Human Nutrition and Metabolism最新文献

Background

The reliance on ultra-processed foods (UPF) as a source of energy has increased over the last decade. Consumption of UPF is associated with increased calorie intake and increased risk for chronic disease. An intentional increase of a variety of non-ultra-processed plant foods may decrease UPF intake and reduce risk for chronic disease.

Methods

The objective of this study was to determine whether an intervention to increase in the number of varieties of non-ultra-processed plant foods consumed each week along with grocery reimbursement was associated with reduced intake of UPF and reduced risk of chronic disease. An 8-week dietary intervention with the intention for subjects (22 were recruited and started the study, while 19 subjects completed the study) to consume at least 30 varieties of non-ultra-processed plant foods per week was conducted. Subjects watched a weekly educational module, received recipes and grocery lists, and received reimbursement for non-ultra-processed plant foods that were purchased. Diet assessments were conducted by 24-h recall and 3-day diet records. Fasting plasma glucose, C-reactive protein, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and anthropomorphic measurements were assessed at four time points.

Results

The number of different types of non-ultra-processed plant foods consumed each week was significantly increased after the 8-week intervention compared to before (34.7 ± 10.8 vs 23.1 ± 12.1; p < 0.001). The number of ultra-processed foods consumed per day was significantly lower during the intervention compared to the control period (5.32 ± 1.65 vs 6.54 ± 2.04; p = 0.02). There were no significant changes to biochemical or anthropomorphic following the 8-week intervention.

Discussion

Educating individuals on the importance of the variety of plant foods intake along with reducing the financial barrier for purchasing plant foods may be an effective way to reduce reliance on ultra-processed foods. More research is needed to determine whether an increase in varieties of plant foods and reduction in ultra-processed food intake impacts risk for chronic disease.

A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been reported in Malaysian pregnant women, indicating that neonates at birth are at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency. Factors including low dietary vitamin D intake and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the vitamin D metabolism genes have been associated with this deficiency in the population. However, there was limited data available regarding the prevalence of neonatal vitamin D deficiency and the factors associated with it among neonates in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and explore the associations between maternal and neonatal gene polymorphisms, as well as non-genetic factors and neonatal vitamin D deficiency. A total of 217 mother-neonate dyads were recruited for this study. Data on skin type, maternal sun exposure, dietary intake, as well as maternal and neonatal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations were collected. Maternal and neonatal vitamin D Receptor (VDR) SNP (rs2228570) and Group-specific component (GC) SNPs (rs4588 and rs7041) genotypes were determined using high-resolution melting (HRM) and restriction fragment length polymorphism, respectively. The results showed that 60.4%, 71.4% and 95.4% of neonates had cord blood 25OHD levels below 25 nmol/L, 30 nmol/L and 50 nmol/L, respectively. After adjusting for the maternal vitamin D status, the maternal VDR rs2228570 GG genotype was significantly associated with neonatal vitamin D deficiency (25OHD<30 nmol/L) (aOR = 2.63, 95% CI: 1.18–5.87, p = 0.018). Maternal vitamin D supplement intake was found to be a protective factor. However, maternal and neonatal vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) SNPs were not associated with neonatal vitamin D deficiency. The high prevalence of neonatal vitamin D deficiency reported in this study indicates the urgent need for the development and implementation of strategies to improve neonatal vitamin D status. The findings suggest that maternal supplementation may be an effective approach to enhance the vitamin D status of neonates.

The rapid and extensive transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to a worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. Initially thought to be an acute illness, many patients have reported persistent and recurring symptoms even after the infectious period. This has given rise to a new epidemic known as "long-COVID" or post-acute sequelae of coronavirus disease, which has significantly impacted the lives of millions of individuals globally. The symptoms of both COVID-19 vary from person to person, but they share similarities with other respiratory viruses, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue, as well as adverse effects on metabolic and pulmonary health. Nutrition plays a crucial role in immune function and metabolic health, and therefore, it is believed to have an impact on reducing the risk or severity of symptoms for both COVID-19. However, despite the importance of nutrition in these physiological functions related to COVID-19, the exact role of nutrition in the onset or severity of COVID-19 infection is still not fully understood. This review aims to explore established and emerging nutrition approaches that may have a role in COVID-19, while emphasizing the significance of established nutrition and clinical practice guidelines as the primary resources for patients and healthcare practitioners.

Background

The global rise in obesity, particularly among black Africans in developing nations experiencing nutritional transitions, underscores the importance of exploring Overweight/Obesity Perception (OP) as a crucial factor in maintaining an optimal body weight. Incorrect body image perception may impede efforts to achieve the desired body weight, leading to adverse outcomes related to Cardiometabolic Diseases (CMD). This cross-sectional study investigated the interplay between overweight/obesity perception, actual body weight, and CMD risk in a cohort of healthy Ghanaian adults.

Methods

A total of 302 apparently healthy adults, aged 25–60 years, with Dagomba ancestry, were recruited from three communities. Participants were screened based on age, ancestry, history of communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), and use of antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, and antihypertensive drugs. Anthropometric assessments and blood sample collections for biochemical analysis were conducted. Body image perception was measured using the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale (SFRS). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, correlation analysis, logistic regression, and multivariate analysis.

Results

Participants had a mean age of 38.28 ± 10.88, with 61.6% being women. While 47% accurately perceived their body weight, 53% had incorrect perceptions. Notably, 47.2% underestimated and 8.5% overestimated their weight status. Among overweight individuals, 33% underestimated and 9.4% overestimated their weight, whereas among the obese, 66.7% and 33.3% respectively had inaccurate perceptions. Gender, serum triglyceride levels, and waist circumference were significantly associated with weight perception. About 55% of overweight/obese participants and 62.1% with high waist circumference did not express a desire to lose weight. Multiple logistic regression revealed that both overweight (AOR = 6, 95% CI (1.8–20.2), p < 0.05) and obesity (AOR = 20.5, 95% CI (5–84.9), p < 0.05) significantly increased the odds of CMD.

Conclusion

The findings underscore the association between overweight/obesity and an elevated risk of CMD. This emphasizes the imperative for public health interventions aimed at promoting an ideal body weight and highlighting the impact of overweight/obesity on CMD risk factors.

Background & aims

Habitual dietary pattern has been shown to be a major modulator of systemic inflammation and is considered a modifiable risk factor for cardio-metabolic diseases (CMDs) and mental health disorders. We examined whether dietary-inflammation is associated with the multimorbidity of CMDs and mental health disorders in urbanizing-villages in southern India. We hypothesized that the participants with higher dietary-inflammation would have a higher burden of multimorbidity.

Materials & methods

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 5984 adults (53% male) participating in the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents' Study. We assessed dietary-inflammation using dietary inflammatory index (DII®) based on intake of 27 micro- and macro-nutrients which were measured using a validated food-frequency-questionnaires. The CMDs and mental health disorders were assessed using standardized clinical procedures and validated questionnaires. ‘Multimorbidity’ was defined as a co-existence of one or more CMDs (hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, heart failure, angina and stroke) and one or more mental health disorders (depression and anxiety). The association of multimorbidity with dietary-inflammation was examined using robust Poisson regression.

Results

The prevalence of multimorbidity was 3.5% and ∼75% of participants were consuming a pro-inflammatory diet (DII >0.0). As compared to the 1st DII-quartile (least dietary-inflammatory group), the adjusted prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval) for the presence of multimorbidity was 1.46(0.87, 2.46) for 2nd, 1.75(1.05, 2.89) for 3rd, and 1.77(1.06, 2.96) for 4th DII-quartile (p-trend = 0.021). There was no evidence of an interaction between DII and sex on multimorbidity.

Conclusions

Dietary-inflammation had a positive linear association with the multimorbidity, which suggest that even modest reduction in dietary-inflammation may reduce the multimorbidity burden.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the data of a healthy population at the Korean national level to explore the prevalence of dietary supplement (DS) use changes and the contribution of DSs to micronutrient intake during the pandemic.

Research methods and procedures

Data from the first (2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic) and second (2020, the year that the acute pandemic caused substantial life changes) years of the eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were investigated using a weighted complex sample design. Conversions (supplementation/dietary intake (S/D ratio), supplementation to total intake (StT), and supplementation to reference (StR)) were presented to investigate DS dependency and demonstrate that individuals’ nutrient intake derived from DSs increased.

Results

The total adult population was 4871 and 4421 in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Among healthy adults, 64.2% took DSs in 2020, 7.2% higher than that in 2019 (P < 0.001). Among those aged 30–49 years, 70.2% used DSs in 2020, a 9.1% increase from 2019 (P = 0.015). The S/D ratio of vitamin C intake was 6.45 ± 0.95 in 2020, which was greater than that in 2019 (3.82 ± 0.47, P = 0.038). The StT of Ca intake was 7.79 ± 0.98% in 2020, which was greater than that in 2019 (4.89 ± 0.60%, P = 0.020). The StR of vitamin B₁ intake was greater in 2020 (505.01 ± 36.95%) than in 2019 (368.82 ± 29.55%, P = 0.004).

Conclusion

DS dependency greatly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic and was accompanied by increased DS consumption and decreased Ca, vitamin B₁, and vitamin C intake in the healthy Korean population.

Background

Iron/foliate affects the lives of more than two billion people, accounting for over 30% of global population which is the highest in developing countries and about 18% of maternal mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Iron/foliate supplementation for pregnant mothers is the most cost-effective method of reducing iron deficiency, low birth weight, and neural tube defects among pregnant mothers and newborns in resource-limited countries like Ethiopia, so the purpose of this study has been to assess the iron/foliate utilization status of pregnant mothers and associated factors among pregnant mothers.

Method

The study have used institution-based cross-sectional design with systematic random sampling, binary and multiple logistic regression to identify significantly associated variables, and a single population proportion formula to determine the sample size.

Result

From the total of 318 participants only 32.1% of them utilized iron/foliate adequately. Marital status (AOR; 0.03 95%, CL (0.01–0.86), occupation (AOR; 11.12 95%, CL (1.95–69.05), gestation age when ANC visit started (AOR; 0.23 95%, CL (0.07–0.83), health education(AOR; 36.51 95%, CL (10.14–131.46), waiting time(AOR; 0.07 95%, CL (0.02–0.27) and knowledge (AOR; 0.17 95%, CL (0.05–0.57) were significantly associated variables with the outcome variable.

Conclusion

According to this study, 32.1 % utilized iron/foliate adequately, whereas the remaining 67.9 % did not yet. Moreover, this study identified major associated variables with iron/foliate utilization status, including marital status, occupation, gestation age when ANC visit started, health education, average wait time, and knowledge of mothers on anemia/iron.

Epilepsy is a medical condition characterized by seizures. While antiepileptic drugs can effectively control seizures in most epilepsy patients, there exists a subtype known as resistant epilepsy in which drugs prove ineffective in managing seizure activity. Furthermore, some patients experience undesirable side effects from these medications, leading to the discontinuation of antiepileptic drug use. In such situations and others like them, the ketogenic diet is recommended as an alternative treatment approach, one that does not rely on pharmacological interventions The fundamental rationale supporting the potential efficacy of the ketogenic diet in epilepsy treatment lies in the fact that, in certain circumstances such as fasting, ketone bodies are utilized as the primary energy source for neurons, as opposed to glucose. To facilitate the generation of ketone bodies while ensuring ease and flexibility of implementation, various types of ketogenic diets have been developed. The choice of ketogenic diet approach in the treatment of epilepsy can be tailored based on the individual tolerability of patients. This meta-analysis aims to consolidate the evidence regarding the impact of ketogenic diets on patients with epilepsy in clinical practice.

Background

Cardiovascular diseases, including heart cachexia, are considered as one of the most critical issues in health care that could be affected by several factors, such as myostatin whose critical role has been confirmed in the progress of heart cachexia and cardiac muscle dysfunction. This study was conducted to clarify the precise role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3PUFA) on lipid profile, blood glucose, body composition, and serum level of myostatin in individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD).

Materials and methods

Forty-two adult males (aged 45–65 years) with CAD had been confirmed by angiography were randomly divided into two groups, group 1 received omega-3 (1200mg daily) and group 2 received placebo (paraffin) for 8 weeks. The serum level of myostatin was measured using an ELISA kit in the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Moreover, body composition and anthropometric measurements of the patients were also evaluated.

Result

A significant difference was observed in the myostatin level after 8weeks of intervention with omega3 supplement between omega3 and placebo group (p = 0.02).There was a significant difference in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsCRP) concentration (p = 0.02) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.01) between intervention group and control group at the end of the intervention. However, no statistically significant changes were seen in the body composition, anthropometric parameters, fasting insulin level, and fasting blood sugar within and between the groups.

Conclusion

Omega-3 oral supplementation may improve the status of CAD patients by decreasing the level of myostatin, LDL-C and hs-CRP.

Breakfast cereals (BFCs) are a popular choice for breakfast and the BFC market is growing at an annual rate of 4.1 % and stands as a 70 billion dollar enterprise today. However, there are a number of questions raised about the medicinal properties of BFCs as they are processed foods lot of added refined sugars and reduced fibres especially when made from processed grains. Therefore, improving the medicinal values of BFCs will include minimizing the refined sugar content, increasing the fibre content and fortifying with natural bioactive compounds which possess medicinal properties. Citrus peels are rich in fibre and bioactive compounds, even though they are considered a waste in many countries. Incorporating citrus peels into BFCs without adversely affecting the sensory properties will enhance the medicinal properties of BFCs as the peels have a number of already established medicinal properties. Citrus peel-enriched BFCs could be a tool in Functional Nutrition as they will not only supply needed nutrients to start the day, but they will also be able to prevent and manage degenerative conditions through their ability to modulate other factors connected with diseases such as inflammation regulation, mood disorders and weight control.