Human Nutrition and Metabolism最新文献

Purpose

Due to the increased risk of diseases and digestive disorders, a balanced diet for the elderly is necessary for their well-being and health. Understanding the effects of meat consumption is especially important for older adults, who can benefit from whole-food protein to compensate for age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. The purpose of this study is to analyse the production of meat products and establish the effect of ostrich meat in the nutrition of the elderly.

Methods

The theoretical basis of this study included conclusions and basic recommendations from researchers who explore elderly nutrition, and data from the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Moreover, research on the nutritional value of ostrich meat pate as a possible component of the diet was conducted, and beef pate was used as a control sample.

Results

The study found that ostrich meat pate has a high nutritional value and lower caloric content compared with beef pate, with high protein content and low-fat content. In addition, ostrich pate is very valuable for its content of fatty acids: arachidonic, linoleic, linoleic, and oleic.

Conclusion

The findings of the study allow to state that ostrich meat is a dietary and low-calorie product that can be recommended for the elderly. The practical value of the study lies in the optimisation of data on the development of meat products for the nutrition of the elderly and the possible inclusion of ostrich meat in the diet.

Gestational diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases during pregnancy and is a condition that needs to be handled carefully because it brings significant risks for maternal, fetal and neonatal health. In this systematic review, we aimed to examine randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of different educational programs applied to pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus on the management of the disease. Between November and December 2022, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost/CINAHL Complete, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched with the keywords ‘gestational, diabetes mellitus, management, randomized controlled trials'. As a result of the search, 2859 articles were found. In the schematic review, 11 randomized controlled trials, the full text of which was available, which were conducted between 2017 and 2022, were included. It was found that diabetes education given to pregnant women had a positive effect on quality of life and self-efficacy. It was observed that the babies of women who received education had fewer complications compared to the control group, the blood glucose levels of the pregnant women who received education were significantly lower than those in the control group, and nutritional habits gave significantly desired results in the intervention group.

Objectives

Dietary assessment requires standards, but for the correct evaluation and understanding, not only quantity but also quality; source information is essential. In particular, protein and fat, the major nutrients in the diet, are important to consider from a focused perspective because their constituent amino acids (AA) and fatty acids (FA) themselves are associated with various outcomes. Therefore, we utilized the average nutrient intake data of the Japanese population to construct a profile of the current dietary intake of AA and FA.

Methods

We used daily dietary survey data of approximately 6,000 men and women from the Japanese National Health and Nutrition Survey 2019. The estimated AA and FA intakes of actual diets were calculated by tying the Japanese Food Composition Table, seventh Revision, to approximately 1,500 foods in the food group table, for which inputs are published by category and multiplied by the intake.

Results

Of the 18 total AA, rice, pork, and beef contributed the highest percentage of intake in that order, which were similar for the individual AA. On the other hand, for a total of 47 FA, vegetable oil, pork, and beef were the highest contributors in that order, but the contribution profiles differed among the individuals’ FA. The Japanese had the highest intake of 18:1 total among 47 FA types.

Conclusions

This study clarified the dietary AA and FA profiles of the current average Japanese diet based on the simultaneous assessment of quality and quantity and tied it to the amount and source of intake.

Objective

To examine associations between comfort eating in response to loneliness or stress and weight change during the COVID-19 pandemic among U.S. adults.

Design

Quantitative, cross-sectional study.

Setting

The 2021 SummerStyles survey data.

Subjects

U.S. adults (≥18 years; N = 4068).

Measures

The outcome was reported weight changes since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic with four responses: lost weight, weight remained the same, gained weight, and don't know. The exposure variable was frequency of comfort eating in response to loneliness or stress during the past year with three responses: never/rarely, sometimes, or often/always.

Analysis

We used chi-square analysis to examine the independence of survey variables related to weight changes, and comfort eating in response to loneliness or stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Next, we used a multinomial logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios for weight changes by comfort eating in response to loneliness or stress frequency.

Results

Overall, 20.1% of adults reported losing weight, 39.9% remained about the same weight, 30.4% gained weight, and 9.4% did not know about their weight change during the COVID-19 pandemic. Taking comfort by eating in response to loneliness or stress was reported by over 33% of participants (often/always = 8.3%; sometimes = 25.3%). Weight change and comfort eating during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly varied by sociodemographic factors. Respondents that sometimes or often/always reported taking comfort by eating in response to loneliness or stress were more likely to report losing weight (Adjusted Odds Ratio ranges: 1.62–2.99) or gaining weight (Adjusted Odds Ratio ranges: 3.10–4.61) than those who never/rarely took comfort by eating in response to loneliness or stress.

Conclusions

Taking comfort by eating when stressed/lonely was significantly associated with reported weight changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Weight changes may lead to additional health complications. Implementing evidence-based strategies to reduce loneliness or stress and support healthy eating during the COVID-19 pandemic may benefit weight management and future well-being.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common health problems of the upper gastrointestinal system, in which complex biopsychosocial factors play a role in its development. In addition to bad nutritional habits, it is known that psychological stress has aggravating effects on gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Presenting the current evidence obtained from studies on this subject can be a guide for both clinicians and patients.

The role of various factors such as poor eating habits, obesity, stress, anxiety, sedentary lifestyle, sleep disorders, smoking and alcohol in the etiology of GERD is emphasized. Pharmacotherapy is considered first-line therapy for patients with GERD, but lifestyle modification, including dietary changes, is an important element in supporting the treatment of the disease. However, although lifestyle change offers a more effective, lower cost and less side-effect treatment, it is often seen to be insufficient in practice.

The results of the studies show that reflux is closely related to mental state and eating habits affect both reflux and mood. In the management of GERD, the evaluation of biopsychosocial factors together and the application of a multidisciplinary approach can make a significant contribution to increase the success of the treatment and quality of life.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a major public health concern affecting a quarter of the world's population. It encompasses a wide spectrum of liver pathologies from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis triggered by multiple risk factors. Besides overnutrition and obesity, recently a lot of attention has been focused on the role of visceral fat in development and progression of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest a direct correlation between liver fat content and abdominal fat which is mostly accounted for by the visceral fat. Free flow of fatty acids, bioactive and inflammatory molecules such as cytokines, and adipokines from visceral fat expose the liver to fat accumulation and inflammation. The constant release of pro-inflammatory factors and high-fat content in the circulation results in systemic inflammation and insulin resistance (IR). The metabolic consequences of IR result in hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, elevated inflammatory markers and visceral adiposity, and this vicious cycle of visceral fat and IR induction further aggravates the fatty infiltration of hepatocytes. Also, high-fat content in hepatocytes modulates the mTOR signaling pathway further enhancing insulin secretion secondary to insulin resistance, lipid biosynthesis, and adipose expansion. This review expounds the pivotal role played by the visceral fat in inflammation, IR, and altered mTOR pathway leading to initiation and progression of NAFLD.

Background and aims

Body physique rating (BPR) is an index in which fat mass and muscle mass are used to indicate nine different body types. To our knowledge, there are no studies testing if there is a correlation between BPR and the risk of developing Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Our objective was to assess if the BPR classification is an acceptable tool for assessing MetS risk in a population from Central Mexico.

Methods

Subjects attending either IMSS UMF-2 or CSU-1 were asked to participate in this cross-sectional study. The participant's BPR was determined using the TANITA bio-analyzer (T-BPR) and an alternative BPR system (A-BPR), which was based on cutoffs for muscle and fat mass. MetS severity was determined with the ESF-I questionnaire. Using logistic regression, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were determined.

Results

MetS severity was correlated with body fat percent (rho = 0.603, p < 0.001) and muscle mass (rho = −0.406, p < 0.001). Comparing the T-BPR to the A-BPR classifications, there was no agreement between the two systems (kappa = 0.024, p = 0.372). Using the “standard” group as the referent, for the A-BPR system, there was a mitigating effect in the high-fat group with increasing muscle mass [hidden obese: OR = 17.8, 95%CI: 5.2–61.6; obese: OR = 10.3, 95%CI: 4.2–25.6; solidly built: OR = 8.6, 95%CI: 3.6–20.8, p < 0.001], but for the T-BPR system, there was an additive effect [hidden obese: OR = 0.5, 95%CI: 0.1–2.5, p = 0.393; obese; OR = 6.1, 95%CI: 3.3–11.4, p < 0.001; solidly built: OR = 31.9, 95%CI: 11.2–90.9, p < 0.001].

Conclusion

Here, BPR does correlate with MetS risk. Interestingly, with the A-BPR system, increases in muscle mass were associated with a decreased risk for MetS, which is contrary to the T-BPR system.

The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity is increasing around the world, which is generating a search for new diagnostic alternatives. Differentiating between metabolically healthy and metabolically unhealthy individuals can help both in the therapeutic plan and in the prognostic view. In this review, we will address the role of the following markers: total cholesterol, high-density cholesterol; low density lipoprotein; triglycerides; uric acid; fasting blood glucose; glycated haemoglobin; insulin; C-peptide; interleukin-6; tumour necrosis factor-α; C-reactive protein; adipokines (leptin and adiponectin); micro ribonucleic acids, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, vitamin D and thyroid-stimulating hormone. The presentation of specific reference values for children and adolescents in an objective and practical way will allow the identification the best moment for intervention in this population group.

Background

In recent years, there has been growing interest in various food trends, including plant-based diets, the Mediterranean diet, the Flexitarian diet, the Paleo diet, Intermittent fasting, DASH (Dietary Approches to Stop Hypertension) diet and Vegan diet. Plant-based diets, which emphasize whole, plant-based foods while limiting or eliminating animal products, have been associated with a range of health benefits. Consumption of certain food trends can have an impact on oral health. However, there is a dearth of literature about the impact of these dietary trends on oral health. Hence, we reviewed the existing literature of these fad diets understanding its components as well as its impact on the oral health.

Methods

A systematic literature search was carried out on Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science for articles regarding the various types of in trend dietary patterns as well as the effect of these diets on oral health. A total of 241 articles were found after searching the databases for different types of diet and its oral implications. PubMed retrieved 156 titles, 38 articles were shortlisted from Google Scholar, 38 titles were obtained from Scopus and Web of Science yielded 9 titles. Titles and abstracts of the articles were evaluated and 79 articles were shortlisted for reviewing the full text. Out of these 63 articles were selected for inclusion for the review regarding the dietary patterns, general implications and oral health.

Results

It was found that while some of the dietary patterns are beneficial for the oral health of an individual there are others which can have some adverse effects.

Conclusion

Overall, eating whole, nutrient-dense foods while avoiding processed and acidic foods can improve oral and overall health.

Excess salt intake is associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and bread contributes to daily salt intake. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of salt in white bread (WB) and whole wheat bread (WWB). Breads were purchased from public selling points and bakeries in seven regions of Turkey. Mohr method was used to determine the salt ratio. Mean salt ratio of breads was 1.28 ± 0.39% (1.31 ± 0.37% WB; 1.25 ± 0.41% WWB) (p˃0.05). The salt ratio of bread sold at public selling points and bakeries was 1.31 ± 0.39%, and 1.22 ± 0.39%, respectively (p = 0.009). The majority of bread in Turkey was found appropriate to implemented legislation regulation and was not different according to the regions. However, it is noteworthy that there was a difference according to the place of sale.