In this study, adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH), carbohydrazide (CH), ethylenediamine (EDA), and urea (U) were used as spacer molecules, covalently linking prednisolone (PSL) to carrier proteins for immunogen preparation, and PSL to enzymes for enzyme conjugate preparation using N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-mediated carbodiimide reactions. The resulting immunogens were used to generate antiserum in New Zealand white rabbits. Antibodies produced against immunogens with various spacers were tested for immunoreactivity with enzyme conjugates, both with and without spacers, in a total of twenty different combinations. All combinations demonstrated binding and were subsequently evaluated through displacement studies. Sensitivity and specificity tests revealed that the combination of PSL-21-HS-U-BSA-antibody with PSL-21-HS-HRP enzyme conjugate exhibited the best sensitivity (0.032 ng/mL) and limited cross-reactivity with other steroids. This combination was further examined for analytical parameters, showing recovery rates of 93.87–101.19 % for PSL from spiked human serum samples, with intra- and inter-assay CVs of <8.88 %. The serum PSL values obtained by this method showed strong correlation with a commercially available ELISA kit (r2 = 0.97, n = 78).
{"title":"Determining factor of enzyme conjugates, bridge heterology and analytical variables of immunogens in prednisolone ELISA","authors":"Dinesh Kumar , Harinder Singh Oberoi , Subash Chandra Sonkar , Bidhan Chandra Koner , T.G. Shrivastav","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH), carbohydrazide (CH), ethylenediamine (EDA), and urea (U) were used as spacer molecules, covalently linking prednisolone (PSL) to carrier proteins for immunogen preparation, and PSL to enzymes for enzyme conjugate preparation using N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-mediated carbodiimide reactions. The resulting immunogens were used to generate antiserum in New Zealand white rabbits. Antibodies produced against immunogens with various spacers were tested for immunoreactivity with enzyme conjugates, both with and without spacers, in a total of twenty different combinations. All combinations demonstrated binding and were subsequently evaluated through displacement studies. Sensitivity and specificity tests revealed that the combination of PSL-21-HS-U-BSA-antibody with PSL-21-HS-HRP enzyme conjugate exhibited the best sensitivity (0.032 ng/mL) and limited cross-reactivity with other steroids. This combination was further examined for analytical parameters, showing recovery rates of 93.87–101.19 % for PSL from spiked human serum samples, with intra- and inter-assay CVs of <8.88 %. The serum PSL values obtained by this method showed strong correlation with a commercially available ELISA kit (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.97, <em>n</em> = 78).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100700"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100709
Nurul Izni Rusli , Ruben Van den Eeckhoudt , Catarina Fernandes , Filippo Franceschini , Dimitrios Konstantinidis , Kevin J. Verstrepen , Frederik Ceyssens , Michael Kraft , Irene Taurino
Effective and continuous monitoring of bioprocesses requires the parallel screening of multiple key parameters to enhance the processes and ultimately improve the quality of the end products. In this work, the development and characterization of only few square millimeters microfabricated multi-sensor array chip for analysis of yeast fermentation is described. We originally integrated platinum nanostructures (nano-Pt) on the microelectrodes by a simple, CMOS compatible, and scalable electrodeposition procedure. This step was proven to be pivotal to obtain highly sensitive and selective microsensors with minimal cross-talk and measurement variability. Nano-Pt enables reliable sensing at lower applied potentials, offering a promising solution to mitigate electrical cross-talk in closely integrated sensor configurations. The multi-sensor features potentiometric parallel-plate nanostructured electrodes for measuring pH, interdigitated nano-Pt electrodes for indirectly measuring microbial growth and activity by measuring the electrolyte conductivity, and microelectrodes based on nano-Pt for measuring dissolved oxygen (DO) and glucose via amperometry. Importantly, all-solid-state on-chip reference electrodes for potentiometric and amperometric sensors of this chip have been developed and characterized to enable standalone measurements and achieve true miniaturization, avoiding the need for external conventional reference electrodes. The chip includes a meander thin-film resistance temperature detector for temperature monitoring as well. Our platform represents the first step towards viable in-situ monitoring of lab-scale yeast fermentation and to control the homogeneity of process parameters in large scale bioreactors.
{"title":"Towards yeast fermentation monitoring: Enhanced sensing performance with nanostructured platinum integrated microsensors array","authors":"Nurul Izni Rusli , Ruben Van den Eeckhoudt , Catarina Fernandes , Filippo Franceschini , Dimitrios Konstantinidis , Kevin J. Verstrepen , Frederik Ceyssens , Michael Kraft , Irene Taurino","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective and continuous monitoring of bioprocesses requires the parallel screening of multiple key parameters to enhance the processes and ultimately improve the quality of the end products. In this work, the development and characterization of only few square millimeters microfabricated multi-sensor array chip for analysis of yeast fermentation is described. We originally integrated platinum nanostructures (nano-Pt) on the microelectrodes by a simple, CMOS compatible, and scalable electrodeposition procedure. This step was proven to be pivotal to obtain highly sensitive and selective microsensors with minimal cross-talk and measurement variability. Nano-Pt enables reliable sensing at lower applied potentials, offering a promising solution to mitigate electrical cross-talk in closely integrated sensor configurations. The multi-sensor features potentiometric parallel-plate nanostructured electrodes for measuring pH, interdigitated nano-Pt electrodes for indirectly measuring microbial growth and activity by measuring the electrolyte conductivity, and microelectrodes based on nano-Pt for measuring dissolved oxygen (DO) and glucose <em>via</em> amperometry. Importantly, all-solid-state on-chip reference electrodes for potentiometric and amperometric sensors of this chip have been developed and characterized to enable standalone measurements and achieve true miniaturization, avoiding the need for external conventional reference electrodes. The chip includes a meander thin-film resistance temperature detector for temperature monitoring as well. Our platform represents the first step towards viable <em>in-situ</em> monitoring of lab-scale yeast fermentation and to control the homogeneity of process parameters in large scale bioreactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100709"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100707
Azhagu Madhavan Sivalingam
This study focuses on enhancing the, Spearmint (Mentha spicata), an aromatic herb indigenous to Europe and Asia, which is valued for its refreshing flavor and potential health benefits. This herb is widely utilized in culinary practices, medicinal applications, and cosmetic formulations. The ethanol extract derived from the M. spicata leaf contains is rich secondary metabolites with various bioactive properties: Specifically, such as tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, saponins help reduce cholesterol, and alkaloids have analgesic properties. The extract has a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 231.37 ± 2.05 mg GAE/g and a total phenol content (TPC) of 247.32 ± 5.07 mg GAE/g. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized from this extract and subsequently characterized through various analytical techniques. The absorbance measurement at 437 nm confirmed the successful nanoparticle synthesis. FTIR spectra showed water-related absorption bands at 3330 cm−1 and 3337 cm−1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated the presence of spherical nanoparticles of about 25.4 nm, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) illustrated particles ranging from 20 to 50 nm with high crystallinity and a lattice spacing of 0.297 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed their crystalline structure with distinct Bragg reflections at 39.1°, 46.1°, 68.7°, and 79.2°, which corresponding to (111), (200), (220,311) planes, respectively (JCPDS card no. 01–080-1876). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the high purity of the synthesized ZnO nanocrystals. The nanoparticles demonstrated significant antioxidant activity with radical scavenging rates up to 97.33 %, effective antimicrobial properties, and notable anticancer activity, achieving 99.75 % inhibition of MCF-7 cells at 40 μg/mL. These findings highlight the nanoparticles' potential applications in health and medicine.
{"title":"Biosynthesis of ZnO nanocomposites from Mentha spicata applications of antioxidant, antimicrobial and genotoxicity advances in MCF-7 cell line","authors":"Azhagu Madhavan Sivalingam","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on enhancing the, Spearmint (<em>Mentha spicata</em>), an aromatic herb indigenous to Europe and Asia, which is valued for its refreshing flavor and potential health benefits. This herb is widely utilized in culinary practices, medicinal applications, and cosmetic formulations. The ethanol extract derived from the <em>M. spicata</em> leaf contains is rich secondary metabolites with various bioactive properties: Specifically, such as tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, saponins help reduce cholesterol, and alkaloids have analgesic properties. The extract has a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 231.37 ± 2.05 mg GAE/g and a total phenol content (TPC) of 247.32 ± 5.07 mg GAE/g. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized from this extract and subsequently characterized through various analytical techniques. The absorbance measurement at 437 nm confirmed the successful nanoparticle synthesis. FTIR spectra showed water-related absorption bands at 3330 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 3337 cm<sup>−1</sup>. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated the presence of spherical nanoparticles of about 25.4 nm, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) illustrated particles ranging from 20 to 50 nm with high crystallinity and a lattice spacing of 0.297 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed their crystalline structure with distinct Bragg reflections at 39.1°, 46.1°, 68.7°, and 79.2°, which corresponding to (111), (200), (220,311) planes, respectively (JCPDS card no. 01–080-1876). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the high purity of the synthesized ZnO nanocrystals. The nanoparticles demonstrated significant antioxidant activity with radical scavenging rates up to 97.33 %, effective antimicrobial properties, and notable anticancer activity, achieving 99.75 % inhibition of MCF-7 cells at 40 μg/mL. These findings highlight the nanoparticles' potential applications in health and medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100707"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100706
Sahar Bakhshi , Mahsa Rahmanipour , Amir R. Amirsoleimani , Mostafa Rezazadeh , Hossein Siampour , Ahmad Moshaii
We report on the fabrication of a robust non-enzymatic glucose sensor featuring a sensing electrode composed of pyramid-shaped copper/copper oxide (Cu/Cu2O) nanostructures formed through a simple electrodeposition process on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The fabrication of Cu/Cu2O nanostructures on the SPCE enhances the charge transfer and electrocatalytic performance of the sensor, proving advantageous for glucose sensing. Notably, this morphology contributes to electrochemical glucose determination over a wide linear range of 0.01 to 6 mM, with a sensitivity of 214.04 μA/(mM·cm2) and a low detection limit of 0.03 μM. The proposed simple approach ensures high reproducibility, stable attachment to the printed layer, and cost-effectiveness, making it well-suited for scalable production of non-enzymatic glucose sensors.
{"title":"Nanopyramid copper structures on screen-printed carbon electrode for high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensing: A cost-effective and scalable approach","authors":"Sahar Bakhshi , Mahsa Rahmanipour , Amir R. Amirsoleimani , Mostafa Rezazadeh , Hossein Siampour , Ahmad Moshaii","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report on the fabrication of a robust non-enzymatic glucose sensor featuring a sensing electrode composed of pyramid-shaped copper/copper oxide (Cu/Cu<sub>2</sub>O) nanostructures formed through a simple electrodeposition process on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The fabrication of Cu/Cu<sub>2</sub>O nanostructures on the SPCE enhances the charge transfer and electrocatalytic performance of the sensor, proving advantageous for glucose sensing. Notably, this morphology contributes to electrochemical glucose determination over a wide linear range of 0.01 to 6 mM, with a sensitivity of 214.04 μA/(mM·cm<sup>2</sup>) and a low detection limit of 0.03 μM. The proposed simple approach ensures high reproducibility, stable attachment to the printed layer, and cost-effectiveness, making it well-suited for scalable production of non-enzymatic glucose sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100706"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100705
Zonghong Wu , Yu-Sheng Lin
In this work, an actively tunable terahertz metamaterial (TTM) is proposed to realize variable optical attenuation and sensing applications. The unit cell of TTM is composed of H-shaped resonator (HSR) and C-shaped resonator (CSR). The resonant frequency can be tuned from 0.60 THz to 0.82 THz and show an analog electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon. By adjusting the geometry parameters of HSR and CSR, the enhanced quality (Q) factor is obtained from 2 to 14. Moreover, the CSR can be rotated from 0° to 90° to show the potential in the variable optical attenuator (VOA) application. The resonant intensity at 0.60 THz can be gradually decreased and then disappeared eventually when the CSR rotated from 0° to 90° in TE mode. While the resonant intensity at 0.60 THz can be gradually increased and then reach maximum value from 0° to 90° in TM mode. To demonstrate the proposed TTM can be used for the environmental sensing application, the TTM is exposed on the ambient environment with different refractive indexes from 1.0 to 2.2. The maximum sensitivity is 67 GHz. This work offers a novel approach for the THz metamaterial using for the VOA, optical switching, and sensing applications.
{"title":"Design of tunable terahertz metamaterial for variable optical attenuation and sensing applications","authors":"Zonghong Wu , Yu-Sheng Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, an actively tunable terahertz metamaterial (TTM) is proposed to realize variable optical attenuation and sensing applications. The unit cell of TTM is composed of H-shaped resonator (HSR) and C-shaped resonator (CSR). The resonant frequency can be tuned from 0.60 THz to 0.82 THz and show an analog electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon. By adjusting the geometry parameters of HSR and CSR, the enhanced quality (Q) factor is obtained from 2 to 14. Moreover, the CSR can be rotated from 0° to 90° to show the potential in the variable optical attenuator (VOA) application. The resonant intensity at 0.60 THz can be gradually decreased and then disappeared eventually when the CSR rotated from 0° to 90° in TE mode. While the resonant intensity at 0.60 THz can be gradually increased and then reach maximum value from 0° to 90° in TM mode. To demonstrate the proposed TTM can be used for the environmental sensing application, the TTM is exposed on the ambient environment with different refractive indexes from 1.0 to 2.2. The maximum sensitivity is 67 GHz. This work offers a novel approach for the THz metamaterial using for the VOA, optical switching, and sensing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100705"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100701
Ruijiao Miao , Xin Zhang , Jinping Zhang , Shuqin Li , Pu Wang , Xiu-Hong Wang
Hollow-core anti-resonant optical fiber (HC-ARF) provides solutions for breaking the bottlenecks in areas of high-power transmission and high-efficiency optical waveguide. Other than transporting light wave, HC-ARFs can synergistically combine microfluidics and optics in a single fiber with unprecedented light path length not readily achievable by planar optofluidic configurations. The unique features of strict light confinement, wide transmission band and low transmission loss of HC-ARFs enable high sensing performance with low sample consumption, outcompeting conventional optical assays. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of HC-ARFs for label-free molecular sensing. We deliver information on the light propagation mechanism and state-of-the-art structures of HC-ARFs, as well as recent progress in chemical and biomedical sensing mainly covering gas, liquid, DNA and protein sensors along with exosome-based liquid biopsy and cancer cell detection. At the end, challenges and prospects of HC-ARF for sensing applications are discussed.
{"title":"Hollow-core anti-resonant optical fibers for chemical and biomedical sensing","authors":"Ruijiao Miao , Xin Zhang , Jinping Zhang , Shuqin Li , Pu Wang , Xiu-Hong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hollow-core anti-resonant optical fiber (HC-ARF) provides solutions for breaking the bottlenecks in areas of high-power transmission and high-efficiency optical waveguide. Other than transporting light wave, HC-ARFs can synergistically combine microfluidics and optics in a single fiber with unprecedented light path length not readily achievable by planar optofluidic configurations. The unique features of strict light confinement, wide transmission band and low transmission loss of HC-ARFs enable high sensing performance with low sample consumption, outcompeting conventional optical assays. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of HC-ARFs for label-free molecular sensing. We deliver information on the light propagation mechanism and state-of-the-art structures of HC-ARFs, as well as recent progress in chemical and biomedical sensing mainly covering gas, liquid, DNA and protein sensors along with exosome-based liquid biopsy and cancer cell detection. At the end, challenges and prospects of HC-ARF for sensing applications are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100701"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100702
Sylwia M. Berus , Tomasz Szymborski , Beata Młynarczyk-Bonikowska , Grażyna Przedpełska , Monika Adamczyk-Popławska , Agnieszka Kamińska
Vaginal infections, medically termed vaginitis, encompass a spectrum of symptomatic presentations arising from disturbances within the vaginal microflora. The conventional diagnostic approach relies on microscopic examination of wet preparation of vaginal discharge, considered the ‘gold standard’ in clinical practice. Complementary to this, culture-based methodologies are often employed to reinforce diagnostic accuracy. However, challenges such as subjectivity in result interpretation, resource-intensive requirements regarding skilled personnel, and reagent utilization underscore the need for alternative diagnostic strategies.
In this article, we demonstrate surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) techniques to elucidate the molecular signatures present in vaginal fluids, accounting for various influencing factors, including disruptions in the natural microflora, vaginal irrigation practices, and contraceptive usage. Furthermore, we investigated the spectral manifestations associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) relative to control samples. Each clinical specimen underwent meticulous characterization encompassing microbial composition, pH levels, purity, and other pertinent parameters.
Our findings unveil significant associations between extraneous inflammatory factors such as vaginal irrigation and diminished sample purity with alterations in SERS signals. Conversely, the day of the menstrual cycle phase exhibits negligible influence on spectral profiles. Notably, VVC samples demonstrated diverse spectral responses correlating with the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. These explorations hold promise in paving the path towards developing a novel intrinsic framework for the diagnosis of vaginitis.
{"title":"Identifying changes in vaginal fluid using SERS: Advancing diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis","authors":"Sylwia M. Berus , Tomasz Szymborski , Beata Młynarczyk-Bonikowska , Grażyna Przedpełska , Monika Adamczyk-Popławska , Agnieszka Kamińska","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vaginal infections, medically termed vaginitis, encompass a spectrum of symptomatic presentations arising from disturbances within the vaginal microflora. The conventional diagnostic approach relies on microscopic examination of wet preparation of vaginal discharge, considered the ‘gold standard’ in clinical practice. Complementary to this, culture-based methodologies are often employed to reinforce diagnostic accuracy. However, challenges such as subjectivity in result interpretation, resource-intensive requirements regarding skilled personnel, and reagent utilization underscore the need for alternative diagnostic strategies.</div><div>In this article, we demonstrate surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) techniques to elucidate the molecular signatures present in vaginal fluids, accounting for various influencing factors, including disruptions in the natural microflora, vaginal irrigation practices, and contraceptive usage. Furthermore, we investigated the spectral manifestations associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) relative to control samples. Each clinical specimen underwent meticulous characterization encompassing microbial composition, pH levels, purity, and other pertinent parameters.</div><div>Our findings unveil significant associations between extraneous inflammatory factors such as vaginal irrigation and diminished sample purity with alterations in SERS signals. Conversely, the day of the menstrual cycle phase exhibits negligible influence on spectral profiles. Notably, VVC samples demonstrated diverse spectral responses correlating with the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. These explorations hold promise in paving the path towards developing a novel intrinsic framework for the diagnosis of vaginitis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100702"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, we present the detection of proteins expressed by poxvirus with fiber-optic probes based on a semi-distributed interferometer (SDI) assisted by a fiber Bragg grating (FBG), performing the measurement directly into a wastewater sample. Modern biosafety applications benefit from real-time, dynamic-sensing technologies that can perform diagnostic tasks into a wide set of analytes, with a particular emphasis on wastewater, which appears to collect a significant number of viral titers in urban and indoor environments. The SDI/FBG probe can perform substantial progress in this field, as it embeds a dual sensitivity mechanism to refractive index changes (sensitivity up to 266.1 dB/RIU (refractive index units)) that can be exploited in biosensing, while simultaneously having the capability to measure the temperature (sensitivity 9.888 pm/°C), thus providing an intrinsic cross-sensitivity compensation. In addition, a standard FBG analyzer can be used as an interrogator, improving affordability and real-time detection over previous works. The probes have been functionalized with antibodies specific for L1, A27 and A33 vaccinia virus proteins, performing detection of a protein concentration in a scenario compatible with online viral threat detection. Direct detection of wastewater samples shows that the L1-functionalized sensor has a higher response, 9.1–11.3 times higher than A33 and A27, respectively, with a maximum response of up to 1.99 dB and excellent specificity. Dynamic detection in wastewater shows that the sensors have a response over multiple detection cycles, with a sensitivity of 0.024–0.153 dB for each 10-fold increase of concentration.
{"title":"Detection of vaccinia virus proteins in wastewater environment using biofunctionalized optical fiber semi-distributed FBG-assisted interferometric probes","authors":"Albina Abdossova , Aina Adilzhankyzy , Kuanysh Seitkamal , Massimo Olivero , Guido Perrone , Wilfried Blanc , Luca Vangelista , Daniele Tosi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we present the detection of proteins expressed by poxvirus with fiber-optic probes based on a semi-distributed interferometer (SDI) assisted by a fiber Bragg grating (FBG), performing the measurement directly into a wastewater sample. Modern biosafety applications benefit from real-time, dynamic-sensing technologies that can perform diagnostic tasks into a wide set of analytes, with a particular emphasis on wastewater, which appears to collect a significant number of viral titers in urban and indoor environments. The SDI/FBG probe can perform substantial progress in this field, as it embeds a dual sensitivity mechanism to refractive index changes (sensitivity up to 266.1 dB/RIU (refractive index units)) that can be exploited in biosensing, while simultaneously having the capability to measure the temperature (sensitivity 9.888 pm/°C), thus providing an intrinsic cross-sensitivity compensation. In addition, a standard FBG analyzer can be used as an interrogator, improving affordability and real-time detection over previous works. The probes have been functionalized with antibodies specific for L1, A27 and A33 vaccinia virus proteins, performing detection of a protein concentration in a scenario compatible with online viral threat detection. Direct detection of wastewater samples shows that the L1-functionalized sensor has a higher response, 9.1–11.3 times higher than A33 and A27, respectively, with a maximum response of up to 1.99 dB and excellent specificity. Dynamic detection in wastewater shows that the sensors have a response over multiple detection cycles, with a sensitivity of 0.024–0.153 dB for each 10-fold increase of concentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100699"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100704
Jun Sung Park , Waqas Ahmad , Kyonghwan Choe , Riaz Ahmad , Tae Ju Park , Myeong Ok Kim
Alzheimer's disease is the most common and costly chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder, with the highest global public health impact. However, diagnosing this neurodegenerative disorder is challenging and often relies on traditional clinical diagnostics techniques applied after symptoms appear, which are complex, costly, time-consuming, and potentially intrusive methods. This hinders the development of effective tools for Point-of-Care applications. To address these limitations, researchers have been developing several biosensing techniques utilizing biosensors, which have excellent selectivity and sensitivity for detecting Alzheimer's disease biomarkers at an early stage more efficiently and promptly. This comprehensive study focuses on promising biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease detection in various bio-fluids, as well as the accompanying obstacles and advantages. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive review of current biosensing techniques, focusing on electrochemical and optical biosensors, which are well-known for their exceptional sensitivity and selectivity in detecting Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. These biosensors facilitate the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in point-of-care testing, thereby enhancing point-of-care applications for Alzheimer's disease. We also explore bioelectronic tongues and bioelectronic noses as innovative, non-invasive tools for detecting biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease, which further facilitates point-of-care applications for Alzheimer's disease.
{"title":"Biosensors and biomarkers: A dynamic duo towards Alzheimer's disease detection","authors":"Jun Sung Park , Waqas Ahmad , Kyonghwan Choe , Riaz Ahmad , Tae Ju Park , Myeong Ok Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer's disease is the most common and costly chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder, with the highest global public health impact. However, diagnosing this neurodegenerative disorder is challenging and often relies on traditional clinical diagnostics techniques applied after symptoms appear, which are complex, costly, time-consuming, and potentially intrusive methods. This hinders the development of effective tools for Point-of-Care applications. To address these limitations, researchers have been developing several biosensing techniques utilizing biosensors, which have excellent selectivity and sensitivity for detecting Alzheimer's disease biomarkers at an early stage more efficiently and promptly. This comprehensive study focuses on promising biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease detection in various bio-fluids, as well as the accompanying obstacles and advantages. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive review of current biosensing techniques, focusing on electrochemical and optical biosensors, which are well-known for their exceptional sensitivity and selectivity in detecting Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. These biosensors facilitate the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in point-of-care testing, thereby enhancing point-of-care applications for Alzheimer's disease. We also explore bioelectronic tongues and bioelectronic noses as innovative, non-invasive tools for detecting biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease, which further facilitates point-of-care applications for Alzheimer's disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100704"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we report a sensitive real-time microbial growth monitoring technique using a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) dielectric sensor with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. The sensor comprised an LC oscillator array operating at 65-GHz, whose resonant frequency was altered according to the dielectric properties of the region approximately 15 μm from the surface. We previously reported the rapid detection of viable Escherichia coli suspended in a liquid medium using the dielectric sensor; however, sensing growing cells was challenging owing to their tendency to float outside the effective sensing area in the suspended medium. To address this, we propose a new method to enhance the sensitivity of the device using a PTFE membrane that retains cells inside the effective area during measurement. Experiments using Escherichia coli suggested that the use of the membrane more than doubled sensitivity, reducing inspection times for practical applications. Furthermore, experiments with Lactococcus lactis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrated that this method can be used to monitor the growth of various microbes. In addition, variations in the output values of each oscillator facilitated the determination of microbial characteristics, such as cell size and growth distribution. This microbial growth monitoring technique is expected to find applications across a wide range of fields, such as food inspection, environmental hygiene monitoring, antibiotic susceptibility testing, new drug discovery, and the exploration of beneficial microbes.
{"title":"Sensitive and real-time monitoring of microbial growth using a dielectric sensor with a 65-GHz LC-oscillator array and polytetrafluoroethylene membrane","authors":"Yoshihisa Yamashige , Siyao Chen , Yuichi Ogawa , Takashi Kawano , Shojiro Kikuchi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we report a sensitive real-time microbial growth monitoring technique using a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) dielectric sensor with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. The sensor comprised an LC oscillator array operating at 65-GHz, whose resonant frequency was altered according to the dielectric properties of the region approximately 15 μm from the surface. We previously reported the rapid detection of viable <em>Escherichia coli</em> suspended in a liquid medium using the dielectric sensor; however, sensing growing cells was challenging owing to their tendency to float outside the effective sensing area in the suspended medium. To address this, we propose a new method to enhance the sensitivity of the device using a PTFE membrane that retains cells inside the effective area during measurement. Experiments using <em>Escherichia coli</em> suggested that the use of the membrane more than doubled sensitivity, reducing inspection times for practical applications. Furthermore, experiments with <em>Lactococcus lactis</em>, <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>, and <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> demonstrated that this method can be used to monitor the growth of various microbes. In addition, variations in the output values of each oscillator facilitated the determination of microbial characteristics, such as cell size and growth distribution. This microbial growth monitoring technique is expected to find applications across a wide range of fields, such as food inspection, environmental hygiene monitoring, antibiotic susceptibility testing, new drug discovery, and the exploration of beneficial microbes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100703"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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