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Маяковский – новатор языка? Словообразовательная структура неологизмов Маяковского и их роль в современном русском языке 马雅可夫斯基是语言创新者吗?马雅科夫斯基新词的构词结构及其在现代俄语中的作用
Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.14746/strp.2021.46.2.12
J. Kitzlerová
This paper deals with the word-formation of Mayakovsky’s neologisms, the principles of their composition and also the objects subjected to neologization. Attention is also paid to the Nachleben of these neologisms in contemporary Russian, based on the research into the Russian National Corpus. The paper is a result of the analysis of all Mayakovsky’s neologisms listed in A. Humesky’s book Majakovskij and His Neologisms (1964), except for those originated by the simple connection of two words or word components. The results were compared with the most recent work dealing with Mayakovsky’s neologisms, V. N. Valavin’s dictionary (Word-formation of Mayakovsky. An Attempt at a Dictionary of Occasiоnalisms). It is argued that the main word-formation principle is that of composition (substantives and adjectives) and suffixation (verbs), that even today many neologisms show surprising vitality, and also that not all of the neologisms ascribed to Mayakovsky are indeed his authorial creations.
本文论述了马雅可夫斯基新词的构词法、构成原则以及新词化的对象。在对俄语国家语料库进行研究的基础上,对现代俄语中这些新词的特点进行了探讨。本文是对胡梅斯基的《马雅可夫斯基及其新词》(1964)中所列的马雅可夫斯基的所有新词进行分析的结果,除了那些由两个词或词组成的简单连接产生的新词。这些结果与最近处理马雅可夫斯基新词的工作,V. N.瓦拉文的词典(马雅可夫斯基构词)进行了比较。《偶然语词词典的尝试》。有人认为,主要的构词原则是构成(实体和形容词)和后缀(动词)的原则,即使在今天,许多新词也表现出惊人的活力,而且并不是所有被认为是马雅可夫斯基创造的新词都是他的创作。
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引用次数: 0
Из наблюдений над способами выражения отрицания в церковнославянском тексте русского извода 从对否认的方式的观察来看,在俄罗斯的教会文本中,
Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.14746/strp.2021.46.2.21
Zofia Szwed
The article describes the specificity of the changes that took place in the process of dissemination of double negation, typical for Slavic languages, visible in the Ruthenian recension of Church Slavonic texts. The reflections on the achievements in the field are enriched with the results of research on the text of Gospel No. 7 from the collection of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA F. 381. Op. 1 Unit hr 7), which has not been analyzed so far in terms of the issues raised. Nearly three hundred negative structures were subjected to observations. In order to determine the number of single negation cases in relation to double negation the main focus was on structures such as: (1) ni Pron + V, (2) ni Pron + ne V oraz (3) ne V + ni Pron. It was determined, among other things, that their use was influenced by both the literature tradition and live language with elements of the northern dialect of the East Slavonic. On the other hand, the analysis of the negative structures preceding homogeneous parts of the sentence revealed the tendency, manifested onthe leaves of the monument, to transform towards the norm of the contemporary Russian language.
这篇文章描述了双重否定在传播过程中发生的变化的特殊性,这是斯拉夫语言的典型特征,在鲁塞尼亚对教会斯拉夫语文本的重新理解中可见。对俄罗斯国家古代行为档案馆(RGADA F.381)收藏的第7号福音文本的研究结果丰富了对该领域成就的思考。Op.1单位hr 7),迄今为止尚未就提出的问题进行分析。对近三百个负结构进行了观察。为了确定与双否定有关的单否定格的数量,主要关注的结构有:(1)ni Pron+V,(2)ni Pron+ne V oraz(3)ne V+ni Pron。除其他外,还确定了它们的使用受到文学传统和带有东斯拉夫北方方言元素的活语言的影响。另一方面,对句子同质部分之前的否定结构的分析揭示了纪念碑叶子上表现出的向当代俄语规范转变的趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Między ratio a emotum. Polsko-rosyjskie postrzeganie wzajemne w perspektywie binarnej 介于比例和表情之间。二元视角下的波兰-俄罗斯相互认知
Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.14746/strp.2021.46.2.11
Tomasz Nakoneczny
A characteristic feature of Polish-Russian mutual perception is binarity, manifesting itself in various discursive spaces, from colloquial stereotypes, through popular literature, to sophisticated forms of meta-historical discourse. Asian-Europeanness, Latin-Byzantism/Orthodoxy, collectivism-individualism, and authenticity-falsehood, are just some of the oppositions that organise the social imagination of Poles and Russians in the sphere of their mutual assessments and opinions. The article draws attention to the partial manifestations of such oppositions (literary discourse, postcolonial studies, etc.) in order to show their hidden, dialectical dimension. To achieve this goal, the author refers to the category of ratio and emotum, which refers to a specific current of the European philosophical tradition. Both of these binary categories are the foundation for creating an image of the Other. They also fit into self-defining strategies important for understanding Polish and Russian identity.
波兰-俄罗斯相互感知的一个特征是二元性,它在不同的话语空间中表现出来,从口语化的刻板印象,到通俗文学,再到复杂的元历史话语形式。亚洲-欧洲,拉丁-拜占庭/东正教,集体主义-个人主义,真实性-谬误,这些只是波兰人和俄罗斯人在相互评价和意见的范围内组织社会想象的一些对立。本文关注这些对立的局部表现(文学话语、后殖民研究等),以揭示其隐藏的辩证维度。为了达到这一目的,作者引用了比率和情绪的范畴,这是指欧洲哲学传统的一个特定潮流。这两种二元分类都是创造他者形象的基础。它们也符合自我定义策略,这对理解波兰和俄罗斯的身份认同很重要。
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引用次数: 0
Narracyjność językowego obrazu ludzkiej egzystencji w polskich i rosyjskich połączeniach wyrazowych zawierających czasowniki ruchu iść/идти, сhodzić/ходить (na materiale leksykograficznym) 波兰语和俄语动词组合中人类存在的语言形象的叙述性,包含go/и
Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.14746/strp.2021.46.2.16
Karina Zając-Haduch
The purpose of the study is to show narrative (narration) as a category that combines individual elements of knowledge, expressed through language, and, thus, ensures the cohesion of the linguistic and cultural picture of the world. In the light of this concept, the linguistic-cultural picture of the world is understood as a dynamic, multi-layered narrative depending on the accepted points of view, intentions, approaches and methods of conceptualization, categorization and axiologization of reality adopted in this culture. This article deals with the narrative of human life, which creates the expressions in Polish and Russian that contain verbs of movement. The analysis of the chosen phrases allows us to determine how similar life experiences are perceived in both languages, as well as to what extent the cultural conditions and the genetic proximity of both languages have an influence on similarities in the image of human existence.
本研究的目的是将叙事(叙事)展示为一个类别,它结合了通过语言表达的知识的各个元素,从而确保了世界语言和文化图景的凝聚力。根据这一概念,世界的语言文化图景被理解为一种动态的、多层次的叙事,取决于这种文化中所采用的对现实的概念化、分类和价值论的公认观点、意图、方法和方法。这篇文章涉及人类生活的叙事,它创造了波兰语和俄语中包含运动动词的表达。对所选短语的分析使我们能够确定在两种语言中如何感知相似的生活经历,以及两种语言的文化条件和基因接近程度在多大程度上影响人类生存形象的相似性。
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引用次数: 0
Dwie przestrzenie wojennej propagandy. Język utworów moskiewskich Okien TASS 战争宣传的两个空间。莫斯科TASS窗口的歌曲语言
Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.14746/strp.2021.46.2.13
Agata Książek
The aim of the article is to analyze the language of the Soviet propaganda posters from the Second World War period, containing the poetic commentary of the members of the Moscow TASS Agency. The research reveals the main means of persuasion used in the poems. The subject of the analysis is the phenomenon of spreading ideas in two basic social spheres that occurred in the Soviet Union during the war period, which include people who took direct part in military actions, and Soviet citizens who provided the army with all the necessary materials. Texts addressed to potential soldiers contained a direct call to defend the homeland and family. Their most important manipulative tools were emotional arguments and the technique of stereotyping the enemy. Ideas and personal patterns were instilled in the minds of the fighters with various linguistic manipulation techniques. The propaganda referenced to the belongingness need. Different propaganda techniques were used in poems targeted at people behind the lines of hostilities. The authors of the texts of TASS Windows used colloquial language, comprehensible to a wide audience. They created a vision of a world divided into two opposite poles and referred to respected authorities or raised new role models. The propaganda of the victory also required different techniques of information manipulation. The TASS Windows present the unique contribution of the Soviet poets to the action of the mobilization ofsociety to take part in the fight against the German aggressor.
本文的目的是分析二战时期苏联宣传海报的语言,其中包括莫斯科塔斯社成员的诗意评论。研究揭示了诗歌中主要的说服手段。分析的对象是苏联在战争时期发生的两种基本社会领域的思想传播现象,这两种社会领域包括直接参加军事行动的人和向军队提供一切必要物资的苏联公民。发给潜在士兵的短信直接呼吁保卫家园和家庭。他们最重要的操纵手段是情绪化的争论和对敌人的刻板印象。思想和个人模式是通过各种语言操纵技术灌输给战士们的。宣传提到了归属感的需要。诗歌中使用了不同的宣传技巧,针对的是敌对战线后面的人。塔斯社窗口文本的作者使用通俗的语言,为广大读者所理解。他们创造了一个分裂为两极的世界的愿景,并提到了受人尊敬的权威或树立了新的榜样。胜利的宣传也需要不同的信息操纵技术。塔斯社的窗口展示了苏联诗人对动员社会参与抗击德国侵略者的独特贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Od kulturowego pojmowania przestrzeni ku rozważaniom o wieczności. Dyskurs przestrzenny w powieści Brisbane Jewgienija Wodołazkina 从对空间的文化理解到对永恒的沉思。布里斯本小说中的空间话语
Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.14746/strp.2021.46.2.6
M. Sidor
This article deals with different aspects of space in the text of Eugene Vodolazkin’s novel Brisbane as well as in its studies and reception. Successive parts of the research are devoted to lieux de mémoire in autobiographical fiction, cultural understanding of the space of the home and places which traditionally create the image of Kiev and the individual mythology of this city. Space perceived in the way modified by culture is a certain frame in which both the hero of Vodolazkin lives and a receiver reads the novel. It is also an important component of the work’s internal structure, the factor responsible for certain genre associations that determine the direction of the reading process. In all these forms of functioning, space is thematically related to the reflection on death. The author concludes that the understanding of space leads to the rejection of the physical future and the affirmation of eternity understood in a religious way, in line with medieval tradition.
本文探讨了尤金·沃多拉兹金小说《布里斯班》文本中空间的不同方面,以及对它的研究和接受。研究的连续部分致力于自传体小说中的massmoire,对家庭空间和地方的文化理解,这些地方传统上创造了基辅的形象和这个城市的个人神话。被文化改变的感知空间是一个特定的框架,沃多拉兹金的主人公生活在其中,接受者也在其中阅读小说。它也是作品内部结构的重要组成部分,是决定阅读过程方向的某些体裁关联的因素。在所有这些功能形式中,空间在主题上都与对死亡的反思有关。作者的结论是,对空间的理解导致了对物质未来的拒绝和对永恒的肯定,以一种符合中世纪传统的宗教方式来理解。
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引用次数: 2
Kompetencje użytkowników języka obcego. Wiedza socjokulturowa i kompetencja socjolingwistyczna studentów rusycystów 外语能力。俄罗斯学生的社会文化知识与社会语言能力
Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.14746/strp.2021.46.2.20
Krystyna Janaszek
The paper describes the assumptions of modern methods of teaching foreign languages, and this description includes the proposals of their creators regarding the knowledge that the student must acquire and the competences that he/she is to form. The results of the test checking sociocultural knowledge and sociolinguistic competences of Russian Studies students is also discussed. The low global result of the test (57% of correct answers) showed a poor record of students in terms of the examined issues. Knowledge about Russia is very superficial among the study participants. They are also not good in dealing with contacts on the level of official relations (formal records of statements).
本文描述了现代外语教学方法的假设,这一描述包括其创造者关于学生必须获得的知识和他/她要形成的能力的建议。本文还讨论了俄语专业学生社会文化知识和社会语言能力测试的结果。测试的低整体结果(57%的正确答案)表明学生在考试问题方面的记录很差。研究参与者对俄罗斯的了解非常肤浅。他们也不善于处理官方关系层面的接触(正式的声明记录)。
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引用次数: 0
Лингвокультурологические аспекты невербальной коммуникации 非言语交际的语言文化方面
Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.14746/strp.2021.46.2.19
Joanna Orzechowska
The article presents the issue of non-verbal communication from the perspective of translation and teaching a foreign language. The research is based on an experiment conducted among Russian students at the University of Warmia and Mazury, whose task it was to analyze data from Krystyna Jarząbek’s Dictionary of the Body Language of Polish People, from which about 30 unknown or unintelligible units of non-verbal communication were selected. The data show that body language, including gestures, is culture-rooted, and confirm that non-verbal means play a significant role in communication. This is why the author of the article believes it to be justified to introduce elements of non-verbal communication into teaching foreign languages and to compile bilingual dictionaries of body language.
本文从翻译和外语教学的角度提出了非语言交际的问题。这项研究基于在瓦米亚和马祖里大学的俄罗斯学生中进行的一项实验,该实验的任务是分析Krystyna Jarzńbek的《波兰人肢体语言词典》中的数据,从中选择了大约30个未知或难以理解的非语言交流单位。数据表明,包括手势在内的肢体语言植根于文化,并证实非语言手段在沟通中发挥着重要作用。这就是为什么作者认为在外语教学中引入非语言交际的元素和编写肢体语言双语词典是合理的。
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引用次数: 0
Конфессиональная лексика в русском переводе энциклики папы Франциска Laudato si’ – пространство традиции и современности 教皇方济各·劳达多·si的俄语通谕词汇是传统和现代的空间。
Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.14746/strp.2021.46.2.15
Małgorzata Wideł-Ignaszczak
The paper provides a study of religious lexis excerpted from the Russian translation of the encyclical letter Laudato si’. The Russian version of the encyclical was translated and published by Russian Franciscan Publishing House. The analyzed material consisting of single words, as well as compound multi-word expressions, related to the Catholic denomination (264 lexical items – 1000 uses, which accounts for 14% of the entire encyclical), was grouped into semantic fields. The vocabulary was described in terms of the semantics and its functioning and codification, both in the contemporary Russian religious language and in general Russian language. It was assumed that the encyclical is addressed not only to the representatives of the Church hierarchy but also to all the faithful. Hence, there was the need to draw attention to the pragmatic aspects of the religious language, including the balance between comprehensibility and the use of specialist theological terminology in the translated text. It was demonstrated that the majority of the lexical items of religious terminology is coded by the explanatory dictionary of the contemporary Russian language, except for 14 lexical items related to the Catholic denomination that enhance the lexis of the contemporaryRussian language.
本文对通谕《Laudato si’》俄文译本中的宗教词汇进行了研究。通谕的俄文版由俄罗斯方济各会出版社翻译出版。所分析的材料由与天主教教派有关的单个单词和复合多单词表达组成(264个词汇项目–1000个使用,占整个通谕的14%),被分为语义领域。该词汇在当代俄语宗教语言和一般俄语中都从语义及其功能和编纂方面进行了描述。据推测,通谕不仅面向教会等级制度的代表,也面向所有信徒。因此,有必要提请注意宗教语言的语用方面,包括在可理解性和翻译文本中使用专业神学术语之间的平衡。研究表明,除了14个与天主教教派有关的词汇项目外,宗教术语的大多数词汇项目都是由当代俄语解释词典编码的,这些词汇项目增强了当代俄语的词汇。
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引用次数: 0
Атрофия разума: Юрьев день Кирилла Серебренникова 精神萎缩:尤里·西里尔·西尔布伦尼科夫日
Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.14746/strp.2021.46.2.5
E. Fedorushkov
The article analyses the figure of the heroine Lubov in Kirill Serebrennikov’s film St George’s Day. The main aim is to show how the town of Yuriev and its residents affect the spiritual change of Lubov. The author examines the consistent rejection of the truth of the mind in favour of the truth of faith in Lubov’s life. The initial multilevel conflict between the opera singer and the town is supposed to be laid out in the Russian attitude to the world, which is based on the verge of two binary paradigms – the West and the East – exemplifying in turn the culture of the mind (reason) and the culture of faith (intuition). The provincial Russian town is correlated with the view of St. Petersburg in V. Toporov’s ‘Petersburg text’ due to its particular and distinguishable influence on outer visitors: the town imposes on Lubov its rules, affecting her present life not only materially but most of all spiritually. Besides, the consecutive analyses allow to draw an analogy between Lubov and Dostoevsky’s meek heroines. Like the ‘humiliated and insulted’ women of the author of Crime and punishment, the former opera singer enters the path of suffering and self-sacrifice to completely abandon her own self.
本文分析了基里尔·谢列布伦尼科夫的电影《圣乔治节》中女主人公卢博芙的形象。主要目的是展示尤里耶夫镇及其居民如何影响卢博夫的精神变化。作者考察了卢博夫一生中对心灵真理的一贯拒绝,对信仰真理的支持。歌剧演员和小镇之间最初的多层次冲突应该是在俄罗斯人对世界的态度中展开的,这种态度基于两个二元范式的边缘-西方和东方-依次例证了思想文化(理性)和信仰文化(直觉)。在V. Toporov的“彼得堡文本”中,这个俄罗斯小镇与圣彼得堡的观点相关,因为它对外部游客的特殊和显著的影响:这个小镇强加给Lubov它的规则,不仅在物质上影响着她现在的生活,而且在精神上影响着她。此外,连续的分析允许在卢波夫和陀思妥耶夫斯基的温顺的女主人公之间进行类比。就像《罪与罚》作者笔下那些“被羞辱和侮辱”的女性一样,这位前歌剧演唱家走上了痛苦和自我牺牲的道路,彻底抛弃了自我。
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引用次数: 0
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Studia Rossica Posnaniensia
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