokoh sentral ulama Lombok dalam kajian sejarah intelektual. Metode penelitian yang digunakan metode sejarah, yaitu suatu proses menganalisis secara kritis rekaman dan pengalaman atau peninggalan masa lampau. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan TGU sebagai tuan guru generasi awal terlahir dari keluarga yang memiliki trah sangat kuat dengan Kerajaan Selaparang Islam dengan menguasai ilmu agama secara luas dan mendalam yang diperoleh dari para ulama di Lombok, Nusantara, dan dunia. Kealiman TGU tercermin dari kitab tauhid ditulis pada usia ±25 tahun, dengan judul Manzarul Amrad. Sistematika berpikir, cara pandang, dan gaya narasi merupakan keunikan dalam menulis kitab tauhid yang membedakannya dengan ulama-ulama lain. Pandangan tauhid TGU berdampak terhadap penguatan keislaman terutama peneguhan akidah masyarakat Islam-Sasak. Menanamkan semangat jihad fi sabilillah rakyat Sasak melakukan perlawanan pada penguasa Bali dan Belanda. TGU terlibat dalam dialektika intelektual keislaman melalui jaringan guru, sahabat, dan murid di Lombok, Nusantara, bahkan dunia Islam.Cite this article: Tohri, A., Rasyad, A. Habibuddin, Zulkarnain (2022). Tauhid View Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu: Intellectual History Study of Lombok Theologian Central Figure. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.26636
Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu (TGU)是sasak -龙目岛社区教师教学时代的先驱和核心人物之一。本研究的目的是分析龙目岛神职人员在思想史研究中的核心人物——龙目岛神职人员的一神论观点。使用的研究方法是历史方法，这是一个批判性地分析过去的记录和经验或遗迹的过程。结果表明，作为教师的早期一代，TGU出生在一个与伊斯兰教Selaparang王国有着很强血统的家庭，广泛而深入地掌握了从龙目岛，群岛和世界学者那里获得的宗教知识。TGU的智慧反映在他25岁左右写的一神教著作《Manzarul Amrad》中。《一神论》的系统思维、视角和叙事风格是其独特之处，使其有别于其他学者。TGU的一神论观点对加强伊斯兰教，特别是加强萨萨克-伊斯兰社区的信仰产生了影响。萨萨克人灌输圣战的精神，与巴厘岛和荷兰的统治者作战。TGU通过龙目岛、群岛甚至伊斯兰世界的教师、朋友和学生网络，参与了伊斯兰知识分子的辩证法。团结上师乌玛·克拉尤(TGU) merupakan salah seorang perintis dan tokoh central kelahiran era ke-团结上师和masyarakat sasak -龙目岛。Tujuan penelitian menganalis pandangan tauhid TGU sebagai tokoh中央乌拉玛龙目岛知识分子。在此基础上，我们提出了一种新的分析方法，即:在此基础上，我们提出了一种新的分析方法。在龙目岛，努沙塔拉，丹杜尼亚，丹杜尼亚，丹杜尼亚，丹杜尼亚，丹杜尼亚。Kealiman TGU tercermin dari kitab taub (1 / 2) = 1 / 2, dengan judul Manzarul Amrad。系统，卡拉潘当，丹伽亚那拉斯merupakan keunikan dalam menulis kitab tauhid yang成员，akannya dengan ulama-ulama lain。Pandangan tauhid TGU berdampak terhadap penguatan keislaman terutama peneguhan akidah masyarakat Islam-Sasak。这是一只美丽的企鹅，它是一只美丽的企鹅。TGU terlibat dalam dialektika知识分子keislaman melalui jaringan guru, sahabat, dan murid di Lombok, Nusantara, bahkan dunia Islam。引用本文:Tohri, A. Rasyad, A. Habibuddin, Zulkarnain(2022)。龙目岛神学家中心人物的思想史研究。历史研究，32(1)，1-10。http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.26636
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