Human Nutrition and Metabolism最新文献

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has four structural proteins. Inside human host cell, it replicates, for which each requires all the structural proteins, and to generate these, entire requirement of amino acids is borne by the host. There is no data regarding amino acid profiling, variation in strains, and its actual burden on the human host. Profiling, with its therapeutic utility, was studied using genomics and proteomics of earliest Wuhan strain and was compared with the recent emerging heavily mutated variant of concern, Omicron. With each replicating SARS-CoV-2 consuming a considerable percentage of essential amino acids (EAAs), coronavirus infection causes huge burden of EAAs on the entire human body in generating billions and billions of SARS-CoV-2 and can cause depletion of body protein stores. The complete amino acid profiling of the structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 can act as benchmark for designing the correct nutritional supplements for the management of nutritional burden on the patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Road traffic collisions are the commonest cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Patients with brain injury may present with a wide range of symptoms depending on nature and types of injury. Generally, severity of TBI can be classified into mild, moderate and severe based on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). This scoring system objectively describes the extent of impaired consciousness. Score of 8 or below indicates severe TBI and will require admission to intensive care and mechanical ventilation. These patients experience significant metabolic changes as a result of excessive production of endogenous catabolic hormones following the injury. Nutritional requirements among these patients differ based on severity of trauma and phase of illness. Timely initiation of feed and addressing individualised nutritional needs can prevent malnutrition. Apart from that, nutrition plays a very important role in neuronal recovery and directly affects neuronal plasticity thus the prognosis. Early involvement of nutritional support as a part of comprehensive care is the key to recovery and better outcome. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current evidence-based nutrition therapy for patients with TBI in critical care settings. The review covers the energy and nutrient requirements, enteral and parenteral nutrition, and challenges associated with it.

Bone mineral density (BMD), which is used to assess bone health, is often diminished in chronic disease states, such as diabetes, which increases the risk of bone fracture. The circulating vitamin C and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels are commonly lower in diabetic patients. Vitamin D is implicated in bone formation, while vitamin C has been shown to inhibit osteoclastic activity. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) promotes osteoclastic activity and bone loss. This study investigated whether any association exists between vitamin C and vitamin D status and BMD and VCAM-1 levels in female diabetic subjects (n = 65). 25-hydroxy-vitamin D had no significant relationship with either BMD or VCAM-1 levels. However, vitamin C showed a significant positive association with BMD and a negative association with VCAM-1. This suggests that combined supplementation with vitamin D and vitamin C, rather than supplementation with vitamin D alone, could be a better strategy for the improvement of bone health and thus deserves further investigation.

Purpose

This work aimed to study postpartum mental outcomes and determinants of the intake of caffeinated beverages during the pandemic in women from Argentina.

Methods

This cross-sectional study recruited 619 women who responded to online self-report questionnaires during the first and second waves of COVID-19, including validated instruments (Insomnia Severity Index, Perceived Stress Scale, Postpartum Depression Screening Scale, Memory Complaint Scale, and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale), and general data. Intake frequency and amount of caffeinated beverages were estimated. Multivariate regression and structural equation models identified associations and effects (p < 0.05).

Results

Women were under social restrictions for 60.39 days, with home and essential activities increasing caffeinated intake. They ingested (mL/d): yerba mate (1457.71), coffee (66.85), tea (67.61), and soft drinks (50.95), which provided 646.20 mg/d of caffeine. Intakes of coffee and yerba mate were higher than pre-pandemic ones. Coffee was positively associated with stress and insomnia, and indirectly linked to higher levels of depression and memory complaints, and lower breastfeeding self-efficacy. Tea showed a similar but weaker association. Yerba mate correlated inversely with depression (through direct pathways), insomnia, and memory complaints (through indirect pathways), promoting breastfeeding self-efficacy. Soft drinks and caffeine did not present significant associations.

Conclusion

Although findings do not imply causation, results suggest that beverages would exhibit caffeine-independent affective and cognitive roles, which might be anxiogenic in the case of coffee and tea (to a lesser extent). Yerba mate showed antidepressant potential. Given that breastfeeding might be compromised during the pandemic, yerba mate intake is promissory to protect postpartum mental health.

Among plasma metabolites linked with a health-conscious food pattern (HCFP) identified in the Malmö Diet and Cancer epidemiological study, circulating ergothioneine (ERT) concentrations exhibited the strongest independent association with reduced risk of cardiometabolic disease and all-cause mortality and were also related to alcohol consumption. Thus, we first assessed whether alcohol intake and ERT were similarly associated in participants of the Hunter Community Study (HCS) that did not follow an HCFP-based diet. Then, we sought to identify the presence of associations with some biomarkers associated with cardiovascular disease. In a multivariable adjusted, robust regression analysis, compared to non-drinkers, safe drinkers had, on average, a serum ERT concentration 0.112 (95% CI: 0.0–0.225; P = 0.051) units higher and moderate-hazardous drinkers had a serum ERT concentration 0.240 (95% CI: 0.093–0.387; P = 0.001) units higher. Moreover, stepwise multiple linear regression shows that age (P = 0.025), and asymmetric dimethyl-l-arginine (ADMA) (P = 0.001) were independently associated with serum ERT concentrations, independently of age, sex, education, household income, marital status, and health status of participants, or possible alcohol-induced organ damage. The relationship between ERT and ADMA offers a potential explanation for the interplay between ERT, and decreased risk of cardiometabolic disease and all-cause mortality. Also, it provides new mechanistic insights into the association between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular diseases, possibly mediated by ADMA metabolic pathways.

Purpose

Due to the increased risk of diseases and digestive disorders, a balanced diet for the elderly is necessary for their well-being and health. Understanding the effects of meat consumption is especially important for older adults, who can benefit from whole-food protein to compensate for age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. The purpose of this study is to analyse the production of meat products and establish the effect of ostrich meat in the nutrition of the elderly.

Methods

The theoretical basis of this study included conclusions and basic recommendations from researchers who explore elderly nutrition, and data from the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Moreover, research on the nutritional value of ostrich meat pate as a possible component of the diet was conducted, and beef pate was used as a control sample.

Results

The study found that ostrich meat pate has a high nutritional value and lower caloric content compared with beef pate, with high protein content and low-fat content. In addition, ostrich pate is very valuable for its content of fatty acids: arachidonic, linoleic, linoleic, and oleic.

Conclusion

The findings of the study allow to state that ostrich meat is a dietary and low-calorie product that can be recommended for the elderly. The practical value of the study lies in the optimisation of data on the development of meat products for the nutrition of the elderly and the possible inclusion of ostrich meat in the diet.

Gestational diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases during pregnancy and is a condition that needs to be handled carefully because it brings significant risks for maternal, fetal and neonatal health. In this systematic review, we aimed to examine randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of different educational programs applied to pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus on the management of the disease. Between November and December 2022, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost/CINAHL Complete, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched with the keywords ‘gestational, diabetes mellitus, management, randomized controlled trials'. As a result of the search, 2859 articles were found. In the schematic review, 11 randomized controlled trials, the full text of which was available, which were conducted between 2017 and 2022, were included. It was found that diabetes education given to pregnant women had a positive effect on quality of life and self-efficacy. It was observed that the babies of women who received education had fewer complications compared to the control group, the blood glucose levels of the pregnant women who received education were significantly lower than those in the control group, and nutritional habits gave significantly desired results in the intervention group.

Objectives

Dietary assessment requires standards, but for the correct evaluation and understanding, not only quantity but also quality; source information is essential. In particular, protein and fat, the major nutrients in the diet, are important to consider from a focused perspective because their constituent amino acids (AA) and fatty acids (FA) themselves are associated with various outcomes. Therefore, we utilized the average nutrient intake data of the Japanese population to construct a profile of the current dietary intake of AA and FA.

Methods

We used daily dietary survey data of approximately 6,000 men and women from the Japanese National Health and Nutrition Survey 2019. The estimated AA and FA intakes of actual diets were calculated by tying the Japanese Food Composition Table, seventh Revision, to approximately 1,500 foods in the food group table, for which inputs are published by category and multiplied by the intake.

Results

Of the 18 total AA, rice, pork, and beef contributed the highest percentage of intake in that order, which were similar for the individual AA. On the other hand, for a total of 47 FA, vegetable oil, pork, and beef were the highest contributors in that order, but the contribution profiles differed among the individuals’ FA. The Japanese had the highest intake of 18:1 total among 47 FA types.

Conclusions

This study clarified the dietary AA and FA profiles of the current average Japanese diet based on the simultaneous assessment of quality and quantity and tied it to the amount and source of intake.

Objective

To examine associations between comfort eating in response to loneliness or stress and weight change during the COVID-19 pandemic among U.S. adults.

Design

Quantitative, cross-sectional study.

Setting

The 2021 SummerStyles survey data.

Subjects

U.S. adults (≥18 years; N = 4068).

Measures

The outcome was reported weight changes since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic with four responses: lost weight, weight remained the same, gained weight, and don't know. The exposure variable was frequency of comfort eating in response to loneliness or stress during the past year with three responses: never/rarely, sometimes, or often/always.

Analysis

We used chi-square analysis to examine the independence of survey variables related to weight changes, and comfort eating in response to loneliness or stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Next, we used a multinomial logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios for weight changes by comfort eating in response to loneliness or stress frequency.

Results

Overall, 20.1% of adults reported losing weight, 39.9% remained about the same weight, 30.4% gained weight, and 9.4% did not know about their weight change during the COVID-19 pandemic. Taking comfort by eating in response to loneliness or stress was reported by over 33% of participants (often/always = 8.3%; sometimes = 25.3%). Weight change and comfort eating during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly varied by sociodemographic factors. Respondents that sometimes or often/always reported taking comfort by eating in response to loneliness or stress were more likely to report losing weight (Adjusted Odds Ratio ranges: 1.62–2.99) or gaining weight (Adjusted Odds Ratio ranges: 3.10–4.61) than those who never/rarely took comfort by eating in response to loneliness or stress.

Conclusions

Taking comfort by eating when stressed/lonely was significantly associated with reported weight changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Weight changes may lead to additional health complications. Implementing evidence-based strategies to reduce loneliness or stress and support healthy eating during the COVID-19 pandemic may benefit weight management and future well-being.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common health problems of the upper gastrointestinal system, in which complex biopsychosocial factors play a role in its development. In addition to bad nutritional habits, it is known that psychological stress has aggravating effects on gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Presenting the current evidence obtained from studies on this subject can be a guide for both clinicians and patients.

The role of various factors such as poor eating habits, obesity, stress, anxiety, sedentary lifestyle, sleep disorders, smoking and alcohol in the etiology of GERD is emphasized. Pharmacotherapy is considered first-line therapy for patients with GERD, but lifestyle modification, including dietary changes, is an important element in supporting the treatment of the disease. However, although lifestyle change offers a more effective, lower cost and less side-effect treatment, it is often seen to be insufficient in practice.

The results of the studies show that reflux is closely related to mental state and eating habits affect both reflux and mood. In the management of GERD, the evaluation of biopsychosocial factors together and the application of a multidisciplinary approach can make a significant contribution to increase the success of the treatment and quality of life.