Open-ended verbal creativity assessments are commonly administered in psychological research and in educational practice to elementary-aged children. Children's responses are then typically rated by teams of judges who are trained to identify original ideas, hopefully with a degree of inter-rater agreement. Even in cases where the judges are reliable, some residual disagreement on the originality of the responses is inevitable. Here, we modeled the predictors of inter-rater disagreement in a large (i.e., 387 elementary school students and 10,449 individual item responses) dataset of children's creativity assessment responses. Our five trained judges rated the responses with a high degree of consistency reliability (α = 0.844), but we undertook this study to predict the residual disagreement. We used an adaptive LASSO model to predict 72% of the variance in our judges' residual disagreement and found that there were certain types of responses on which our judges tended to disagree more. The main effects in our model showed that responses that were less original, more elaborate, prompted by a Uses task, from younger children, or from male students, were all more difficult for the judges to rate reliably. Among the interaction effects, we found that our judges were also more likely to disagree on highly original responses from Gifted/Talented students, responses from Latinx students who were identified as English Language Learners, or responses from Asian students who took a lot of time on the task. Given that human judgments such as these are currently being used to train artificial intelligence systems to rate responses to creativity assessments, we believe understanding their nuances is important.
Project-Based Learning (PBL) is inherently creative. But little is known about children's process of creativity during a PBL experience or how PBL supports the creative process. This qualitative study explores 14 Indian schoolchildren's creative journey during a book-authoring PBL program. Transcripts for the structured interviews, assignments, driving questions, and journals were analyzed for patterns inductively and codified for themes. Results show that PBL provided the framework for children's creative behavior. Children's creative process was a cycle between ideating, shaping a story, reviewing, and rework with elements of “jugaad.” Emotion played a key role in the creative process. Metacognition played a dual role in both helping to shape the storybooks and children's self-beliefs and added to their motivation. Children's self-concept as authors and self-efficacious beliefs in the powerful impact of their storybooks motivated them through an extremely challenging project. The significance of the research is threefold. First, it explores Indian children's creative process, which is extremely under-researched. Second, it explores the role of creative metacognition in the creative process. Most importantly, it highlights PBL as a way for creating learning conditions to foster creativity.
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