Human Nutrition and Metabolism最新文献

In the last two decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of individuals worldwide who are affected by diabetes. This review article aims to explore the correlation between specific vitamins and diabetes. It has been observed that individuals with diabetes tend to have lower levels of certain antioxidant vitamins, namely A, C, and E. This decrease in vitamin levels is believed to be a consequence of the need to manage oxidative stress caused by issues with glucose metabolism. Additionally, retinol-binding protein plays a role in regulation and adipocytokine function. Diabetics also exhibit reduced levels of thiamine, pyridoxine, and biotin. Research has indicated that diabetes can hinder the absorption of various nutrients, including vitamins B9 and B12, necessitating frequent replenishment of these vitamins. Insufficient levels of vitamin D have been linked to an increased risk of developing diabetes and related complications such as cardiovascular disease. While some studies suggest that vitamin K supplementation may improve glucose metabolism, it remains uncertain whether it can prevent or repair oxidative damage. Excessive vitamin supplementation has been shown to have negative effects, as demonstrated by numerous studies. The review that follows will analyze the association between several nutrients, specifically vitamins A, D, C, B3, B6, B9, Zn, B12, E, B1/K, and iron, and the pathways implicated in diabetes, as well as their potential regulatory effects.

Purpose

The right way to measure obesity is still a matter of debate. This study will look at the prevalence of obesity, anthropometrics, and body composition as screening tools for obesity and adiposity among adult women in urban Prayagraj (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh, India. It will also try to figure out exactly what level of obesity is linked to a metabolic risk.

Methods

A Cross-sectional study comprising 570 urban women of Prayagraj (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh, India aged 20–49 years were examined for anthropometry, body composition analysis, blood pressure, random blood sugar, and haemoglobin.

Results

Except for total body water (TBW), all measures of obesity and health markers increased with age (p < 0.000, 95% CI-confidence interval). Appropriate cutoffs calculated with model for adult women for body fat (%), muscle mass (kg), total body water (%), and visceral fat (kg) were 33.5, 34.5, 46.5, and 4.5 respectively. Using stepwise logistic regression, two models eliminating waist circumference (WC) and wait to hip ratio (WHR), respectively, were created. Age, WHR, and visceral fat (VF) for systolic blood pressure; age and TBW for diastolic blood pressure; age and VF for random blood sugar; WHR, body fat% (BF %), Muscle mass (MM), and age for haemoglobin, were all significantly associated with the presence of metabolic risk variables in Model 1. In model 2, only age was significant for predicting systolic blood pressure; age, TBW, and WC for diastolic blood pressure; age and VF for random blood sugar; BF%, WC, and age for haemoglobin were shown to be significantly associated with metabolic risk variables.

Conclusions

Two basic models for predicting metabolic risk in Asian Indians were studied. Both models can be used to assess metabolic risk in them.

Background

Egg is a cheap source of essential micronutrients and high-quality protein, which can contribute to the daily nutritional needs of children, support their growth and brain development. Aim: The study evaluated the effectiveness of egg supplementation on nutritional status, physical fitness, and cognition of school-aged Children (8–12 Years) in Ho Municipality, Ghana.

Methods

A school-based, double-blind randomized controlled trial design was adopted. Children aged 8 to 12 years from government-run primary schools were randomly allocated to receive either egg supplementation three times a week for three months or no supplementation at all for three months. Dietary intakes using a repeated 24-h dietary recall, Raven's cognition test, fitness level, BMI-for-age, and serum levels of ferritin, zinc, and albumin were assessed at baseline and after the intervention.

Results

At pre-intervention, mean intake of several nutrients, including energy, CHO, protein, fat, iron zinc and folate were significantly higher in the intervention group. Post-intervention, these differences significantly increased for protein, fat, and iron, and reduced for energy, carbohydrate, folate, vitamin B6 and 12. Children on egg supplementation had a much higher increase in vitamin A intake (142.0 μg) than the controls (49.8 μg) between pre-and post-intervention. Regarding the physical fitness markers, pre-intervention mean handgrip, forward jump and total fitness scores were all higher in the intervention group and similar for the 50-m run. Post-intervention, the difference was lost while the total fitness score increased rather among controls (p < 0.001). For the biochemical markers, both serum ferritin (mean difference in control = 18.2 μg/L versus intervention= 20.1 μg/L) and zinc (mean difference in control 14.4 μg/L versus intervention 69.4 μg/L) increased more in the intervention than the controls. BMI-for-age z-score did not change between the intervention and control (p = 0.894) post-intervention, while the total cognition score improves slightly more in controls (4.8 points, p < 0.001) than in the intervention group (3.3 points, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The results indicate that school children who consumed boiled eggs three times per week for three months had a higher mean intake of energy, carbohydrate, protein, iron, zinc, folate, and vitamins A and B6. The mean serum ferritin and albumin levels improved significantly higher in the experimental group. Egg supplementation did not significantly improve physical fitness and cognitive test scores of school-aged children. From this study, egg supplementation may improve some nutrients among school children but effects on congintion and physical fitness may require further study.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation has been used to improve cognitive outcomes in diseases associated with cognition. However, the influence of APOEε4 genotype on these relationships remains unclear. Therefore, this systematic review aims to discuss the evidence regarding the effects of DHA and EPA supplementation on cognitive decline variables and relate them to APOEε4 genotype in middle-aged and older adults. The Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and Bireme/Lilacs databases were searched for studies, retrieving 1863 articles. After the step selection, two randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of EPA and DHA supplementation on cognitive variables were included. All the methodological steps were performed by two raters. The results of the RCTs were not congruent, as the non-carriers in the APOEε4 supplemented group performed worse in the quick-choice reaction time cognitive domain, whereas the carriers improved in the reasoning domain. The increase in DHA concentration in the supplemented group was lower in APOEε4 carriers than in individuals with other genotypes. Additionally, a smaller decline in right hippocampal brain volume correlated with higher EPA concentrations after supplementation in APOEε4 non-carriers. The dosage and supplementation time (18 months) were similar between studies. In conclusion, DHA and EPA supplementation showed no pragmatic effects on cognitive variables when considering the presence of the APOEε4 allele.

Background

Unmet minimum dietary diversity (MDD) feeding practices in poor nations place children at high risk of undernutrition and its related effects, which are far-reaching and difficult to correct later in life.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the effect of maternal nutrition education and another determinant on the dietary diversity of children aged 6–23 months.

Methods

A community-based cluster randomized trial study design was conducted from July 2019 to January 2020 in the Horo district. Twenty-three kebeles were assigned to two clusters. From two clusters, two kebeles were selected by simple random sampling. Two kebeles were assigned as intervention (150) and control (150) groups by the lottery method, at the end of the line as intervention (139) and control (137) groups. Simple random sampling techniques were used to select the study subjects. The nutrition education intervention, which lasted three months and consisted of eight sessions, was given to the intervention group, which was made up of mothers and other caregivers of children aged 6–23 months.

Data entry into Epi-data and analysis were done using IBM SPSS version 26 computer software. At a 95% confidence level, values with P ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. B-ivariable and multivariable conditional fixed-effect logistic regression analyses were done to identify the determinants of the dietary diversity score. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The crude odds ratio (COR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) were used to describe the strength and direction of the association.

Result

The result was that the proportion of children with a good dietary diversity score was 52 (34.7%) and 40 (26.7%) in the control group and intervention groups at baseline, respectively. Household food security [AOR = 4.06, 95% CI: (2.45, 6.73] and being in the intervention group [AOR = 1.90, 95% CI: (1.10, 3.29] were both positive predictors of the dietary diversity score, while maternal age (35–45 years) was a negative predictor.

Conclusion

At baseline, a high proportion of children aged 6–23 months did not receive the World Health Organization's minimum dietary diversity recommendation for both groups. The consumption of animal sources and vitamin-A-rich fruits and vegetables was poor among both groups. At the end of the day, after nutrition education, the dietary diversity score improved in the intervention groups but not in the control groups. New strategies and programs should be made at all levels to improve childhood nutritional status. This includes providing nutrition education for mothers aged between 35 and 45 years old.

Background

While some evidence has shown that the BMI component differentially influences bone mineral density (BMD), no studies have examined the association between BMI and BMD in Vietnamese adults. The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between BMI and BMD in relatively healthy Vietnamese adults. Demographic data, anthropometric measurements, BMD results measured by DXA and risk factors associated with BMD were retrospectively obtained from the medical records of 333 customers at the National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam. The customers (aged 20–50 years) underwent a nutrition evaluation and completed BMD examinations between January 1 and November 30, 2021. Osteopenia was defined as the BMD (Z-score) < -2. The correlation between BMI and BMD was analyzed using generalized linear regression. The study found that 7.7% of females and 4.6% of males had osteopenia at the lumbar spine, while 6.9% of females and 5.7% of males had osteopenia at the total hip. Our study discovered a significant relationship between BMI and normal BMD or osteopenia among both males and females, except for the lumbar spine in males. Notably, the results indicated that underweight individuals had a higher likelihood of developing osteopenia. Furthermore, the positive correlation between being overweight or obese and having a higher BMD was also confirmed.Our findings show that the BMI categories affect BMD differently and that being underweight increases the risk of osteopenia among 20-50-year-old Vietnamese. Therefore, we emphasize the need for a BMI-based pre-screening tool for osteopenia in this age group before the further examination.

To date lifestyle intervention is the only proven therapy to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we retrospectively analyze the influence of a structured, multimodal 52-week lifestyle intervention program on NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) as a marker for liver fibrosis. At baseline, 16/47 subjects (34.0%) in our cohort displayed elevated NFS levels suggestive for advanced stages of liver fibrosis. Already after the initial 12-week hypocaloric fasting phase with a formula diet, this number decreased significantly and continued to decrease until the end of the program to 10/47 (21.3%). At baseline, 48.9% of the participants had impaired glucose metabolism, as defined by impaired fasting glucose, elevated HbA1c, or overt type 2 diabetes mellitus. This proportion reduced markedly to 31.9% by the end of the program. The proportion of advanced stages of liver fibrosis was especially high in the subgroup of participants with impaired glucose metabolism. This group particularly benefited from the lifestyle intervention program in terms of their NFS. The present study demonstrates that participants of structured multimodal lifestyle intervention programs with formula diets can significantly improve their metabolic parameters, such as body weight, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and lipids, and substantially reduce their risk of advanced liver fibrosis. Primary care providers must be aware of the close link between impaired glucose metabolism and increased liver-related risk and refer their metabolically ill patients to effective programs.

Background

Anemia is a widespread health issue that affects approximately one-third of women of reproductive age in developing countries. While anemia during pregnancy is adequately addressed, it is often overlooked postpartum. This study aimed to determine the compliance with and barriers to Iron-Folic Acid supplementation (IFA) and its associated factors.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 312 postpartum women who met the inclusion criteria. These women were interviewed to assess their compliance with and barriers to IFA supplementation.

Results

Only 20.80 % of participants complied with IFA supplementation after childbirth, compared to 56.8 % who were compliant during pregnancy. The primary reason for noncompliance with IFA supplementation was a lack of counseling (93.5 %) by healthcare workers, forgetfulness (23.6 %), and bloating (30.8 %). Other barriers included a lack of awareness, sociocultural barriers, healthcare-related barriers, side effects, and misconceptions. Postnatal women aged 19–35 with obstetrical complications and who maintained Mother Child Protection cards were more likely to comply with IFA supplements.

Conclusion

Poor compliance with IFA supplementation reflects gross negligence of self-health care during the postpartum period, which can have long-term deleterious consequences on the mother's and her baby's health. Healthcare providers must deliver quality education, screen and monitor for anemia, and follow up on IFA supplementation to address the barrier postnatal women face. This can be achieved through culturally acceptable, comprehensive, and context-specific strategies.

Background

The association between the inflammatory markers and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has been widely reported. The epidemiology of T2DM shows a rapid increase in the disease in developing countries. African foods have the potential to reduce the inflammatory markers associated with T2DM. All the food groups in the African diet possess anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypercholesterolemia properties, which are essential in controlling T2DM.

Objectives

This study sought to assess the role of indigenous African food groups in preventing and managing T2DM. It examined the anti-inflammatory properties of African food groups in relation to T2DM.

Material and methods

A narrative review assessed different African food groups' anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycemic activities. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using various scientific databases, which include PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline and books. In vivo and in vitro studies were selected to analyse the effects of the African diet on inflammatory markers associated with T2DM. The review was conducted between February and October 2023.

Results

The African vegetables, cereals, tubers, insects and fermented foods reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines such as Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a), Interleukin 1, (IL-1), Interleukin 6, (IL- 6), Interleukin 8 (IL-8) and inflammatory mediators such as Nitric Oxide (NO). The in vivo and in vitro studies revealed a significant content of α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitors in African foods. Inflammation reduction and increased antioxidants were also exhibited in different food groups. However, future studies are needed to compare the anti-inflammatory activities of African foods before and after processing.

Conclusion

The anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypercholesterolemia properties predominantly exist in all African food groups. A substantial content of compounds identified demonstrated several effects, which include anti-inflammatory, antiglycation, anti-α-amylase, anti- α-glucosidase, anti-lipase, and anti-acetyl cholinesterase. These properties are essential in controlling the inflammatory markers linked to T2DM.

Objective

University students are susceptible to hyperpalatable food consumption, which may contribute to the development of food addiction. However, there is limited research on food addiction among Malaysian university students. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of food addiction, as well as the factors that predicted food addiction symptoms among students in a selected local public university in Malaysia.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study whereby a total of 295 Malaysian university students were recruited from a selected local university. Participants were assessed through self-administered questionnaires and measured for their body compositions.

Results

Findings revealed that 15.9% of the university students were at risk of having food addiction, with an average of 3.21 ± 1.62 food addiction symptoms. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that binge eating (B = 0.086, p < 0.001) and anxiety (B = 0.071, p < 0.001), as well as high daily carbohydrate intake (B = 0.002, p = 0.004) significantly predicted food addiction symptoms (R² = 0.346, F(3, 285) = 50.195, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Approximately one in five university students was at risk of food addiction. Moreover, higher levels of binge eating and anxiety, along with increased consumption of carbohydrates contributed to elevated food addiction symptoms. Effective intervention should be formulated based on the psychological and dietary aspects to tackle the food addiction problems among university students.