S100B is a brain protein, produced mainly by astrocytes, that indicates neurological injury by leaking into the bloodstream, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine. Elevated levels of S100B in blood and CSF serve as a marker for acute neural injury such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. The extent of S100B elevation can help predict clinical outcomes after brain injury and monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Measuring S100B levels over time, or using a trajectory analysis, can provide more reliable information about injury progression and help predict secondary injuries. In order to predict clinical outcomes after brain injury, as well as to provide a basis for appropriate treatment and indicate treatment success, it is imperative to have appropriate analytical tools at hand. In this review, we focus on the research progress of S100B as an “alert” signalling molecule in the connection of brain injuries and critically assess current diagnostic assays for S100B, including Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits, biosensors, and point-of-care (PoC) devices.
{"title":"The role of S100B protein as a diagnostic biomarker for brain injury","authors":"Nataliia Gnyliukh , James Wei , Winfried Neuhaus , Rabah Boukherroub , Sabine Szunerits","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>S100B is a brain protein, produced mainly by astrocytes, that indicates neurological injury by leaking into the bloodstream, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine. Elevated levels of S100B in blood and CSF serve as a marker for acute neural injury such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. The extent of S100B elevation can help predict clinical outcomes after brain injury and monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Measuring S100B levels over time, or using a trajectory analysis, can provide more reliable information about injury progression and help predict secondary injuries. In order to predict clinical outcomes after brain injury, as well as to provide a basis for appropriate treatment and indicate treatment success, it is imperative to have appropriate analytical tools at hand. In this review, we focus on the research progress of S100B as an “alert” signalling molecule in the connection of brain injuries and critically assess current diagnostic assays for S100B, including Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits, biosensors, and point-of-care (PoC) devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100888"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100887
Chuanxiang Zhang , Jie Zhou , Shuo Li , Changchun Hu , Yimin Tan , Yan Deng
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a widely used plasticizer and known endocrine disruptor, has the potential to migrate through the food chain and accumulate in the human body, thereby posing significant risks to human health. Therefore, the accurate and timely detection of DEHP is of critical importance. A novel electrochemical molecularly imprinted sensor was developed based on poly-l-lysine/black phosphorus-porous graphene‑silver (PLL/BP-PG-Ag) nanocomposite for simple, rapid, highly sensitive and specific detection of trace di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The PLL/BP-PG-Ag nanocomposites, exhibiting excellent electrochemical properties, was synthesized through a simple solvothermal and ultrasonic method. The molecularly imprinted sensor (MIP/PLL/BP-PG-Ag/GCE) was fabricated via cyclic voltammetry electropolymerization using PLL/BP-PG-Ag as the substrate, o-phenylenediamine as the functional monomer, and DEHP as the template molecule. Under optimal experimental conditions, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis showed a wide linear range from 10fM to 2 μM, with a detection limit (LOD) of 7.09 fM and a quantification limit (LOQ) of 23.61 fM. The sensor also showed excellent selectivity when exposed to structurally similar interfering substances. The proposed MIP sensor was successfully applied to detect trace DEHP in cigarette packaging paper samples, yielding satisfactory recovery results.
{"title":"Ultrasensitive, label-free voltammetric detection of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate based on poly-l-lysine/black phosphorus-porous graphene‑silver nanocomposite","authors":"Chuanxiang Zhang , Jie Zhou , Shuo Li , Changchun Hu , Yimin Tan , Yan Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a widely used plasticizer and known endocrine disruptor, has the potential to migrate through the food chain and accumulate in the human body, thereby posing significant risks to human health. Therefore, the accurate and timely detection of DEHP is of critical importance. A novel electrochemical molecularly imprinted sensor was developed based on poly-<span>l</span>-lysine/black phosphorus-porous graphene‑silver (PLL/BP-PG-Ag) nanocomposite for simple, rapid, highly sensitive and specific detection of trace di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The PLL/BP-PG-Ag nanocomposites, exhibiting excellent electrochemical properties, was synthesized through a simple solvothermal and ultrasonic method. The molecularly imprinted sensor (MIP/PLL/BP-PG-Ag/GCE) was fabricated via cyclic voltammetry electropolymerization using PLL/BP-PG-Ag as the substrate, <em>o</em>-phenylenediamine as the functional monomer, and DEHP as the template molecule. Under optimal experimental conditions, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis showed a wide linear range from 10fM to 2 μM, with a detection limit (LOD) of 7.09 fM and a quantification limit (LOQ) of 23.61 fM. The sensor also showed excellent selectivity when exposed to structurally similar interfering substances. The proposed MIP sensor was successfully applied to detect trace DEHP in cigarette packaging paper samples, yielding satisfactory recovery results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100887"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100889
Seyed Karim Hassaninejad-Darzi, Ali Ahangar-Samakosh, Fatemeh Aran-Dinaki, Mohammad Asadollahi-Baboli
Simultaneous determination of methyldopa (MD), and theophylline (THEO) drugs was developed by a modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) with magnetite iron oxide nanostructure and imidazolium ionic liquid (IL). The obtained results displayed that the Fe3O4-IL/CPE showed higher oxidation currents versus bare CPE and other modified electrodes. The pH 3.0 for PBS, temperature 34 °C, IL 5.0 %, and Fe3O4 9.0 % in the fabricated sensor were developed as the maximum anodic currents. In the above optimal conditions, the linear responses with the DPV technique were attained in the 2.72–180.32 μM and 7.64–137.93 μM for MD and THEO, respectively. Also, the LOD of 0.90 and 2.52 μM were obtained for MD and THEO, respectively. We, also considered measurement of MD and THEO drugs in human plasma and mixtures of tablets as a real sample and the results show a good recovery percentage.
{"title":"Cost-effective and novel Fe3O4-IL/CPE nanosensor for simultaneous electrochemical detection of theophylline and methyldopa drugs","authors":"Seyed Karim Hassaninejad-Darzi, Ali Ahangar-Samakosh, Fatemeh Aran-Dinaki, Mohammad Asadollahi-Baboli","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simultaneous determination of methyldopa (MD), and theophylline (THEO) drugs was developed by a modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) with magnetite iron oxide nanostructure and imidazolium ionic liquid (IL). The obtained results displayed that the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-IL/CPE showed higher oxidation currents versus bare CPE and other modified electrodes. The pH 3.0 for PBS, temperature 34 °C, IL 5.0 %, and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> 9.0 % in the fabricated sensor were developed as the maximum anodic currents. In the above optimal conditions, the linear responses with the DPV technique were attained in the 2.72–180.32 μM and 7.64–137.93 μM for MD and THEO, respectively. Also, the LOD of 0.90 and 2.52 μM were obtained for MD and THEO, respectively. We, also considered measurement of MD and THEO drugs in human plasma and mixtures of tablets as a real sample and the results show a good recovery percentage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100889"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100882
Samuel Rantataro , Irena Hlushchuk , Yi-Ning Kang , Gemma Gomez-Giro , Niklas Wester , Pieter Vanden Berghe , Jens C. Schwamborn , Mikko Airavaara , Tomi Laurila
Brain-on-a-chip models are rapidly being adopted in disease modeling and drug discovery, however characterization of the brain model condition often requires both the use of microscopy techniques and evaluation of neuronal activity. Although electrochemical techniques can offer the required selectivity between neuronal subtypes but also sensitivity in simple buffer solutions, a complete loss of electrode functionality is often observed when the brain model has been cultured directly on the electrode material or when recordings are performed in the culture medium.
We prepared optically transparent sensors capable of accurately measuring dopamine at nanomolar concentrations in real-time. Furthermore, we displayed the recording of both spontaneous and stimulated release of dopamine from primary mouse midbrain culture for the first time, as measured inside the culture medium with transparent electrodes. Due to excellent optical transparency, we were able to perform fluorescence microscopy but also live-cell Ca2+ imaging through the electrodes. Lastly, biocompatibility of the sensors was validated by various different techniques and by using highly sensitive in vitro brain-on-a-chip cultures.
{"title":"Optically transparent electrodes for ultrasensitive real-time detection of dopamine in brain-on-a-chip applications","authors":"Samuel Rantataro , Irena Hlushchuk , Yi-Ning Kang , Gemma Gomez-Giro , Niklas Wester , Pieter Vanden Berghe , Jens C. Schwamborn , Mikko Airavaara , Tomi Laurila","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brain-on-a-chip models are rapidly being adopted in disease modeling and drug discovery, however characterization of the brain model condition often requires both the use of microscopy techniques and evaluation of neuronal activity. Although electrochemical techniques can offer the required selectivity between neuronal subtypes but also sensitivity in simple buffer solutions, a complete loss of electrode functionality is often observed when the brain model has been cultured directly on the electrode material or when recordings are performed in the culture medium.</div><div>We prepared optically transparent sensors capable of accurately measuring dopamine at nanomolar concentrations in real-time. Furthermore, we displayed the recording of both spontaneous and stimulated release of dopamine from primary mouse midbrain culture for the first time, as measured inside the culture medium with transparent electrodes. Due to excellent optical transparency, we were able to perform fluorescence microscopy but also live-cell Ca<sup>2+</sup> imaging through the electrodes. Lastly, biocompatibility of the sensors was validated by various different techniques and by using highly sensitive in vitro brain-on-a-chip cultures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100882"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100881
Shymaa S. Soliman , Amr M. Mahmoud , Aya A. Mouhamed , Ola G. Hussein
A gold nanoparticle/graphitic carbon nitride heterostructure nanocomposite was synthesized via an in-situ chemical reduction of Au3+ on the surface of graphitic carbon nitride and was applied for the non-invasive electrochemical detection of uric acid (UA) in human saliva. In this configuration, gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) acted as highly active electrocatalytic sites, while graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) served as a high-surface-area scaffold facilitating uniform nanoparticles dispersion and efficient electron transfer. Morphological and elemental characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), BET analysis, and infrared spectroscopy (IR) confirmed the homogeneous distribution of Au-NPs anchored to the g-C3N4 sheets. Furthermore, electrochemical characterization was performed through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that Au-NPs@g-C3N4/CPE generated significantly higher UA oxidation peak currents compared with bare CPE. Under optimized pH conditions, accumulation potential, and differential pulse parameters the sensor exhibited a well-defined linear calibration range 0.5–10.0 μM (r = 0.9943) with a detection limit of 0.31 μM uric acid. Selectivity tests in artificial saliva showed negligible signal deviations (≤ ±2 %) in the presence of common salivary interferents such as ascorbic acid, creatinine, and glucose. Spike and recovery experiments using actual saliva samples achieved recoveries of 95.56-98.27 % confirming high analytical accuracy in complex biological matrices. Furthermore, the electrode retained over 90 % of its initial response after 60 days of ambient storage indicating excellent stability. The synergistic integration of Au-NPs with g-C3N4 significantly enhanced catalytic activity, electron transport, and UA adsorption making the Au-NPs@g-C3N4/CPE a cost-effective, sensitive, and reliable platform for point-of-care UA monitoring in saliva for clinical diagnostics and health applications.
{"title":"Electrochemical sensor modified with heterostructure of graphitic carbon nitride/gold nanoparticles for non-invasive uric acid detection in saliva","authors":"Shymaa S. Soliman , Amr M. Mahmoud , Aya A. Mouhamed , Ola G. Hussein","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A gold nanoparticle/graphitic carbon nitride heterostructure nanocomposite was synthesized via an in-situ chemical reduction of Au<sup>3+</sup> on the surface of graphitic carbon nitride and was applied for the non-invasive electrochemical detection of uric acid (UA) in human saliva. In this configuration, gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) acted as highly active electrocatalytic sites, while graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) served as a high-surface-area scaffold facilitating uniform nanoparticles dispersion and efficient electron transfer. Morphological and elemental characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), BET analysis, and infrared spectroscopy (IR) confirmed the homogeneous distribution of Au-NPs anchored to the g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> sheets. Furthermore, electrochemical characterization was performed through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that Au-NPs@g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/CPE generated significantly higher UA oxidation peak currents compared with bare CPE. Under optimized pH conditions, accumulation potential, and differential pulse parameters the sensor exhibited a well-defined linear calibration range 0.5–10.0 μM (<em>r</em> = 0.9943) with a detection limit of 0.31 μM uric acid. Selectivity tests in artificial saliva showed negligible signal deviations (≤ ±2 %) in the presence of common salivary interferents such as ascorbic acid, creatinine, and glucose. Spike and recovery experiments using actual saliva samples achieved recoveries of 95.56-98.27 % confirming high analytical accuracy in complex biological matrices. Furthermore, the electrode retained over 90 % of its initial response after 60 days of ambient storage indicating excellent stability. The synergistic integration of Au-NPs with g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> significantly enhanced catalytic activity, electron transport, and UA adsorption making the Au-NPs@g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/CPE a cost-effective, sensitive, and reliable platform for point-of-care UA monitoring in saliva for clinical diagnostics and health applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100881"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100878
Yunyi Cui , Jiaping Yang , LiangHua Wang
Azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), identified as a polyether marine phycotoxin, often causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms and threatens human health, and its outbreak also dramatically disrupted the economy of areas where shellfish are harvested and processed. However, to date, there are still a lack of effective detection methods for AZA-1. Nucleic acid aptamers, capable of specific, high-affinity molecular binding, have been increasingly explored in the field of biomedical diagnosis in recent years. Here, we utilized capture-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (Capture-SELEX) to obtain the nucleic acid aptamer of AZA-1, and employed biolayer interferometry (BLI) to validate the affinity and specificity between aptamers and AZA-1. Simultaneously, we applied molecular docking and dynamics simulation to determine the possible binding mechanism between aptamers and AZA-1. This study provided a feasible solution for selection, identification and binding mechanism analysis of AZA-1 aptamer and laid a favorable foundation for AZA-1 detection in the future.
{"title":"Selection, identification and binding mechanism analysis of nucleic acid aptamer for Azaspiracid-1","authors":"Yunyi Cui , Jiaping Yang , LiangHua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), identified as a polyether marine phycotoxin, often causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms and threatens human health, and its outbreak also dramatically disrupted the economy of areas where shellfish are harvested and processed. However, to date, there are still a lack of effective detection methods for AZA-1. Nucleic acid aptamers, capable of specific, high-affinity molecular binding, have been increasingly explored in the field of biomedical diagnosis in recent years. Here, we utilized capture-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (Capture-SELEX) to obtain the nucleic acid aptamer of AZA-1, and employed biolayer interferometry (BLI) to validate the affinity and specificity between aptamers and AZA-1. Simultaneously, we applied molecular docking and dynamics simulation to determine the possible binding mechanism between aptamers and AZA-1. This study provided a feasible solution for selection, identification and binding mechanism analysis of AZA-1 aptamer and laid a favorable foundation for AZA-1 detection in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100878"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The iron-based metal-organic framework (MOF) MIL-53(Fe) was successfully functionalized with chitosan through a simple and efficient post-synthetic strategy. This facile modification significantly enhances its catalytic properties, yielding a multifunctional nanocomposite that mimics both peroxidase and oxidase enzymatic activities. The chitosan-coated MIL-53(Fe), an inexpensive and biocompatible material, exhibits superior peroxidase-mimetic catalytic activity compared to its unmodified counterpart, enabling highly sensitive colorimetric biosensing. Upon interaction with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the nanocomposite facilitates the catalytic oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), producing a deep blue solution with distinct UV–vis absorption peaks at 369 and 652 nm. This system demonstrates a detection limit of 0.3 μM. Furthermore, our optimized catalytic conditions (40 °C, pH 4.0, 10 min, catalyst concentration: 0.11 mg mL−1) underscore the remarkable efficiency of our MOF-based peroxidase mimic. Notably, both peroxidase and oxidase activities are seamlessly executed under identical reaction conditions, simplifying multi-step enzymatic processes and eliminating the need for separate optimization protocols. This unique feature enhances overall efficiency while significantly reducing operational costs. The intrinsic rapid catalytic kinetics, reflected in the high Vmax values of 147.77 × 10−8 Ms.−1 for H2O2 and 53.11 × 10−8 Ms.−1 for TMB, further reinforce the system's viability for real-time sensing applications. Our functionalized MIL-53(Fe) nanocomposite presents a groundbreaking advancement in MOF-based biomimetic catalysis, with high sensitivity, operational simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. Finally, due to the excellent catalytic activity of chitosan-coated MIL-53(Fe), it was successfully utilized to detect H2O2 in real samples, including tap water and well water.
{"title":"Surface-engineered chitosan-coated MIL-53(Fe) nanozyme with synergistic effect on peroxidase/oxidase mimic as a highly sensitive biosensor for the colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide","authors":"Parisa Bahmani, Majid Moghadam, Shahram Tangestaninejad, Iraj Mohammadpoor-Baltork, Vahideh Asadi, Valiollah Mirkhani","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The iron-based metal-organic framework (MOF) MIL-53(Fe) was successfully functionalized with chitosan through a simple and efficient post-synthetic strategy. This facile modification significantly enhances its catalytic properties, yielding a multifunctional nanocomposite that mimics both peroxidase and oxidase enzymatic activities. The chitosan-coated MIL-53(Fe), an inexpensive and biocompatible material, exhibits superior peroxidase-mimetic catalytic activity compared to its unmodified counterpart, enabling highly sensitive colorimetric biosensing. Upon interaction with hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), the nanocomposite facilitates the catalytic oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), producing a deep blue solution with distinct UV–vis absorption peaks at 369 and 652 nm. This system demonstrates a detection limit of 0.3 μM. Furthermore, our optimized catalytic conditions (40 °C, pH 4.0, 10 min, catalyst concentration: 0.11 mg mL<sup>−1</sup>) underscore the remarkable efficiency of our MOF-based peroxidase mimic. Notably, both peroxidase and oxidase activities are seamlessly executed under identical reaction conditions, simplifying multi-step enzymatic processes and eliminating the need for separate optimization protocols. This unique feature enhances overall efficiency while significantly reducing operational costs. The intrinsic rapid catalytic kinetics, reflected in the high <em>V</em><sub><em>max</em></sub> values of 147.77 × 10<sup>−8</sup> Ms.<sup>−1</sup> for H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and 53.11 × 10<sup>−8</sup> Ms.<sup>−1</sup> for TMB, further reinforce the system's viability for real-time sensing applications. Our functionalized MIL-53(Fe) nanocomposite presents a groundbreaking advancement in MOF-based biomimetic catalysis, with high sensitivity, operational simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. Finally, due to the excellent catalytic activity of chitosan-coated MIL-53(Fe), it was successfully utilized to detect H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in real samples, including tap water and well water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100879"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-06DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100869
Gulfam Mushtaq , V.V.R. Sai , Sulalit Bandyopadhyay
The applicability of gold nanoparticles with optical fibers has emerged as a promising approach for developing compact and sensitive biosensors. Among these nanostructures, gold nanorods (AuNRs) offer distinct advantages due to their localized surface plasmon resonance properties. While previous studies have demonstrated immobilization of AuNRs on optical fibers for sensing applications, challenges remain in achieving stable, consistent, and aggregation-free attachment of AuNRs. In this work, we present a systematic study to synthesize, functionalize, and chemisorb AuNRs onto amine-functionalized U-bent optical fibers.
To address the issue of particle aggregation and inconsistent attachment, we performed an extensive study on the effect of varying concentrations of EDC/NHS coupling agents. The optimized conditions significantly improved chemisorption consistency and minimized aggregation. The plasmonic behaviour of the immobilized AuNRs was characterized under varying refractive indices. The transverse surface plasmon resonance (TSPR) exhibited a bulk refractive index sensitivity of 7 ∆Abs/RIU. The measurement was performed at a particle concentration of 0.2 OD. In contrast, the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak position showed sensitivity to the microenvironment, demonstrated a consistent shift with increasing concentrations of Polymyxin B, reaching a maximum shift of 1.4 % at 20 μM. These results bridge the gap between AuNRs functionalization and reliable sensor chemisorption and highlight the potential of this platform for biosensing applications in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.
{"title":"Chemisorbed gold Nanorods on optical fibers for refractive index sensing","authors":"Gulfam Mushtaq , V.V.R. Sai , Sulalit Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The applicability of gold nanoparticles with optical fibers has emerged as a promising approach for developing compact and sensitive biosensors. Among these nanostructures, gold nanorods (AuNRs) offer distinct advantages due to their localized surface plasmon resonance properties. While previous studies have demonstrated immobilization of AuNRs on optical fibers for sensing applications, challenges remain in achieving stable, consistent, and aggregation-free attachment of AuNRs. In this work, we present a systematic study to synthesize, functionalize, and chemisorb AuNRs onto amine-functionalized U-bent optical fibers.</div><div>To address the issue of particle aggregation and inconsistent attachment, we performed an extensive study on the effect of varying concentrations of EDC/NHS coupling agents. The optimized conditions significantly improved chemisorption consistency and minimized aggregation. The plasmonic behaviour of the immobilized AuNRs was characterized under varying refractive indices. The transverse surface plasmon resonance (TSPR) exhibited a bulk refractive index sensitivity of 7 ∆Abs/RIU. The measurement was performed at a particle concentration of 0.2 OD. In contrast, the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak position showed sensitivity to the microenvironment, demonstrated a consistent shift with increasing concentrations of Polymyxin B, reaching a maximum shift of 1.4 % at 20 μM. These results bridge the gap between AuNRs functionalization and reliable sensor chemisorption and highlight the potential of this platform for biosensing applications in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100869"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100870
Roqaiya Al Amri , Saima Farooq , Ajmal Khan , Magda H. Abdellattif , Alaa Abu Alnjaa , Fazal Mabood , Ahmed Al Harrasi , Javid Hussain
Nano sensing is an advanced analysis approach for drug detection and delivery, rendering simplicity and effectiveness in a wide range of applications. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were coupled with Gemifloxacin and Bergenin to detect three drugs namely, Captopril, Atenolol, and Sildenafil Citrate. The formation and stability of drug-conjugated nanoparticles were explored under physiological conditions and were evaluated using surface plasmon resonance-based UV–Vis analysis. The as-obtained spectral data was analyzed through Partial Least Square Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) multivariate methods.
The formation of Ag-NP was primarily confirmed through a vivid color observation, which was later tested by UV–Vis Spectrum analysis. Further experiments aimed at optimizing experimental conditions determining the ideal metal/drug ratios for AgNPs-Gemifloxacin and AgNPs-Bergenin conjugates. pH studies revealed the best absorbance was achieved at pH 6–7, while a brine effect investigation indicated that 3 M NaCl was the optimal concentration for absorbance.
Multivariate methods successfully differentiated the drugs with and without nanoparticles, with Gemifloxacin and Bergenin playing crucial roles. Importantly, adding these compounds didn't affect nanoparticle properties but enhanced their drug-detecting capabilities, offering a fast, simple, and effective approach with minimal impact on drug concentration or nanoparticle characteristics. These findings hold promise for drug delivery and biosensing advancements.
纳米传感是一种先进的药物检测和传递分析方法，在广泛的应用中具有简单和有效的特点。在本研究中，银纳米粒子（Ag-NPs）与吉氟沙星和贝尔吉宁联用检测卡托普利、阿替洛尔和柠檬酸西地那非三种药物。在生理条件下探索药物共轭纳米颗粒的形成和稳定性，并利用基于表面等离子体共振的紫外-可见分析对其进行评价。通过偏最小二乘判别分析（PLS-DA）和主成分分析（PCA）多变量方法对获得的光谱数据进行分析。Ag-NP的形成主要是通过鲜艳的颜色观察来证实的，然后通过UV-Vis光谱分析来验证。进一步的实验旨在优化实验条件，确定agnps - gemiflo沙星和AgNPs-Bergenin偶联物的理想金属/药物比。pH值研究表明，pH值为6 ~ 7时吸光度最佳，盐水效应研究表明，3 M NaCl是吸光度的最佳浓度。多因素方法成功区分了含纳米颗粒和不含纳米颗粒的药物，其中吉非沙星和卑尔根素发挥了关键作用。重要的是，添加这些化合物不影响纳米颗粒的性质，但增强了它们的药物检测能力，提供了一种快速、简单、有效的方法，对药物浓度或纳米颗粒特性的影响最小。这些发现为药物输送和生物传感技术的进步带来了希望。
{"title":"Nano sensing of captopril, atenolol and sildenafil citrate based on Gemifloxacin/Bergenin coated silver nanoparticles using multivariate method","authors":"Roqaiya Al Amri , Saima Farooq , Ajmal Khan , Magda H. Abdellattif , Alaa Abu Alnjaa , Fazal Mabood , Ahmed Al Harrasi , Javid Hussain","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nano sensing is an advanced analysis approach for drug detection and delivery, rendering simplicity and effectiveness in a wide range of applications. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were coupled with Gemifloxacin and Bergenin to detect three drugs namely, Captopril, Atenolol, and Sildenafil Citrate. The formation and stability of drug-conjugated nanoparticles were explored under physiological conditions and were evaluated using surface plasmon resonance-based UV–Vis analysis. The as-obtained spectral data was analyzed through Partial Least Square Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) multivariate methods.</div><div>The formation of Ag-NP was primarily confirmed through a vivid color observation, which was later tested by UV–Vis Spectrum analysis. Further experiments aimed at optimizing experimental conditions determining the ideal metal/drug ratios for AgNPs-Gemifloxacin and AgNPs-Bergenin conjugates. pH studies revealed the best absorbance was achieved at pH 6–7, while a brine effect investigation indicated that 3 M NaCl was the optimal concentration for absorbance.</div><div>Multivariate methods successfully differentiated the drugs with and without nanoparticles, with Gemifloxacin and Bergenin playing crucial roles. Importantly, adding these compounds didn't affect nanoparticle properties but enhanced their drug-detecting capabilities, offering a fast, simple, and effective approach with minimal impact on drug concentration or nanoparticle characteristics. These findings hold promise for drug delivery and biosensing advancements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100870"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-02DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100875
Mina Adampourezare , Leila Mehdizadeh Fanid , Behzad Nikzad
Neurotransmitters (NTs) are critical chemical compounds responsible for transmitting neural signals across synapses between neurons. These molecules play a fundamental role in regulating neuronal activity and maintaining the functional balance of the central nervous system. Disruptions in the balance or function of neurotransmitters can lead to the development of neurodegenerative diseases and associated with impairments in cognitive and motor functions. Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) seem to be as excellent candidates for NT detection due to their exceptional porosity, tunable functionality, and stability. NTs interact with COFs through mechanisms like chemical binding with NH₂ groups, hydrogen bonding, and electron transfer, leading to measurable fluorescence or electrochemical changes.
COFs have been integrated into various biosensors, including optical and electrochemical platforms, to enhance NT detection. Fluorescent COFs indicate NT presence through emission shifts, while electrochemical COFs enable sensitive detection via voltammetry. Additionally, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) leverages COFs functionalized with metallic nanoparticles for precise identification. This study explores the role of COFs in identifying and recognizing neurotransmitters.
{"title":"Covalent organic frameworks-based sensors for the detection of neurotransmitters associated with neurogenic diseases","authors":"Mina Adampourezare , Leila Mehdizadeh Fanid , Behzad Nikzad","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neurotransmitters (NTs) are critical chemical compounds responsible for transmitting neural signals across synapses between neurons. These molecules play a fundamental role in regulating neuronal activity and maintaining the functional balance of the central nervous system. Disruptions in the balance or function of neurotransmitters can lead to the development of neurodegenerative diseases and associated with impairments in cognitive and motor functions. Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) seem to be as excellent candidates for NT detection due to their exceptional porosity, tunable functionality, and stability. NTs interact with COFs through mechanisms like chemical binding with NH₂ groups, hydrogen bonding, and electron transfer, leading to measurable fluorescence or electrochemical changes.</div><div>COFs have been integrated into various biosensors, including optical and electrochemical platforms, to enhance NT detection. Fluorescent COFs indicate NT presence through emission shifts, while electrochemical COFs enable sensitive detection via voltammetry. Additionally, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) leverages COFs functionalized with metallic nanoparticles for precise identification. This study explores the role of COFs in identifying and recognizing neurotransmitters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100875"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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