Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(1)02
I. Wrońska, K. Cybulska
Water is an essential component necessary for sustaining life. Nevertheless, it may pose a serious threat to human life resulting from possible occurrence of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, monitoring and continuous microbial surveillance of the water intended for consumption is extremely important. The requirements referring to qualitative parameters which should be met by water are set out in the Regulation of the Minister of Health of 29 March 2007, as amended on 20 April 2010, and the EU directives. The quality of water being supplied to consumers depends on many factors, among other on the type of water intake (surface water or groundwater), efficiency of water treatment and disinfection, and technical condition of the water supply network. The analysis of the sanitary condition of drinking water has been conducted form water intakes in the city of Gorzow Wielkopolski, ie Centralny Kosynierow Gdynskich intake, Klodawa intake and Siedlice intake, and in neighbouring localities, ie. Maszewo and Marwice. The research material was raw and treated water samples. The population size of Faecal streptococci, coliform bacteria, including E. coli, and total mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria counts was determined. The analysis of the sanitary condition of drinking water has been conducted. The number of coliform bacteria, including E. coli, and streptococci was determined by the method of membrane filters, whereas total mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria counts using the plate method under incubation conditions conforming to the standards. The presence of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria was observed in all examined water intake points. Differences in their counts over the whole year being significant. In three research points, ie Centralny Kosynierow Gdynskich intake, Maszewo intake and Marwice intake, psychrophilic bacteria count was exceeded (100 CFU cm). In the case of pathogenic bacteria, their occurrence was occasionally observed in the drinking water intake points. The water treatment processes applied and, as the final result, water sanitary assessment according to the existing standards and the provision stipulated allow it to be collected for consumption purposes and do not pose the threat to human health and life.
{"title":"Sanitary evaluation of the water from water intake points situated in Gorzow Wielkopolski and neighbouring localities","authors":"I. Wrońska, K. Cybulska","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(1)02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(1)02","url":null,"abstract":"Water is an essential component necessary for sustaining life. Nevertheless, it may pose a serious threat to human life resulting from possible occurrence of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, monitoring and continuous microbial surveillance of the water intended for consumption is extremely important. The requirements referring to qualitative parameters which should be met by water are set out in the Regulation of the Minister of Health of 29 March 2007, as amended on 20 April 2010, and the EU directives. The quality of water being supplied to consumers depends on many factors, among other on the type of water intake (surface water or groundwater), efficiency of water treatment and disinfection, and technical condition of the water supply network. The analysis of the sanitary condition of drinking water has been conducted form water intakes in the city of Gorzow Wielkopolski, ie Centralny Kosynierow Gdynskich intake, Klodawa intake and Siedlice intake, and in neighbouring localities, ie. Maszewo and Marwice. The research material was raw and treated water samples. The population size of Faecal streptococci, coliform bacteria, including E. coli, and total mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria counts was determined. The analysis of the sanitary condition of drinking water has been conducted. The number of coliform bacteria, including E. coli, and streptococci was determined by the method of membrane filters, whereas total mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria counts using the plate method under incubation conditions conforming to the standards. The presence of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria was observed in all examined water intake points. Differences in their counts over the whole year being significant. In three research points, ie Centralny Kosynierow Gdynskich intake, Maszewo intake and Marwice intake, psychrophilic bacteria count was exceeded (100 CFU cm). In the case of pathogenic bacteria, their occurrence was occasionally observed in the drinking water intake points. The water treatment processes applied and, as the final result, water sanitary assessment according to the existing standards and the provision stipulated allow it to be collected for consumption purposes and do not pose the threat to human health and life.","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68904967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)20
D. Popławski, K. Hoffmann, J. Hoffmann
Assessment of mixtures reactivity under certain conditions is essential for safe and conscious designing and improving manufacturing processes. One commonly used compound, the reactivity of which is very important, is ammonium nitrate and its solutions. The biggest influence on the reactivity of ammonium nitrate has the temperature and presence of other compounds, including impurities, that catalyze reactions leading to degradation. One of such impurities are organic compounds which impact on the ammonium nitrate has not yet been clearly described. The aim of the research was to investigate the influence of selected organic impurities on the reactivity of aqueous solutions containing up to 50 wt % ammonium nitrate, buffered with 15 wt % diammonium phosphate. The measurements were carried out using differential scanning calorimetry. Solution without organic compounds showed no reactivity up to 240 C. The addition of 8 wt % ammonium oxalate did not increase the reactivity of ammonium nitrate. It was observed an endothermic decomposition reaction of oxalic acid, beginning at 185 C. During the measurement of a solution containing 6 wt % phenidone, it was registered an exothermic complex reaction, beginning at 189 C and showing relatively small thermal effect. Addition of 6 wt % pyrogallol caused a significant increase in reactivity of ammonium nitrate solution. Strongly exothermic reaction beginning at 192 C was observed. Spectrophotometric measurement showed a clear nitrate concentration loss in the sample after calorimetric measurement. The results show that the nitrate ion selectively oxidizes certain functional groups in organic compounds.
{"title":"Reactivity of concentrated ammonium nitrate solutions in the presence of organic impurities","authors":"D. Popławski, K. Hoffmann, J. Hoffmann","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)20","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment of mixtures reactivity under certain conditions is essential for safe and conscious designing and improving manufacturing processes. One commonly used compound, the reactivity of which is very important, is ammonium nitrate and its solutions. The biggest influence on the reactivity of ammonium nitrate has the temperature and presence of other compounds, including impurities, that catalyze reactions leading to degradation. One of such impurities are organic compounds which impact on the ammonium nitrate has not yet been clearly described. The aim of the research was to investigate the influence of selected organic impurities on the reactivity of aqueous solutions containing up to 50 wt % ammonium nitrate, buffered with 15 wt % diammonium phosphate. The measurements were carried out using differential scanning calorimetry. Solution without organic compounds showed no reactivity up to 240 C. The addition of 8 wt % ammonium oxalate did not increase the reactivity of ammonium nitrate. It was observed an endothermic decomposition reaction of oxalic acid, beginning at 185 C. During the measurement of a solution containing 6 wt % phenidone, it was registered an exothermic complex reaction, beginning at 189 C and showing relatively small thermal effect. Addition of 6 wt % pyrogallol caused a significant increase in reactivity of ammonium nitrate solution. Strongly exothermic reaction beginning at 192 C was observed. Spectrophotometric measurement showed a clear nitrate concentration loss in the sample after calorimetric measurement. The results show that the nitrate ion selectively oxidizes certain functional groups in organic compounds.","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68905249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(1)06
B. Pieczykolan, I. Płonka, M. Kosel
Study was conducted in order to check sorption properties of activated sludge which has undergone thermal transformation. For this purpose, anaerobically digested and dewatered activated sludge was dried at 105 C to constant weight. Next this sludge was milled to a particle with a diameter of 0.5–1.0 mm and subjected to thermal activation in a muffle furnace at 600 C. In this way obtained a powder activated carbon based on activated sludge (so called SAC – “sludge-based activated carbon”). Studies of static sorption of two dyes (Lissamine Scarlet 4R and Rhodamine B) were conducted for activated carbon prepared as described above. The reaction pH was 2.5 and 7.0 respectively for the dye Lissamine Scarlet 4R and Rhodamine B. During the tests for both dyes a sorption kinetics (for two different values of the ratio of dye weight and SAC weight) were made. Then, for a predetermined time sorption (selected based on the results of the kinetics) sorption isotherms were made for both dyes. Studies have shown that the dye Rhodamine B was well sorbed by activated carbon produced from activated sludge. In the case of Rhodamine B in order to achieve an effective level of removal of that dye it was required only 0.5 hours of contact time. However, in the case of Lissamine Scarlet 4R it required a much longer contact time. That was required two hours of contact time to achieve a relatively high reduction of concentration of this dye. Also, the results obtained during determining the sorption isotherms of these two dyes, have confirmed that conclusion. The adsorbed charge of Rhodamine B per gram of SAC was significantly higher than the adsorbed charge of the second dye. These differences may have been due to the size of the pores of generated SAC. On the basis of sorption of these two dyes can be supposed, that the SAC was characterized by a pore smaller than the size of molecules of Lissamine Scarlet 4R. Therefore, the sorption process of that dye was limited. In contrast, molecules of Rhodamine B, which are smaller than the molecules of Lissamine Scarlet 4R, were much better adsorbed by the SAC. Additionally, it can be supposed that the surface charge of the generated SAC was negative, because the cationic dye (Rhodamine B) was better adsorbed by this sorbent.
{"title":"Preliminary tests of sorption properties of thermally transformed activated sludge","authors":"B. Pieczykolan, I. Płonka, M. Kosel","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(1)06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(1)06","url":null,"abstract":"Study was conducted in order to check sorption properties of activated sludge which has undergone thermal transformation. For this purpose, anaerobically digested and dewatered activated sludge was dried at 105 C to constant weight. Next this sludge was milled to a particle with a diameter of 0.5–1.0 mm and subjected to thermal activation in a muffle furnace at 600 C. In this way obtained a powder activated carbon based on activated sludge (so called SAC – “sludge-based activated carbon”). Studies of static sorption of two dyes (Lissamine Scarlet 4R and Rhodamine B) were conducted for activated carbon prepared as described above. The reaction pH was 2.5 and 7.0 respectively for the dye Lissamine Scarlet 4R and Rhodamine B. During the tests for both dyes a sorption kinetics (for two different values of the ratio of dye weight and SAC weight) were made. Then, for a predetermined time sorption (selected based on the results of the kinetics) sorption isotherms were made for both dyes. Studies have shown that the dye Rhodamine B was well sorbed by activated carbon produced from activated sludge. In the case of Rhodamine B in order to achieve an effective level of removal of that dye it was required only 0.5 hours of contact time. However, in the case of Lissamine Scarlet 4R it required a much longer contact time. That was required two hours of contact time to achieve a relatively high reduction of concentration of this dye. Also, the results obtained during determining the sorption isotherms of these two dyes, have confirmed that conclusion. The adsorbed charge of Rhodamine B per gram of SAC was significantly higher than the adsorbed charge of the second dye. These differences may have been due to the size of the pores of generated SAC. On the basis of sorption of these two dyes can be supposed, that the SAC was characterized by a pore smaller than the size of molecules of Lissamine Scarlet 4R. Therefore, the sorption process of that dye was limited. In contrast, molecules of Rhodamine B, which are smaller than the molecules of Lissamine Scarlet 4R, were much better adsorbed by the SAC. Additionally, it can be supposed that the surface charge of the generated SAC was negative, because the cationic dye (Rhodamine B) was better adsorbed by this sorbent.","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68905067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)16
D. Maculewicz
Rhizoctonia spp. is a large, diverse, ubiquitous soil inhabiting group of fungi. They are generally regarded as plant pathogens causing root rot and other plant diseases which results in crop losses of many economically important plant species, but they can also enter into symbiotic associations with orchids. Binucleate species commonly cause root, stem and foliar diseases, but due to its wide range of host plants and frequent causing losses in important agricultural crops, probably the most studied Rhizoctonia species is multinucleate Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Crops, including fruits and vegetables, are exposed to diseases caused by microorganisms, especially pathogenic fungi, during growth and after harvest. The occurrence of plant diseases results in lower harvest, in worsens their quality and raises production costs. The use of chemical plant protection results in the contamination of soil and increase pathogen resistance to commonly used fungicides. Biological control is an alternative and safe for the environment method of plant protection. Hypovirulent BNR isolates from different anastomosing groups can be successfully used as biocontrol agents in plant protection against pathogenic Rhizoctonia and fungi from other species. They may occupy the same ecological niches as pathogens, compete successfully for nutrients, induce plant resistance and promote plant growth.
{"title":"Binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. as a biocontrol agents against plant pathogens","authors":"D. Maculewicz","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)16","url":null,"abstract":"Rhizoctonia spp. is a large, diverse, ubiquitous soil inhabiting group of fungi. They are generally regarded as plant pathogens causing root rot and other plant diseases which results in crop losses of many economically important plant species, but they can also enter into symbiotic associations with orchids. Binucleate species commonly cause root, stem and foliar diseases, but due to its wide range of host plants and frequent causing losses in important agricultural crops, probably the most studied Rhizoctonia species is multinucleate Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Crops, including fruits and vegetables, are exposed to diseases caused by microorganisms, especially pathogenic fungi, during growth and after harvest. The occurrence of plant diseases results in lower harvest, in worsens their quality and raises production costs. The use of chemical plant protection results in the contamination of soil and increase pathogen resistance to commonly used fungicides. Biological control is an alternative and safe for the environment method of plant protection. Hypovirulent BNR isolates from different anastomosing groups can be successfully used as biocontrol agents in plant protection against pathogenic Rhizoctonia and fungi from other species. They may occupy the same ecological niches as pathogens, compete successfully for nutrients, induce plant resistance and promote plant growth.","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68904758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)19
E. Klem-Marciniak, M. Huculak-Mączka, K. Hoffmann, J. Hoffmann
In recent years, a big problem for agriculture is the shortage of available micronutrients in the soil, thus reducing yields. This deficiency is due to the intensification of agriculture, cultivation of new species of plants require fertilization and a significant share of soils with low content of available micronutrients, which is why in recent years looking for the appropriate forms in which they can be applied to not have a negative impact on the environment. Of particular importance in the field of micronutrient fertilizers gained chelates. These compounds are characterized by stability. Chelating agents stabilize the cations of microelements in a wide pH range. Their application optimizes supplement micronutrient deficiency. Adaptation of nutrients to the needs of the plants can reduce the negative impact on the environment, without causing soil salinity, as in the case of salt micronutrients. Can be applied to both soil and foliar application. They are produced in the form of liquid or fine-crystalline. In the European Union are set chelating agents used as additives for liquid fertilizers. These are synthetic compounds belonging to the aminepolycarboxylic compounds (APCAs) which form stable complexes which are soluble in water. APCAs form chelates of trace elements in a molar ratio 1:1. The most commonly used component is the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council EC No 2003/2003 of 13 October 2003 includes the requirements for chelates used in agriculture. In accordance with these requirements complex the trace element level should be at least 80 % of the declared water-soluble, the total metal content. Download time micronutrient by the plant in the soil environment should correspond to the period degradability. Too low biodegradability may adversely affect the environment, causing mobilization heavy metals from bottom sediments and lead to phytotoxic complexes. Formal requirements resulted in the continued search for new chelating agents, and improving the technology used. The aim of the study was to determine the degree of complexation of the selected ions of micronutrients with chelating substance at different reaction times. The molar ratio of metal-ligand equal to 1:1. The degree of complexation was determined by differential pulse voltammetry. Was selected micronutrient zinc. Comparison was made to a compound belonging to the group of derivatives of aminepolycarboxylic compounds and for substances of natural origin – amino acid. These DOI: 10.2428/ecea.2015.22(2)19 ECOL CHEM ENG A. 2015;22(2):223-230 1 Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wroclaw University of Technology, ul. Smoluchowskiego 25, 50–372 Wroc3aw, Poland, phone: +48 71 320 20 65, fax +48 71 328 04 25. * Corresponding author: krystyna.hoffmann@pwr.edu.pl studies will help determine the optimal response time complexation of micronutrients by chelating agents commonly us
近年来，农业面临的一个大问题是土壤中可用微量营养素的短缺，从而降低了产量。这种缺乏是由于农业的集约化、新植物物种的种植需要施肥以及相当大一部分土壤中有效微量营养素含量低，这就是为什么近年来寻找适当的形式，使它们能够不对环境产生负面影响。在微量营养肥料中获得螯合物具有特别重要的意义。这些化合物的特点是稳定性。螯合剂在很宽的pH范围内稳定微量元素的阳离子。其应用优化了微量营养素缺乏症的补充。使养分适应植物的需要可以减少对环境的负面影响，而不会像盐微量营养素那样造成土壤盐化。可施用于土壤和叶面施用。它们以液体或细晶的形式生产。在欧盟，螯合剂被用作液体肥料的添加剂。这些合成化合物属于胺聚羧酸化合物(APCAs)，形成稳定的可溶于水的配合物。apca以1:1的摩尔比形成微量元素螯合物。最常用的成分是乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)。欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2003年10月13日第2003/2003号法规包括对农业中使用的螯合剂的要求。按照这些要求，复合体的微量元素含量应至少达到申报水溶性金属总含量的80%。植物在土壤环境中吸收微量元素的时间应与该时期的可降解性相对应。太低的生物可降解性可能会对环境产生不利影响，导致底层沉积物中重金属的动员，并导致植物毒性复合物。正式的要求导致继续寻找新的螯合剂，并改进所使用的技术。本研究的目的是测定微量营养素中所选离子在不同反应时间与螯合物质的络合程度。金属配体的摩尔比等于1:1。用微分脉冲伏安法测定络合度。选取微量营养素锌。对氨基多羧酸类化合物的衍生物和天然氨基酸进行了比较。DOI: 10.2428/ecea.2015.22(2)19 ECOL CHEM ENG . A. 2015;22(2):223-230Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wroc3aw，波兰，电话:+48 71 320 20 65，传真+48 71 328 04 25。*通讯作者:krystyna.hoffmann@pwr.edu.pl研究将有助于确定肥料工业中常用的螯合剂对微量营养素络合的最佳反应时间。
{"title":"Influence reaction time to degree of comlexation zinc ions by fertilizers chelating substances","authors":"E. Klem-Marciniak, M. Huculak-Mączka, K. Hoffmann, J. Hoffmann","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)19","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, a big problem for agriculture is the shortage of available micronutrients in the soil, thus reducing yields. This deficiency is due to the intensification of agriculture, cultivation of new species of plants require fertilization and a significant share of soils with low content of available micronutrients, which is why in recent years looking for the appropriate forms in which they can be applied to not have a negative impact on the environment. Of particular importance in the field of micronutrient fertilizers gained chelates. These compounds are characterized by stability. Chelating agents stabilize the cations of microelements in a wide pH range. Their application optimizes supplement micronutrient deficiency. Adaptation of nutrients to the needs of the plants can reduce the negative impact on the environment, without causing soil salinity, as in the case of salt micronutrients. Can be applied to both soil and foliar application. They are produced in the form of liquid or fine-crystalline. In the European Union are set chelating agents used as additives for liquid fertilizers. These are synthetic compounds belonging to the aminepolycarboxylic compounds (APCAs) which form stable complexes which are soluble in water. APCAs form chelates of trace elements in a molar ratio 1:1. The most commonly used component is the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council EC No 2003/2003 of 13 October 2003 includes the requirements for chelates used in agriculture. In accordance with these requirements complex the trace element level should be at least 80 % of the declared water-soluble, the total metal content. Download time micronutrient by the plant in the soil environment should correspond to the period degradability. Too low biodegradability may adversely affect the environment, causing mobilization heavy metals from bottom sediments and lead to phytotoxic complexes. Formal requirements resulted in the continued search for new chelating agents, and improving the technology used. The aim of the study was to determine the degree of complexation of the selected ions of micronutrients with chelating substance at different reaction times. The molar ratio of metal-ligand equal to 1:1. The degree of complexation was determined by differential pulse voltammetry. Was selected micronutrient zinc. Comparison was made to a compound belonging to the group of derivatives of aminepolycarboxylic compounds and for substances of natural origin – amino acid. These DOI: 10.2428/ecea.2015.22(2)19 ECOL CHEM ENG A. 2015;22(2):223-230 1 Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wroclaw University of Technology, ul. Smoluchowskiego 25, 50–372 Wroc3aw, Poland, phone: +48 71 320 20 65, fax +48 71 328 04 25. * Corresponding author: krystyna.hoffmann@pwr.edu.pl studies will help determine the optimal response time complexation of micronutrients by chelating agents commonly us","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68905176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(4)34
M. Niemiec, B. Wiśniowska-Kielian, M. Komorowska
Trace metals play an important role in functioning of marine and ocean ecosystems. The particular importance of these elements in ecosystems of salt water basins results from their low concentrations in waters of these basins. The content of trace elements in ocean waters is from a few to several dozen times lower than in fresh waters. Such conditions caused that sea organisms developed, by means of evolution, the ability to intensive absorption of trace elements from water in order to meet the physiological demand for them. However, such abilities can cause excessive bioaccumulation of trace elements in ecosystems with elevated their supply, caused by human pressure or enrichment of the water environment from natural sources. The aim of this paper was to assess the nickel and chromium content in water and in algae from selected Black Sea bays near Sevastopol. The samples of water and algae were collected in August 2012 from eight bays in the region of Sevastopol (Galubaja, Kozacha, Kamyshova, Kruhla, Striletska, Pishchana, Pivdenna, the Sevastopolska Bay) as well as one sample from the open sea near Fiolent. Cystoseira barbata and Ulva rigida algae were collected from the same places. The collected water samples were conserved in situ and after being brought to the laboratory their contents of nickel and chromium were determined. The collected algae were rinsed in distilled water, dried, and then homogenized and mineralized. Content of the studied elements was determined in mineralisates by AAS method with electrothermal atomization. It was found that both elements concentrations in water from individual bays were 2–3 times different. The nickel content ranged between 1.74 and 4.14 gNi dm, and the chromium content was between 1.56 and 5.97 gCr dm. Water from the Striletska Bay contained the highest amount of the studied elements. The nickel content in the studied algae ranged between 1.967 and 12.87 mg kg d.m., and the chromium content between 0.342 and 7.650 mg kg d.m. A higher accumulation of these elements was found in Cystoseira barbata than in Ulva rigida. Algae collected in the Sevastopolska Bay contained the highest amount of nickel, and algae from the Pivdenna Bay contained the highest amount of chromium. The content of the studied DOI: 10.2428/ecea.2015.22(4)34 ECOL CHEM ENG A. 2015;22(4):433-446 1 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 21, 31–120 Kraków, Poland, phone: +48 12 662 43 47, fax: +48 12 662 43 41, email: niemiecm@o2.pl, rrkielia@cyf-kr.edu.pl, komorowska.monika@interia.pl * Corresponding author: rrkielia@cyf-kr.edu.pl elements in biomass of the algae was not correlated with their concentration in water. On the other hand, a significant correlation between the nickel content in the algae of both species was found. Values of nickel bioaccumulation coefficients in the studied ecosystems were close to values recorded in environments with high human pressur
{"title":"Content of Ni and Cr in water and in algae from selected Black Sea bays in the region of Sevastopol","authors":"M. Niemiec, B. Wiśniowska-Kielian, M. Komorowska","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(4)34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(4)34","url":null,"abstract":"Trace metals play an important role in functioning of marine and ocean ecosystems. The particular importance of these elements in ecosystems of salt water basins results from their low concentrations in waters of these basins. The content of trace elements in ocean waters is from a few to several dozen times lower than in fresh waters. Such conditions caused that sea organisms developed, by means of evolution, the ability to intensive absorption of trace elements from water in order to meet the physiological demand for them. However, such abilities can cause excessive bioaccumulation of trace elements in ecosystems with elevated their supply, caused by human pressure or enrichment of the water environment from natural sources. The aim of this paper was to assess the nickel and chromium content in water and in algae from selected Black Sea bays near Sevastopol. The samples of water and algae were collected in August 2012 from eight bays in the region of Sevastopol (Galubaja, Kozacha, Kamyshova, Kruhla, Striletska, Pishchana, Pivdenna, the Sevastopolska Bay) as well as one sample from the open sea near Fiolent. Cystoseira barbata and Ulva rigida algae were collected from the same places. The collected water samples were conserved in situ and after being brought to the laboratory their contents of nickel and chromium were determined. The collected algae were rinsed in distilled water, dried, and then homogenized and mineralized. Content of the studied elements was determined in mineralisates by AAS method with electrothermal atomization. It was found that both elements concentrations in water from individual bays were 2–3 times different. The nickel content ranged between 1.74 and 4.14 gNi dm, and the chromium content was between 1.56 and 5.97 gCr dm. Water from the Striletska Bay contained the highest amount of the studied elements. The nickel content in the studied algae ranged between 1.967 and 12.87 mg kg d.m., and the chromium content between 0.342 and 7.650 mg kg d.m. A higher accumulation of these elements was found in Cystoseira barbata than in Ulva rigida. Algae collected in the Sevastopolska Bay contained the highest amount of nickel, and algae from the Pivdenna Bay contained the highest amount of chromium. The content of the studied DOI: 10.2428/ecea.2015.22(4)34 ECOL CHEM ENG A. 2015;22(4):433-446 1 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 21, 31–120 Kraków, Poland, phone: +48 12 662 43 47, fax: +48 12 662 43 41, email: niemiecm@o2.pl, rrkielia@cyf-kr.edu.pl, komorowska.monika@interia.pl * Corresponding author: rrkielia@cyf-kr.edu.pl elements in biomass of the algae was not correlated with their concentration in water. On the other hand, a significant correlation between the nickel content in the algae of both species was found. Values of nickel bioaccumulation coefficients in the studied ecosystems were close to values recorded in environments with high human pressur","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68905310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(1)08
M. Kandziora-Ciupa, A. Nadgórska-Socha, R. Ciepał, J. Janowicz
There were conducted studies concerning accumulation of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb) in Betula pendula Roth. leaves, in surface soil within cities of Silesian and Ma³opolska District. Additionally, there was studied guaiacol peroxidase activity and content of -SH groups. Concentrations of heavy metals in birch leaves in most cases did not exceed permissible values. There was noticed an increased Zn content (above 100 mg/kg d.m.) in Betula pendula Roth. leaves on the all studied stands of Silesia. Accumulation of Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb in soils of the Silesian cities often exceeded the permissible level. The conducted studies showed that there is a positive correlation between Zn accumulation in white birch leaves and its accumulation in surface soil. There were not noticed significant differences in content of non-protein -SH groups and guaiacol peroxidase activity in Betula pendula ROTH. leaves coming from Silesia and Ma³opolska District.
{"title":"Heavy metals content and biochemical indicators in birch leaves from polluted and clean areas","authors":"M. Kandziora-Ciupa, A. Nadgórska-Socha, R. Ciepał, J. Janowicz","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(1)08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(1)08","url":null,"abstract":"There were conducted studies concerning accumulation of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb) in Betula pendula Roth. leaves, in surface soil within cities of Silesian and Ma³opolska District. Additionally, there was studied guaiacol peroxidase activity and content of -SH groups. Concentrations of heavy metals in birch leaves in most cases did not exceed permissible values. There was noticed an increased Zn content (above 100 mg/kg d.m.) in Betula pendula Roth. leaves on the all studied stands of Silesia. Accumulation of Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb in soils of the Silesian cities often exceeded the permissible level. The conducted studies showed that there is a positive correlation between Zn accumulation in white birch leaves and its accumulation in surface soil. There were not noticed significant differences in content of non-protein -SH groups and guaiacol peroxidase activity in Betula pendula ROTH. leaves coming from Silesia and Ma³opolska District.","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68904599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)11
Dominika Kopańska, M. Dudziak, W. W. G. Nasypowych
This paper presents the analysis of selected urban and industrial areas containing made grounds in the superstratum. The studied soils were characterized by exceeded quality standards only for the presence of heavy metals. The specificity of the occurrence and the visible regularity of the presence of heavy metals in the geological profile were determined. Preliminary scenarios of the action in the event of the exceeded standards for soil quality were presented, showing also the type and scale of the problem. The quality of the soil was analysed taking into account the already existing legislation regarding standards for soil quality. The analysed soils originated from the Silesian Voivodeship.
{"title":"OCCURRENCE OF HEAVY METALS IN SELECTED MADE GROUNDS","authors":"Dominika Kopańska, M. Dudziak, W. W. G. Nasypowych","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)11","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the analysis of selected urban and industrial areas containing made grounds in the superstratum. The studied soils were characterized by exceeded quality standards only for the presence of heavy metals. The specificity of the occurrence and the visible regularity of the presence of heavy metals in the geological profile were determined. Preliminary scenarios of the action in the event of the exceeded standards for soil quality were presented, showing also the type and scale of the problem. The quality of the soil was analysed taking into account the already existing legislation regarding standards for soil quality. The analysed soils originated from the Silesian Voivodeship.","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68904628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)12
R. Gnatowska, Analiza Rozprzestrzeniania Siê Zanieczyszczeñ
The emission of a dangerous substance overlaps in vicinity of wide-range ground-based objects. Consequently, part of the process of dispersion pollution is determined by the flowing conditions and is shaped by their presence and distribution. However, under real conditions, complexes systems of terrain obstacles exist. A subject of interest among many authors is the flow and dispersion of pollutants surrounding single elements such as a hill or a building. This type of research enables a better understanding of the flow and propagation of pollutants on terrain with complex topography. The aim of the present work is the investigation of the influence of the complex character of a velocity field, particularly its periodic composition (non-stationary blowing) as well as rotating structures generated by obstacles such as hills on the propagation of various types of gaseous pollutants. The base of analysis represents the evolution of the carbon dioxide concentration in profiles surrounding hills or different locations in relation as well to the height of the source emission. By propagating a gaseous tracer in a oscillating flow from a source located in a flush zone, a source's location relative to circulation zones of increased level turbulent fluctuations of flow velocity can be determined.
{"title":"THE ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS DISPERSION IN HILLY TERRAIN","authors":"R. Gnatowska, Analiza Rozprzestrzeniania Siê Zanieczyszczeñ","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)12","url":null,"abstract":"The emission of a dangerous substance overlaps in vicinity of wide-range ground-based objects. Consequently, part of the process of dispersion pollution is determined by the flowing conditions and is shaped by their presence and distribution. However, under real conditions, complexes systems of terrain obstacles exist. A subject of interest among many authors is the flow and dispersion of pollutants surrounding single elements such as a hill or a building. This type of research enables a better understanding of the flow and propagation of pollutants on terrain with complex topography. The aim of the present work is the investigation of the influence of the complex character of a velocity field, particularly its periodic composition (non-stationary blowing) as well as rotating structures generated by obstacles such as hills on the propagation of various types of gaseous pollutants. The base of analysis represents the evolution of the carbon dioxide concentration in profiles surrounding hills or different locations in relation as well to the height of the source emission. By propagating a gaseous tracer in a oscillating flow from a source located in a flush zone, a source's location relative to circulation zones of increased level turbulent fluctuations of flow velocity can be determined.","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68904646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)15
T. Krzyśko-Łupicka, Ł. Kręcidło, M. Koszałkowska
Glyphosate is an active substance in the Roundup herbicide. The key process affecting its decomposition in the soil is microbial biodegradation. Bacteria that are able to break the C-P bond use this substance as a source of phosphorus. The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of thirty strains of soil bacteria to grow in the presence of glyphosate which was the sole source of phosphorus. Morphologically and physiologically varied soil bacteria strains were the subject of the study. Their ability to grow in the presence of glyphosate being the only phosphorus source was examined using a modified Dworkin-Foster growth medium. The modification itself consisted in introducing to the medium 0.5 mM dm of glyphosate which was to serve as an alternative source of phosphorus. The control sample in the study was the bacterial growth in two Dworkin-Foster growth media: a complete one (unmodified) and a phosphorus-free one. The growth intensity of the analyzed strains was assessed by means of spectrophotometry ( = 490 nm). Substantial differences in the growth intensity of the analyzed bacterial strains were observed in the presence of glyphosate, which was the sole source of phosphorus. Only eight out of the analyzed strains showed growth similar to what was observed in the case of the unmodified Dworkin-Foster medium, whereas all the remaining ones grew at a much slower rate.
草甘膦是农达除草剂中的一种活性物质。影响其在土壤中分解的关键过程是微生物降解。能够破坏碳磷键的细菌利用这种物质作为磷的来源。这项研究的目的是调查30株土壤细菌在草甘膦存在下生长的能力，草甘膦是磷的唯一来源。以形态和生理变化各异的土壤细菌菌株为研究对象。它们在草甘膦存在下的生长能力是唯一的磷源，使用改良的德沃金-福斯特生长培养基进行了检测。改性本身包括在培养基中加入0.5 mM dm的草甘膦，作为磷的替代来源。本研究的对照样本是细菌在两种德沃金-福斯特培养基中的生长:一种是完全的(未修饰的)培养基，另一种是无磷的培养基。采用分光光度法测定菌株的生长强度(= 490 nm)。在草甘膦(磷的唯一来源)存在的情况下，所分析的细菌菌株的生长强度存在实质性差异。在被分析的菌株中，只有8个菌株的生长情况与未修改的德沃金-福斯特培养基中观察到的情况相似，而其余的菌株的生长速度都要慢得多。
{"title":"The ability of selected bacteria to grow in the presence of glyphosate","authors":"T. Krzyśko-Łupicka, Ł. Kręcidło, M. Koszałkowska","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2015.22(2)15","url":null,"abstract":"Glyphosate is an active substance in the Roundup herbicide. The key process affecting its decomposition in the soil is microbial biodegradation. Bacteria that are able to break the C-P bond use this substance as a source of phosphorus. The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of thirty strains of soil bacteria to grow in the presence of glyphosate which was the sole source of phosphorus. Morphologically and physiologically varied soil bacteria strains were the subject of the study. Their ability to grow in the presence of glyphosate being the only phosphorus source was examined using a modified Dworkin-Foster growth medium. The modification itself consisted in introducing to the medium 0.5 mM dm of glyphosate which was to serve as an alternative source of phosphorus. The control sample in the study was the bacterial growth in two Dworkin-Foster growth media: a complete one (unmodified) and a phosphorus-free one. The growth intensity of the analyzed strains was assessed by means of spectrophotometry ( = 490 nm). Substantial differences in the growth intensity of the analyzed bacterial strains were observed in the presence of glyphosate, which was the sole source of phosphorus. Only eight out of the analyzed strains showed growth similar to what was observed in the case of the unmodified Dworkin-Foster medium, whereas all the remaining ones grew at a much slower rate.","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68904690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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