In this study, a novel and highly responsive biosensor was engineered for the identification of ractopamine (RAC), an illicit additive used to stimulate muscle development in farm animals. A hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) was synthesized via a simple, economical, and environmentally friendly approach. To reinforce the electrochemical performance, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were integrated into the HOF, thereby enlarging the electrode's active surface area and facilitating greater immobilization of RAC-specific aptamers (Apt). The successful immobilization of Apt RAC on the Ag@HOF-coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was validated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This sensing platform displayed a wide linear detection range from 0.01 fM - 0.25 nM, with an outstanding detection limit of 4 aM. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated excellent specificity against potential interfering agents. Its reliable performance was also confirmed in complex biological samples, including milk and meat, indicating strong potential for practical, real-world applications.
在这项研究中，设计了一种新型的高响应生物传感器，用于识别莱克多巴胺（RAC），莱克多巴胺是一种用于刺激农场动物肌肉发育的非法添加剂。采用简单、经济、环保的方法合成了一种氢键有机骨架（HOF）。为了增强电化学性能，将银纳米粒子（Ag NPs）集成到HOF中，从而扩大电极的活性表面积，并促进rac特异性适配体（Apt）的固定化。利用循环伏安法（CV）和电化学阻抗谱法（EIS）验证了Apt RAC在Ag@HOF-coated玻碳电极（GCE）上的成功固定。该传感平台的线性检测范围为0.01 fM - 0.25 nM，检测限为4 aM。此外，该传感器对潜在干扰物表现出良好的特异性。在包括牛奶和肉类在内的复杂生物样品中也证实了其可靠的性能，表明其在实际应用中的强大潜力。
{"title":"A highly sensitive and selective one-dimensional Ag@hydrogen-bonded organic framework-based biosensor for the detection of the prohibited food additive ractopamine","authors":"Mahmoud Roushani , Fatemeh Hamdi , Azam Zare Asadabadi , S. Jafar Hoseini","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a novel and highly responsive biosensor was engineered for the identification of ractopamine (RAC), an illicit additive used to stimulate muscle development in farm animals. A hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) was synthesized via a simple, economical, and environmentally friendly approach. To reinforce the electrochemical performance, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were integrated into the HOF, thereby enlarging the electrode's active surface area and facilitating greater immobilization of RAC-specific aptamers (Apt). The successful immobilization of Apt RAC on the Ag@HOF-coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was validated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This sensing platform displayed a wide linear detection range from 0.01 fM - 0.25 nM, with an outstanding detection limit of 4 aM. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated excellent specificity against potential interfering agents. Its reliable performance was also confirmed in complex biological samples, including milk and meat, indicating strong potential for practical, real-world applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100883"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100908
Shabarni Gaffar , Santhy Wyantuti , Hesti Lina Wiraswati , Yeni Wahyuni Hartati , Irkham Irkham , Salma Nur Zakiyyah , Muhammad Yusuf , Toto Subroto , Dewi Astriani , Dani Permana , Abdullahi Umar Ibrahim , Pwadubashiyi Coston Pwavodi
Dengue virus (DENV) is a global health concern, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Rapid, cost-effective, and sensitive diagnostics are essential for point-of-care testing (POCT), genotyping, and surveillance. Current nucleic acid (NA)-based methods, such as RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR, and isothermal techniques like RT-LAMP, are widely used but limited by cost, processing time, and equipment needs. Nanomaterial-based NA-biosensors have shown excellent potential for enhancing sensitivity, yet challenges remain in reproducibility, regulatory approval, and adaptability under variable field conditions. Recently, CRISPR-based diagnostics have gained attention for their high specificity, sensitivity, and rapid results, making them ideal for POCT. This review summarizes the evolution of NA-based DENV detection methods, from PCR and isothermal amplification to nanomaterial-based and CRISPR-based biosensors. CRISPR/Cas systems have achieved detection limits to picomolar, femtomolar, and attomolar levels, highlighting their potential for field-deployable diagnostics.
{"title":"Advances in nucleic acid-based detection of dengue virus: From RT-PCR to CRISPR biosensing technologies","authors":"Shabarni Gaffar , Santhy Wyantuti , Hesti Lina Wiraswati , Yeni Wahyuni Hartati , Irkham Irkham , Salma Nur Zakiyyah , Muhammad Yusuf , Toto Subroto , Dewi Astriani , Dani Permana , Abdullahi Umar Ibrahim , Pwadubashiyi Coston Pwavodi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dengue virus (DENV) is a global health concern, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Rapid, cost-effective, and sensitive diagnostics are essential for point-of-care testing (POCT), genotyping, and surveillance. Current nucleic acid (NA)-based methods, such as RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR, and isothermal techniques like RT-LAMP, are widely used but limited by cost, processing time, and equipment needs. Nanomaterial-based NA-biosensors have shown excellent potential for enhancing sensitivity, yet challenges remain in reproducibility, regulatory approval, and adaptability under variable field conditions. Recently, CRISPR-based diagnostics have gained attention for their high specificity, sensitivity, and rapid results, making them ideal for POCT. This review summarizes the evolution of NA-based DENV detection methods, from PCR and isothermal amplification to nanomaterial-based and CRISPR-based biosensors. CRISPR/Cas systems have achieved detection limits to picomolar, femtomolar, and attomolar levels, highlighting their potential for field-deployable diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100908"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145462739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100919
Jacob Wekalao , Jonas Muheki , Amuthakkannan Rajakannu
This study introduces a graphene-based biosensor developed for hemoglobin detection in clinical and point-of-care use. Optimization through COMSOL Multiphysics produced high performance parameters. The sensor achieved a sensitivity of 200 GHz/RIU, operated between 1.319 and 1.331 THz, and exhibited quality factors from 0.915 to 2.439. Electric field distribution analysis showed maximum absorption at 1.325 THz with strong field localization along the resonator edges. A machine learning model using a Stacking Ensemble Regressor was applied to predict sensor performance, reaching an R2 value of 1.0 for transmission spectra across different graphene chemical potentials and incident angles. The linear correlation between resonance frequency and refractive index (R2 = 0.95447) confirms the sensor's accuracy for quantitative hemoglobin measurement. The biosensor enables rapid and precise hemoglobin detection, making it suitable for portable diagnostic use in resource-limited or urgent care settings.
{"title":"Highly sensitive graphene terahertz biosensor for hemoglobin detection enhanced by stacking ensemble learning","authors":"Jacob Wekalao , Jonas Muheki , Amuthakkannan Rajakannu","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a graphene-based biosensor developed for hemoglobin detection in clinical and point-of-care use. Optimization through COMSOL Multiphysics produced high performance parameters. The sensor achieved a sensitivity of 200 GHz/RIU, operated between 1.319 and 1.331 THz, and exhibited quality factors from 0.915 to 2.439. Electric field distribution analysis showed maximum absorption at 1.325 THz with strong field localization along the resonator edges. A machine learning model using a Stacking Ensemble Regressor was applied to predict sensor performance, reaching an R<sup>2</sup> value of 1.0 for transmission spectra across different graphene chemical potentials and incident angles. The linear correlation between resonance frequency and refractive index (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.95447) confirms the sensor's accuracy for quantitative hemoglobin measurement. The biosensor enables rapid and precise hemoglobin detection, making it suitable for portable diagnostic use in resource-limited or urgent care settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100919"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145575981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To break away from the reliance on equipment and time in traditional detection methods, a 3D printed chip with a combined three-dimensional complex cross-section was designed based on microfluidic technology. To verify the theoretical mixing effect, the mixing effect of the microfluidic chip was simulated and analyzed using Ansys Fluent software. Through the analysis of the visualized mixing cloud map and the data-based mixing index, it was found that the fluid achieved initial mixing in the offset mixing zone and supplementary mixing in the deflection mixing zone. The six groups of simulation results showed a stepwise increase, indicating that the microfluidic chip has a good and stable mixing effect. To verify the actual mixing performance, colorimetric mixing experiments and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) detection experiments were conducted on the microfluidic chip, with a control experiment set up for the latter. The results showed that the mixing effect of the microfluidic chip at the same Reynolds number (Re) was in good agreement with the simulated cloud map. In the GC–MS detection, the detection value of the pesticide solution (DDV, Dichlorvos) mixed by the microfluidic chip was highly consistent with that of the well-mixed control group, verifying the scientific rationality of the microfluidic chip structure. This microfluidic chip has excellent and stable mixing performance, providing a certain theoretical and practical basis for promoting the integration and interaction of microfluidic technology and GC–MS detection technology, and is expected to be widely applied in the field of pesticide residue detection.
{"title":"Structural design and research of combined microfluidic chips for pesticide residue detection","authors":"Longjiang Song, Yuxuan Geng, Junfei Wu, Wenjie Zhao, Ping Fu, Yanyong Liu, Yalin Yuan, Luning Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To break away from the reliance on equipment and time in traditional detection methods, a 3D printed chip with a combined three-dimensional complex cross-section was designed based on microfluidic technology. To verify the theoretical mixing effect, the mixing effect of the microfluidic chip was simulated and analyzed using Ansys Fluent software. Through the analysis of the visualized mixing cloud map and the data-based mixing index, it was found that the fluid achieved initial mixing in the offset mixing zone and supplementary mixing in the deflection mixing zone. The six groups of simulation results showed a stepwise increase, indicating that the microfluidic chip has a good and stable mixing effect. To verify the actual mixing performance, colorimetric mixing experiments and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) detection experiments were conducted on the microfluidic chip, with a control experiment set up for the latter. The results showed that the mixing effect of the microfluidic chip at the same Reynolds number (<em>Re</em>) was in good agreement with the simulated cloud map. In the GC–MS detection, the detection value of the pesticide solution (DDV, Dichlorvos) mixed by the microfluidic chip was highly consistent with that of the well-mixed control group, verifying the scientific rationality of the microfluidic chip structure. This microfluidic chip has excellent and stable mixing performance, providing a certain theoretical and practical basis for promoting the integration and interaction of microfluidic technology and GC–MS detection technology, and is expected to be widely applied in the field of pesticide residue detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100918"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145575983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, silver nanoprisms (AgNPrs) was utilized as optical probe to create advanced DNA-based biosensor (genosensor) for detecting target sequences (cDNA) of A. baumannii using oligonucleotides hybridization strategy. The engineered genosensor demonstrated exceptional sensitivity in the dynamic range from 10−18 to 10−6 M. The genosensor achieved a low limit of quantification of 10−18 M, making it a highly effective alternative to traditional detection methods. Additionally, specify of the biosensor's was assessed, particularly regarding two mismatch sequences, allowing precise measurement of A. baumannii without extensive preparation steps. Therefore, an efficient biosensor was developed for real-time monitoring and tracking in pathogen detection and introduced DNA-based biosensors as a powerful and next generation diagnostic approach of bacterial infections.
{"title":"Identification of Acinetobacter baumannii based on plasmonic patterns of silver nanoprism reinforced with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine and hydrogen peroxide: An innovative DNA-based optical biosensor","authors":"Mahdieh Azimi , Farnaz Bahavarnia , Mohammad Hasanzadeh , Nasrin Shadjou","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, silver nanoprisms (AgNPrs) was utilized as optical probe to create advanced DNA-based biosensor (genosensor) for detecting target sequences (cDNA) of <em>A. baumannii</em> using oligonucleotides hybridization strategy. The engineered genosensor demonstrated exceptional sensitivity in the dynamic range from 10<sup>−18</sup> to 10<sup>−6</sup> M. The genosensor achieved a low limit of quantification of 10<sup>−18</sup> M, making it a highly effective alternative to traditional detection methods. Additionally, specify of the biosensor's was assessed, particularly regarding two mismatch sequences, allowing precise measurement of <em>A. baumannii</em> without extensive preparation steps. Therefore, an efficient biosensor was developed for real-time monitoring and tracking in pathogen detection and introduced DNA-based biosensors as a powerful and next generation diagnostic approach of bacterial infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100923"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100878
Yunyi Cui , Jiaping Yang , LiangHua Wang
Azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), identified as a polyether marine phycotoxin, often causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms and threatens human health, and its outbreak also dramatically disrupted the economy of areas where shellfish are harvested and processed. However, to date, there are still a lack of effective detection methods for AZA-1. Nucleic acid aptamers, capable of specific, high-affinity molecular binding, have been increasingly explored in the field of biomedical diagnosis in recent years. Here, we utilized capture-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (Capture-SELEX) to obtain the nucleic acid aptamer of AZA-1, and employed biolayer interferometry (BLI) to validate the affinity and specificity between aptamers and AZA-1. Simultaneously, we applied molecular docking and dynamics simulation to determine the possible binding mechanism between aptamers and AZA-1. This study provided a feasible solution for selection, identification and binding mechanism analysis of AZA-1 aptamer and laid a favorable foundation for AZA-1 detection in the future.
{"title":"Selection, identification and binding mechanism analysis of nucleic acid aptamer for Azaspiracid-1","authors":"Yunyi Cui , Jiaping Yang , LiangHua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), identified as a polyether marine phycotoxin, often causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms and threatens human health, and its outbreak also dramatically disrupted the economy of areas where shellfish are harvested and processed. However, to date, there are still a lack of effective detection methods for AZA-1. Nucleic acid aptamers, capable of specific, high-affinity molecular binding, have been increasingly explored in the field of biomedical diagnosis in recent years. Here, we utilized capture-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (Capture-SELEX) to obtain the nucleic acid aptamer of AZA-1, and employed biolayer interferometry (BLI) to validate the affinity and specificity between aptamers and AZA-1. Simultaneously, we applied molecular docking and dynamics simulation to determine the possible binding mechanism between aptamers and AZA-1. This study provided a feasible solution for selection, identification and binding mechanism analysis of AZA-1 aptamer and laid a favorable foundation for AZA-1 detection in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100878"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-14DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100898
Prathamesh Prabhu , A. Pon Bharathi , U. Arun Kumar , William Ochen
The detection of waterborne bacterial pathogens at trace concentrations remains a major obstacle in environmental and public health monitoring. This study introduces a terahertz hybrid metasurface biosensor combining barium titanate (BaTiO₃), MXene, and graphene to enable high sensitivity and real-time detection. Electromagnetic simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics show a peak sensitivity of 244 GHz/RIU, a figure of merit of 3.484, and quality factors between 6.829 and 6.986. The resonance frequency shifts exhibit a strong linear relationship (R2 > 0.99) with bacterial concentration, while transmittance ranges from 43.346 % to 43.982 % across refractive indices of 1.33–1.3921 RIU. Modulating the graphene chemical potential between 0.1 eV and 0.9 eV enhances tunability, and the sensor maintains stable performance at incident angles from 0° to 80°. Machine learning analysis confirms predictive precision with mean squared errors of 6 × 10−6–9 × 10−6 and R2 values above 0.9997. The proposed metasurface biosensor provides a scalable, label-free, and highly responsive platform for detecting waterborne pathogens in environmental, clinical, and water quality applications.
{"title":"Hybrid BaTiO₃-MXene-graphene metasurface biosensor for ultra-sensitive terahertz detection of waterborne bacterial pathogens","authors":"Prathamesh Prabhu , A. Pon Bharathi , U. Arun Kumar , William Ochen","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The detection of waterborne bacterial pathogens at trace concentrations remains a major obstacle in environmental and public health monitoring. This study introduces a terahertz hybrid metasurface biosensor combining barium titanate (BaTiO₃), MXene, and graphene to enable high sensitivity and real-time detection. Electromagnetic simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics show a peak sensitivity of 244 GHz/RIU, a figure of merit of 3.484, and quality factors between 6.829 and 6.986. The resonance frequency shifts exhibit a strong linear relationship (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.99) with bacterial concentration, while transmittance ranges from 43.346 % to 43.982 % across refractive indices of 1.33–1.3921 RIU. Modulating the graphene chemical potential between 0.1 eV and 0.9 eV enhances tunability, and the sensor maintains stable performance at incident angles from 0° to 80°. Machine learning analysis confirms predictive precision with mean squared errors of 6 × 10<sup>−6</sup>–9 × 10<sup>−6</sup> and R<sup>2</sup> values above 0.9997. The proposed metasurface biosensor provides a scalable, label-free, and highly responsive platform for detecting waterborne pathogens in environmental, clinical, and water quality applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100898"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100906
Piyush Kumar , Santosh K. Misra
The chemical dissimilarity of nanoparticle dopants with surface coating materials has been found to tune the electrical and surface properties of carbon coated paper-based biosensing devices majorly due to surface inhomogeneity and reduced sensitivity. Herein we present a dopant free carbon nanomaterial suspension to improve the electrical properties of a smartly fabricated model paper-based biosensing platform. The nanocarbon induced graphene platelet suspension (NanoGPS), was found to have better aqueous suspendability and homogeneity to achieve enhanced electrical properties. NanoGPS has been thoroughly characterized using various physico-chemical methods to confirm the introduction of nanocarbon in exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). To probe the improvised efficiency of optimized dopant free NanoGPS, it was utilized to fabricate a model system of electrically active paper device (Elecro-PAD) and used for the non-invasive detection of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in simulated saliva for plausible oral cancer diagnosis. The Electro-PAD was tested in different complex matrices and showed a limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification of ∼2.0 nM and ∼6 nM, respectively. The device has been also benchmarked against gold standard conventional ELISA method and the results were found to be comparable with recovery percentage of more than 90 % at different clinically relevant concentrations. Thus, the strategy of generating dopant free Nano-GPS has been found to be an effective approach for the improvement of electrical properties of GNP, while avoiding the use of conventional dopants.
{"title":"Nanocarbon induced graphene platelet suspension for generation of dopant free filter paper based electrochemical biosensor","authors":"Piyush Kumar , Santosh K. Misra","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The chemical dissimilarity of nanoparticle dopants with surface coating materials has been found to tune the electrical and surface properties of carbon coated paper-based biosensing devices majorly due to surface inhomogeneity and reduced sensitivity. Herein we present a dopant free carbon nanomaterial suspension to improve the electrical properties of a smartly fabricated model paper-based biosensing platform. The nanocarbon induced graphene platelet suspension (NanoGPS), was found to have better aqueous suspendability and homogeneity to achieve enhanced electrical properties. NanoGPS has been thoroughly characterized using various physico-chemical methods to confirm the introduction of nanocarbon in exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). To probe the improvised efficiency of optimized dopant free NanoGPS, it was utilized to fabricate a model system of electrically active paper device (Elecro-PAD) and used for the non-invasive detection of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in simulated saliva for plausible oral cancer diagnosis. The Electro-PAD was tested in different complex matrices and showed a limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification of ∼2.0 nM and ∼6 nM, respectively. The device has been also benchmarked against gold standard conventional ELISA method and the results were found to be comparable with recovery percentage of more than 90 % at different clinically relevant concentrations. Thus, the strategy of generating dopant free Nano-GPS has been found to be an effective approach for the improvement of electrical properties of GNP, while avoiding the use of conventional dopants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100906"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145462655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100882
Samuel Rantataro , Irena Hlushchuk , Yi-Ning Kang , Gemma Gomez-Giro , Niklas Wester , Pieter Vanden Berghe , Jens C. Schwamborn , Mikko Airavaara , Tomi Laurila
Brain-on-a-chip models are rapidly being adopted in disease modeling and drug discovery, however characterization of the brain model condition often requires both the use of microscopy techniques and evaluation of neuronal activity. Although electrochemical techniques can offer the required selectivity between neuronal subtypes but also sensitivity in simple buffer solutions, a complete loss of electrode functionality is often observed when the brain model has been cultured directly on the electrode material or when recordings are performed in the culture medium.
We prepared optically transparent sensors capable of accurately measuring dopamine at nanomolar concentrations in real-time. Furthermore, we displayed the recording of both spontaneous and stimulated release of dopamine from primary mouse midbrain culture for the first time, as measured inside the culture medium with transparent electrodes. Due to excellent optical transparency, we were able to perform fluorescence microscopy but also live-cell Ca2+ imaging through the electrodes. Lastly, biocompatibility of the sensors was validated by various different techniques and by using highly sensitive in vitro brain-on-a-chip cultures.
{"title":"Optically transparent electrodes for ultrasensitive real-time detection of dopamine in brain-on-a-chip applications","authors":"Samuel Rantataro , Irena Hlushchuk , Yi-Ning Kang , Gemma Gomez-Giro , Niklas Wester , Pieter Vanden Berghe , Jens C. Schwamborn , Mikko Airavaara , Tomi Laurila","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brain-on-a-chip models are rapidly being adopted in disease modeling and drug discovery, however characterization of the brain model condition often requires both the use of microscopy techniques and evaluation of neuronal activity. Although electrochemical techniques can offer the required selectivity between neuronal subtypes but also sensitivity in simple buffer solutions, a complete loss of electrode functionality is often observed when the brain model has been cultured directly on the electrode material or when recordings are performed in the culture medium.</div><div>We prepared optically transparent sensors capable of accurately measuring dopamine at nanomolar concentrations in real-time. Furthermore, we displayed the recording of both spontaneous and stimulated release of dopamine from primary mouse midbrain culture for the first time, as measured inside the culture medium with transparent electrodes. Due to excellent optical transparency, we were able to perform fluorescence microscopy but also live-cell Ca<sup>2+</sup> imaging through the electrodes. Lastly, biocompatibility of the sensors was validated by various different techniques and by using highly sensitive in vitro brain-on-a-chip cultures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100882"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100876
McKenzie Bradley , Sydnee Barrett , Ty McKelvey, Jeremiah Carpenter, Delphine Dean
Melanin, the primary determinant of skin pigmentation, absorbs light at wavelengths that can have significant impact on the accuracy of pulse oximetry and other optical biosensing methods. This narrative review examines key factors influencing melanin-dependent pulse oximetry inaccuracies, including optical interference in transmission and reflectance modes. These inaccuracies further highlight the need for use of standardized skin tone metrics in device testing and design such as the Monk Skin Tone scale and Individual Typology Angle for performance stratification. There are several approaches in development that hope to address the errors in pulse oximetry measurements on melanin-rich skin. These include algorithmic and engineering approaches such as multi-wavelength sensing, regression-based correction, and machine learning models demonstrating significant reductions in melanin-induced error. Advances in pulse oximeter hardware and testing are also considered, including tissue-mimicking phantoms, optimized light sources, sensor design, and wearable innovations. Modeling tools, particularly Monte Carlo simulations, are also reviewed for their role in sensor design, spectral optimization, and algorithm training. Finally, evolving regulatory and equity frameworks are discussed, highlighting the January 2025 US FDA guidance on skin tone subgroup reporting. These findings underscore the need for skin-aware calibration and integrated modeling to ensure equitable pulse oximetry performance across diverse populations.
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