Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1163/18760759-20240005
Alexander Batson
This article examines a crucial argument in seventeenth-century maritime law: the concept of mare tutum, or ‘the secure sea’. According to this idea, the sea was characterized by chaotic piracy and required a strong central governing authority to impose order. Once the sea was secure, the ruler would reap the rewards of commerce and tariff revenues. Mare tutum espoused the idea of sea sovereignty for the goal of economic growth. Crucial to this idea was Thucydides’ account of the Cretan King Minos. The jurists Nicolaes Bonaert, Pietro Battista Borghi, and Giovanni Palazzi used the model of Minos’ Aegean thalassocracy to argue for Portuguese, Genoese, and Venetian control of the seas. The article illuminates the hitherto unknown importance of Thucydides in maritime law. It also complicates the traditional mare liberum/mare clausum framework by positing a third option which focused on control of the seas as a means to fostering trade and economic growth.
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Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.1163/18760759-44020005
Wouter Druwé
In his Inleidinge tot de Hollandsche Rechts-geleerdheid, Hugo Grotius wrote an accessible introductory overview of Hollandic law, in which he combined insights from the learned law (ius commune) with the particular law of Holland. The Inleidinge was read by generations of Dutch law students, and would thus become very influential in the Roman-Dutch tradition. This contribution studies how the topic of representation, especially in a business context, was treated in Grotius’s Inleidinge. On the basis of an analysis of the Justinianic Corpus iuris, the medieval ius commune tradition and – especially – early modern scholarship from the Low Countries, it is argued that Grotius’s Inleidinge by and large followed the communis opinio among the learned scholars, although on one important point – namely the acquisition by a third party of a claim on the basis of a stipulatio alteri – Grotius went beyond that communis opinio and, thus, opened the way for a gradual wider legal acceptance of active direct representation.
雨果-格劳秀斯在其《荷兰法律概述》（Inleidinge tot de Hollandsche Rechts-geleerdheid）中对荷兰法律进行了通俗易懂的介绍，他将博学法（ius commune）中的见解与荷兰的特殊法律相结合。Inleidinge 被一代又一代的荷兰法律系学生阅读，因此在罗马-荷兰传统中影响深远。这篇论文研究了格劳秀斯的《Inleidinge》是如何处理代表权这一主题的，尤其是在商业背景下。在分析查士丁尼法典、中世纪公法传统，特别是来自低地国家的早期现代学术研究的基础上，本文论证了格劳秀斯的《Inleidinge》大体上遵循了学者们的公法意见，尽管在一个重要问题上--即第三方根据另一规定获得债权--格劳秀斯超越了公法意见，从而为法律逐渐更广泛地接受主动直接代理开辟了道路。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.1163/18760759-44020004
Maurits den Hollander
This article considers Hugo Grotius’s ideas on a specific topic of commercial law, analysing his position and potential contributions to early modern Dutch insolvency legislation. It might be questioned how ‘Hollandic’ Grotius’s interpretations of legal solutions for insolvency as presented in the Inleidinge tot de Hollandsche Rechts-Geleerdheid actually were. Grotius’s treatment of cessie van goede is relatively strict, whereas compositions are hardly mentioned. A rather different image rises from his later work. Here, Grotius displays a more radical view, in specific cases allowing the sovereign to interfere in private property rights and to restructure debts for the common good. It is an intriguing question if and to what extent these ideas can be related to contemporary Dutch insolvency practices.
本文探讨了雨果-格劳秀斯（Hugo Grotius）关于商法这一特定主题的思想，分析了他的立场以及对荷兰近代早期破产立法的潜在贡献。或许有人会质疑，《Inleidinge tot de Hollandsche Rechts-Geleerdheid》一书中格劳秀斯对破产法律解决方案的解释究竟有多 "荷兰"。格劳秀斯对 cessie van goede 的处理相对严格，而对成分则几乎只字未提。在他的晚期作品中，出现了一个截然不同的形象。在这里，格劳秀斯表现出一种更为激进的观点，在特定情况下允许君主干预私人财产权并为公共利益重组债务。这些观点能否以及在多大程度上与当代荷兰的破产实践相关联，是一个耐人寻味的问题。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.1163/18760759-44020003
Vincent J. M. van Hoof
Over the centuries, Grotius’s writings on onderzetting (rights of hypothec) have been widely cited, particularly in the Netherlands and South Africa. This article investigates the originality and lasting impact of Grotius’s contributions to this field. The article follows the layout of the chapter on hypothecs of Grotius’s Inleiding tot de Hollandsche Rechts-geleertheyd. It examines Grotius’s translation of hypotheca as onderzetting, the structure of his Inleiding, the distinctions between various kinds of hypothec, and contemporary requirements for the creation of hypothecs. It then explores the right to follow encumbered assets into the hands of third parties and analyses the enforcement of hypothecs, priority issues in cases of competing hypothecs, and reflects on Grotius’s influence on Dutch security rights. In summary, although Grotius’s insights were largely derivative, often echoing interpretations of earlier scholars, they illustrate Grotius’s deep understanding of the influence of Germanic and Roman law on Roman-Dutch security rights. Grotius had a lasting impact on legal scholarship and practice because he was the first to provide a scholarly systematization of Roman-Dutch law within the framework of Justinian’s Institutes and firmly placed the rights of hypothec in the book on property rights of his Inleiding.
几个世纪以来，格劳秀斯关于onderzetting（抵押权）的著作被广泛引用，尤其是在荷兰和南非。本文探讨了格劳秀斯在这一领域的独创性和持久影响。文章沿用了格劳秀斯的《Inleiding tot de Hollandsche Rechts-geleertheyd》中关于质权一章的布局。文章研究了格劳秀斯将hypotheca翻译为onderzetting、其Inleiding的结构、各种hypothec之间的区别以及当代对hypothec创作的要求。然后探讨了将担保资产追至第三方手中的权利，分析了抵押权的强制执行、竞合抵押权案件中的优先权问题，并思考了格劳秀斯对荷兰担保权的影响。总之，虽然格劳秀斯的见解在很大程度上是衍生性的，经常与早期学者的解释相呼应，但这些见解说明了格劳秀斯对日耳曼法和罗马法对罗马-荷兰担保权影响的深刻理解。格劳秀斯对法律学术和实践产生了持久的影响，因为他是第一个在查士丁尼《制度汇编》的框架内对罗马-荷兰法进行学术系统化的人，并将抵押权牢固地置于他的《财产权》一书中。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.1163/18760759-44020006
Sebastián Contreras Aguirre
Grotius’s theory of the foundations of law and morality follows a sort of middle way between rationalism and voluntarism. Grotius, far from both extremes, defends both the normative force of the will and the directive power of practical reason. On this basis, he explains that reason serves as the formal cause of law and the will as the efficient cause. Now, the command of the will alone is not yet valid as a law. It must conform to reason. Reasoning so, Grotius places himself within the scholastic-Aristotelian tradition. Accordingly, he holds the primacy of reason over the will and defends the eminently practical, i.e., non-mathematical, character of morality and law.
{"title":"Grotius’s Via Media","authors":"Sebastián Contreras Aguirre","doi":"10.1163/18760759-44020006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18760759-44020006","url":null,"abstract":"Grotius’s theory of the foundations of law and morality follows a sort of middle way between rationalism and voluntarism. Grotius, far from both extremes, defends both the normative force of the will and the directive power of practical reason. On this basis, he explains that reason serves as the formal cause of law and the will as the efficient cause. Now, the command of the will alone is not yet valid as a law. It must conform to reason. Reasoning so, Grotius places himself within the scholastic-Aristotelian tradition. Accordingly, he holds the primacy of reason over the will and defends the eminently practical, i.e., non-mathematical, character of morality and law.","PeriodicalId":42132,"journal":{"name":"Grotiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139072309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.1163/18760759-44020002
Dave De ruysscher
Grotius’s ideas on proportionate and limited liability, as mentioned in the Inleidinge and De iure belli ac pacis, were novel in comparison to the civilian doctrine of his time. Grotius drew from sources of local law and statutes regarding maritime law but was nonetheless original in his interpretations. Grotius proposed to consider the liability of co-owners of ships (reders, exercitores), who acted as organizers of maritime expeditions, and of others that were participating in these expeditions, as broad. At the same time, their liability was limited to the maximum of the value of the ship and cargo. In this regard, Grotius’s conceptions hinged on a view of a ship’s voyage as engendering a community of risk among all stakeholders. However, in spite of the underlying connections, Grotius did not eradicate all inconsistencies which the originality of his combinations brought forward.
格劳秀斯在《Inleidinge》和《De iure belli ac pacis》中提到的关于比例责任和有限责任的观点，与当时的民事理论相比是新颖的。格劳秀斯借鉴了有关海事法的当地法律和法规，但他的解释仍具有独创性。格劳秀斯建议将作为海上探险组织者的船舶共有人（reders, exercitores）以及参与这些探险的其他人的责任视为广泛的责任。同时，他们的责任仅限于船舶和货物的最大价值。在这方面，格劳秀斯的概念是基于这样一种观点，即船舶航行在所有利益相关者之间产生风险共同体。然而，尽管存在潜在的联系，格劳秀斯并没有消除其组合的独创性所带来的所有不一致之处。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1163/18760759-44020008
Francesca Iurlaro
{"title":"Portraits of Women in International Law: New Names and Forgotten Faces?, edited by Immi Tallgren","authors":"Francesca Iurlaro","doi":"10.1163/18760759-44020008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18760759-44020008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42132,"journal":{"name":"Grotiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139146391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1163/18760759-44020001
Dave De ruysscher
{"title":"Grotius’s Contribution to Commercial and Maritime Law","authors":"Dave De ruysscher","doi":"10.1163/18760759-44020001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18760759-44020001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42132,"journal":{"name":"Grotiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139142292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1163/18760759-44020009
Jacob Giltaij
{"title":"Hugo Grotius als Wegbereiter des Menschenrechts auf Asyl und des modernen Rechts zum Schutz geflüchteter Personen vor ernsthaftem Schaden, written by Rainer Keil","authors":"Jacob Giltaij","doi":"10.1163/18760759-44020009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18760759-44020009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42132,"journal":{"name":"Grotiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139142160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1163/18760759-44020007
Matthew Cleary
{"title":"Contract before the Enlightenment: The Ideas of James Dalrymple, Viscount Stair, 1619–1695, written by Stephen Bogle","authors":"Matthew Cleary","doi":"10.1163/18760759-44020007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18760759-44020007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42132,"journal":{"name":"Grotiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139147275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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