Human Nutrition and Metabolism最新文献

Aims

To investigate the associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations, vitamin D intake, magnesium, and calcium with glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

A total of 107 adult with T2DM, residing in the state of Sergipe/Brazil (latitude: 10°), were evaluated for serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone, fasting glucose, %HbA1c, insulin, C-peptide, total cholesterol and fractions, homeostasis of beta-cell function (HOMA-B), insulin sensitivity (HOMA-S) and resistance (HOMA-IR), anthropometry, body composition, and usual food intake. The results were analyzed according to 25(OH)D status (insufficient/deficient <30 ng/mL; adequate ≥30 ng/mL). Mann–Whitney, chi-square, and binary logistic regression tests were performed. P-value<0.05 was considered significant.

Results

The median age and time to T2DM diagnosis were 49 and 5 years, respectively. High inadequacy was observed in the dietary intake of vitamin D, magnesium, and calcium. Higher HOMA-B values were observed in the vitamin D adequate group (p = 0.032) and higher fasting serum glucose concentrations (p = 0.012) and %body fat (p = 0.048) in the insufficient/deficient group, which had a higher chance of elevated serum glucose (odds ratio [OR]:2.937; p = 0.020) and HOMA-IR (OR:2.496; p = 0.045).

Conclusion

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with poor glycemic control and insulin resistance, and these aspects are unrelated to inadequate dietary intake of vitamin D, magnesium, and calcium.

Serum uric acid (UA) levels have stood out as a candidate for biomarker of several pathological processes, especially from cardiometabolic diseases.

Purpose

This study aimed to compare biomarkers of cardiometabolic dysfunction in community-dwelling older adults with normal and high levels of UA.

Methods

Cross-sectional study including 228 community-dwelling older adults, clinically stratified as with or without hyperuricemia, according the cutoff point of serum uric acid ≥6 mg/dL for women and ≥7 mg/dL for men. Venous blood withdrawal was conducted and used to obtain UA, triglycerides, and glucose levels. Anthropometric measurements were conducted to record height, body mass, and waist circumference. From serum and anthropometric parameters, triglyceride/glucose index (TyG), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and visceral adiposity index (VAI) were calculated. Linear mixed model analysis was used to determine between-group differences in cardiometabolic parameters (VAI, LAP, and TyG), taking groups as fixed factor and sex, use of hypoglycemiant and hypolipemiant medications as random factors. The Bayesian analysis was conducted to check the magnitude of the evidence.

Results

The community-dwelling older adults with high serum UA exhibited statistically higher values (p < 0.05) of TyG (mean difference = 0.24 [95% CI = 0.39 to 0.90]), VAI (mean difference = 0.75 [95% CI = 0.25 to 1.25]) and LAP (mean difference = 15.56 [95% CI = 3.98 to 27.15]). The Bayesian analysis indicated moderate to strong posterior probabilities favoring the alternative hypothesis.

Conclusion

Our results shed light on the relationship between hyperuricemic state in community-dwelling older adults and adipocyte dysfunction, ectopic lipid deposition, and insulin resistance.

Intermittent fasting (IF) has been associated with longevity and healthspan through autophagy and reduction of inflammation activity. The senescence process is linked with autophagy activity and determines the organ age as chronological age. The effect of prolonged IF on autophagy, inflammasome activity, and senescence needs to be elucidated further. Twenty-five healthy young males were recruited and performed 17–19 h/day fasting for 30 days. Blood samples were collected one week before (TP1), two weeks after the start (TP2), one month after the start (TP3), and one week after the end (TP4) of the IF and extracted to obtain mRNA to determine autophagy (ATG5, ULK1, and BECN1), inflammasome (NLRP3, IL-1 β, ASC, and TNF- α), and senescence (p16INK4A, p21, and P53) marker expression level by qPCR. Prolonged IF induced expression level of ATG5, ULK1 and BECN1 at TP2 but decreased at TP4. The NLRP3 and IL-1β expression level increased at TP2 and TP3, but decreased at TP4. ASC expression level increased at TP2, decreased at TP3 and returned to normal at TP4. Prolonged IF kept reducing TNF-α expression level until TP4. The expression level of p16INK4A and p21 tended to decrease over the time of observation. The expression level of P53 increased at TP2 and TP3 but decreased at TP4. Our study showed that prolonged IF affects the activities of autophagy, inflammasome, and senescence in a time-dependent manner.

Introduction

More information on disordered eating must be accessible among male students. This study explored the disordered eating attitudes and behaviors among Somali male students who came to Bangladesh for further education.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted in January–May 2017 among conveniently selected 356 Somali male students living in different regions of Bangladesh. A three-part self-administered questionnaire included a validated version of the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26). For descriptive analysis, frequencies and mean (±SD) were calculated. Chi-square tests were performed on categorical data to find the relationships between variables, and Student's t-test was made for comparison. Statistical tests were considered significant at a p-value of ≤0.05.

Results

The study included 356 male, unmarried Somali students aged 19–29 years old {mean (±SD), 24.23 (±2.58) years} who had a mean BMI [kg/m², 22.52 (±2.89)]. About 35% and 8% were overweight and obese, respectively. The total score of EAT-26, and the subscales scores were {mean (±SD), 24.38 (±9.4), 13.86 (±6.14), 3.91 (±2.45), and 6.62 (±4.21)} respectively. Most (70%) respondents were at risk of disordered eating. No statistical differences in mean income and BMI of the groups (at risk of disordered eating attitudes vs. not at risk of disordered eating attitudes) were evident. However, the male students who were at risk of disordered eating attitudes were significantly more prone to the subscales of dieting (16.11 ± 5.35 vs. 8.64 ± 4.46, p = 0.0001), bulimia and food preoccupation (4.14 ± 2.36 vs. 3.33 ± 2.59, p = 0.004), and oral control (8.46 ± 3.34 vs. 2.33 ± 2.56, p = 0.0001) than those students who were not at risk of disordered eating attitudes. Age, abnormal weight loss, overeating, and BMI were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) associated with developing disordered eating attitudes.

Conclusions

The present study findings show that Somali male students who came to Bangladesh for higher education are at a greater risk of disordered eating attitudes. A further large study is essential among international students.

Introduction

Reductions in physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) have been proposed as factors that may hinder diet-induced body mass loss. Although diet-mediated changes in PAEE and BMR are subject to large inter-individual variability, research investigating the impact of sex on diet-induced modulation of PAEE and BMR is lacking. Therefore, this study examined the effect of a diet-induced energy restriction on PAEE and BMR in non-exercising overweight and obese men and women.

Methods

Eleven women (Age: 25 ± 7 yr; BMI: 29.7 ± 4.2 kg/m²) and eight men (Age 29.6 ± 4.0 yr; BMI: 29.7 ± 4.0 kg/m²) completed a 29-day investigation. Assessment of physical activity (PA) (PAEE and step count), BMR, body composition, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and fasting blood glucose (FBG) occurred on days 1, 8, 15, 22 and 29. Between days 15–22, participants consumed a liquid diet formula equivalent to 50% of their total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). The effects of time, sex and their interaction on all variables were assessed through a two-way mixed model ANOVA.

Results

Both men and women achieved a modest 3% body mass loss at the end of the intervention week. An effect of time was detected for body mass (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001), body fat % (p = 0.001), SBP (p = 0.007), DBP (p = 0.033) and BG (p < 0.001). There was a time and sex interaction for body mass (p = 0.002), BMI (p = 0.002) and body fat % (p = 0.043). Sex differences were only present for body fat % (p = 0.001) and BMR (p < 0.001). No main or interaction effects were present for PAEE and step count.

Conclusion

In the present study, a 7-day diet-induced energy restriction of 50% did not elicit compensatory changes in PAEE and BMR in overweight and obese men and women. Findings suggest that it may be a viable short-term strategy to produce initial reductions in body mass and body fat %, with improvements in fasting blood glucose and resting blood pressure.

Background

The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) estimates the diet quality, and low HEI scores are associated with adverse bone outcomes. However, the relationship between HEI scores and bone health in individuals who are obese but otherwise healthy or obese with comorbidities remains unclear.

Objective

We aimed to evaluate the association of HEI scores with bone mineral density (BMD), bone regulating hormones and bone turnover markers in individuals with metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) phenotypes.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional analysis of 122 adults who were overweight or obese. A questionnaire was completed to obtain demographic data. Body composition and BMD were assessed by a Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) exam. The HEI scores and dietary components were calculated using a 24-h dietary recall. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s25OHD), total osteocalcin (OC), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and C-terminal telopeptide (CTx) concentrations. The MHO and MUO phenotypes were classified according to the absence or presence of metabolic abnormalities.

Results

The sample mean age was 37.91 ± 12.66 years, 50.8% were men, mean body mass index (BMI) was 30.01 ± 4.63 kg/m², and 45.9% were classified as the MUO phenotype. The mean HEI scores were 54.42 ± 16.25 and 61.48% had low-diet quality. HEI scores were positively associated with s25OHD in the MUO phenotype group (β = 0.194, 95%CI = 0.038–0.350, p = 0.016). Certain dietary score components, such as fruits, seafood and plant protein, added sugars, whole grains, and fatty acids were also associated with bone health markers. However, HEI scores were not associated with BMD measures, neither with other bone regulating hormones and turnover markers.

Conclusion

There was a positive association between HEI scores and s25OHD in adults who were overweight or obese with MUO phenotype. Additionally, the adequate consumption of specific food groups may benefit bone mass and metabolism. These results emphasize the importance of lifestyle interventions encouraging healthy eating habits to prevent s25OHD deficiency, poor bone health, and cardiometabolic complications.

The world's weather is constantly shifting and increasingly unpredictable. Climate change was also shown to influence human health and both soil and gut microbiome. These changes may also affect the human aging process, which is connected to multidimensional aspects ranging from health, economy, and psychology. As a result, the purpose of this review is to examine the relationship between aging, gut microbiota, and climate change. This discussion aims to increase awareness of the inevitable change in aging physiology and gut microbiota composition that is caused by climate change by tying together the environmental and clinical health elements. This review will also support the evidence for the link between environmental problems and public health problems. The main findings of this review found that human aging and gut microbiota had a bidirectional relationship. The change in one matter influences the other, which may be instigated by climate change. Moreover, climate change also influences the soil microbiome, which is indirectly related to the quality of the crops that will further act as nutritional factors that shift the composition of human gut microbiota. Various modulation mechanisms of gut microbiota in aging domains were also explored. The review was concluded by proposing a model and underlining some implications that need to be further addressed.

Pellagra, a deficiency of niacin (Vitamin B3), is a potential secondary complication of anorexia nervosa (AN) resulting from restricted nutrient consumption. Symptoms observed in patients with pellagra (such as diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death) can often overlap with or be affected by AN status. This article presents the largest literature review to date on symptoms observed with AN-induced pellagra, treatment regimens, and patient outcomes. An English literature search was performed using the keywords “pellagra” and “anorexia”, yielding seven female case reports. The most prevalent symptom (100%) reported was erythema of the face, neck, and arm regions. Symptoms traditionally associated with pellagra were not identified as frequently, such as diarrhea (29%). The most common treatment regime included both Vitamin B supplementation and dietary advice (83%), with all patients recorded recovering from pellagra. AN and pellagra may affect the symptomatic presentation of its counterpart disease, providing a challenge to practitioners tasked with diagnosing patients. Future studies are needed to clarify the symptomatic development of the diseases concurrently, and best practices in treatment and diagnosis.

Objective

To examine sociodemographic, lifestyle and health insurance factors associated with consumption expenditure on sugary foods among households of different income groups in Malaysia.

Design

A pooled cross-sectional analysis of data from the Malaysian Household Expenditure Survey was carried out. A seemingly unrelated regression was used to examine factors affecting household expenditure on three types of sugary foods, i.e., sugar, confectionery and sugar preserved foods. The regression was stratified by income groups.

Setting

Malaysia.

Participants

A nationally representative sample of 29,389 households.

Results

Age, education level, ethnicity, gender, marital status and employment status of household heads, household location, as well as alcohol spending were associated with expenditure on sugary foods among low-income households. In the middle-income group, there were relationships between household expenditure on sugary foods and tobacco use, and health insurance ownership. The factors that predicted expenditure on sugary foods among high-income households included education, ethnicity, marital status, employment status, household location, and health insurance. There were temporal variations in household expenditure on sugary foods in all income groups.

Conclusions

Sociodemographic, lifestyle and health insurance factors play an important role in expenditure on sugary foods among households of different income groups.

Background

A better understanding of the influence of restricted dietary intake on circulating ketone concentrations might help to explain heterogeneity in the amount of weight lost in dietary interventions. We sought to determine the association between the magnitude of weight loss and changes in fasting serum ketone concentrations in adults with severe obesity completing a meal replacement programme.

Methods

In this single-centre prospective cohort study, adults with severe and complicated obesity attending our regional bariatric service underwent an eight-week, milk-based, low-energy meal replacement programme. Fasting serum beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were measured with a spectrophotometric assay at baseline and after two- and eight weeks of follow-up.

Results

Of 120 patients who started the programme, 74 (62%) completed eight weeks. Of these, 60% were female, mean age was 49.2 ± 11.9 (range 18–75.1) years, mean body mass index was 51.2 ± 10.5 kg⁻². The median [IQR] total weight loss percentage after eight weeks was 10.2 [8.6, 12.2] %. Fasting serum ketones increased between zero and eight weeks from a median of 95 [70, 140] to 185 [130, 320] μmoL/l (p < 0.0001). For each one percent reduction in body weight at eight weeks, there was a 112.6 [77.4, 147.8] μmoL/l increase in fasting beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, (p < 0.0001). We found similar associations between weight loss at eight weeks and increases in ketones at two weeks. However, with receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses, changes in ketones at two weeks were not a strong predictor of attaining 5% or 10% weight loss at eight weeks.

Discussion

In a specialist bariatric clinic-based cohort of Irish adults with severe and complicated obesity, the amount of weight lost at eight weeks was proportional to increases in fasting beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations after two and eight weeks of milk-based, low-energy meal replacement, but early changes in fasting ketones were not a good predictor of subsequent intervention success.