Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1353/jcl.2017.a934138
Huayun Wang, Jianguo Xiong, Cenhong Luo
The word mulaolao (木佬佬) in Wu Chinese first appeared in written documents published during the period of the former Republic of China. It originated in Hangzhou dialect and spread to other regions such as Ningbo Taizhou, Jinhua, and Shanghai. In Hangzhou dialect, mulaolao serves both adjectival and adverbial purposes, and it is believed to have derived from the expressive adjective manlaolao (蛮老老). In manlaolao, the suffix - laolao (老老) intensifies the degree of a state or property and is written as “佬佬” due to its uncertain etymology. The man (蛮) part originally meant “rude and unreasonable” or “doughty” but has evolved to also mean “many”. In its weakened form, it underwent a checkedization1 process and was consequently pronounced as mu and written with a homophonous character “木”. The adjectival form of mulaolao is widely used, but in adverbial positions, it underwent semantic bleaching to become an adverb and fused into mao (冒). The adverbial usage of mulaolao is less prevalent among younger speakers.
{"title":"The origin of the adjectival and adverbial mulaolao in Wu Chinese","authors":"Huayun Wang, Jianguo Xiong, Cenhong Luo","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a934138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a934138","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The word <i>mulaolao</i> (木佬佬) in Wu Chinese first appeared in written documents published during the period of the former Republic of China. It originated in Hangzhou dialect and spread to other regions such as Ningbo Taizhou, Jinhua, and Shanghai. In Hangzhou dialect, <i>mulaolao</i> serves both adjectival and adverbial purposes, and it is believed to have derived from the expressive adjective <i>manlaolao</i> (蛮老老). In <i>manlaolao</i>, the suffix - <i>laolao</i> (老老) intensifies the degree of a state or property and is written as “佬佬” due to its uncertain etymology. The man (蛮) part originally meant “rude and unreasonable” or “doughty” but has evolved to also mean “many”. In its weakened form, it underwent a checkedization1 process and was consequently pronounced as <i>mu </i>and written with a homophonous character “木”. The adjectival form of <i>mulaolao</i> is widely used, but in adverbial positions, it underwent semantic bleaching to become an adverb and fused into <i>mao</i> (冒). The adverbial usage of <i>mulaolao</i> is less prevalent among younger speakers.</p>","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1353/jcl.2017.a934139
Zengwen Song, Xiaoli Wan
The “Ruguo(如果)” sentence refers to a conditional complex sentence connected by the hypothetical association word “Ruguo( 如果)”. The counterfactual “Ruguo(如果)” sentence includes subjective and objective counterfactual sentence. The judgment of subjective counterfactuality depends on semantic recognition and logical derivation. According to the objective truth and falsehood of the previous and last clause, we can divide the subjective counterfactual “Ruguo( 如 果 )” sentence into 4 categories: A true B false, A true B true or false, A true or false B true, A true or false B false. The pragmatic deriving mode can be summarized as containing both derivation and implicit derivation. The subjective counterfactual “Ruguo(如果)” sentence has the function of expressing stance, including explicit analogies and implicit negation.
如 果(如果)"句是指由假设关联词 "如 果(如果)"连接起来的条件复句。如 果(如果)"反事实句包括主观反事实句和客观反事实句。主观反事实的判断依赖于语义识别和逻辑推导。根据前后分句的客观真假,我们可以将主观反事实的 "如 果 "句分为四类:A 真 B 假、A 真 B 真假、A 真假 B 真、A 真假 B 假。语用引申模式可以概括为包含引申和隐含引申两种。主观反事实 "如 果 "句具有表达立场的功能,包括显性类比和隐性否定。
{"title":"From analogies to negativity: Pragmatic functions and stance expression of subjective counterfactual ruguo sentence. (In Chinese)","authors":"Zengwen Song, Xiaoli Wan","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a934139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a934139","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The “Ruguo(如果)” sentence refers to a conditional complex sentence connected by the hypothetical association word “Ruguo( 如果)”. The counterfactual “Ruguo(如果)” sentence includes subjective and objective counterfactual sentence. The judgment of subjective counterfactuality depends on semantic recognition and logical derivation. According to the objective truth and falsehood of the previous and last clause, we can divide the subjective counterfactual “Ruguo( 如 果 )” sentence into 4 categories: A true B false, A true B true or false, A true or false B true, A true or false B false. The pragmatic deriving mode can be summarized as containing both derivation and implicit derivation. The subjective counterfactual “Ruguo(如果)” sentence has the function of expressing stance, including explicit analogies and implicit negation. </p>","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1353/jcl.2017.a933424
Hao Yan, Yingying Huang, Yanqin Feng, Limin Zhang, Yanlong Zhang, Anna Zhen, Jie Dong
Most second language (L2) learners comprehend words more difficult in its spoken form than the written form (Bekleyen 2009). Based on the findings of previous studies, we assumed that word frequency and language proficiency may be two critical factors in spoken word identification. To investigate how these two factors modulate L2 spoken word identification, we recruited Chinese-English bilinguals with different English proficiency levels, and manipulated words’ orthographic consistency, and word frequency. Our results supported the phonological restructuring account, it suggested that only high frequency L2 spoken words can achieve phonological restructuring and rely on orthographic information to access meaning. The less frequently used word has a weak spelling-sound connection, leaving the primitive sound-meaning route the only choice. This effect may be unrelated to language proficiency, the order that orthographic and phonological information is acquired, or the language system. Altogether, these results revealed that Chinese-English bilinguals rely on both the direct route and the orthography-mediation route to process L2 spoken words. The choice of which route is modulated by word frequency.
{"title":"Word Frequency Modulates the Selection of Semantic Access Pathways of Spoken Words in the Second Language","authors":"Hao Yan, Yingying Huang, Yanqin Feng, Limin Zhang, Yanlong Zhang, Anna Zhen, Jie Dong","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a933424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a933424","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most second language (L2) learners comprehend words more difficult in its spoken form than the written form (Bekleyen 2009). Based on the findings of previous studies, we assumed that word frequency and language proficiency may be two critical factors in spoken word identification. To investigate how these two factors modulate L2 spoken word identification, we recruited Chinese-English bilinguals with different English proficiency levels, and manipulated words’ orthographic consistency, and word frequency. Our results supported the phonological restructuring account, it suggested that only high frequency L2 spoken words can achieve phonological restructuring and rely on orthographic information to access meaning. The less frequently used word has a weak spelling-sound connection, leaving the primitive sound-meaning route the only choice. This effect may be unrelated to language proficiency, the order that orthographic and phonological information is acquired, or the language system. Altogether, these results revealed that Chinese-English bilinguals rely on both the direct route and the orthography-mediation route to process L2 spoken words. The choice of which route is modulated by word frequency.</p>","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141744519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1353/jcl.2017.a933425
Jackie Yan-Ki Lai, Lawrence Yam-Leung Cheung, Yenan Sun
This article compares the resumptive and expletive views on an understudied use of the Cantonese pronoun keoi5. We demonstrate that the resumptive view as recently proposed in Yip and Ahenkorah (2022) raises a number of complications, and the so-called dummy keoi5 is better analyzed as a non-subject expletive, in line with traditional descriptions in Matthews and Yip (1994/2011).
{"title":"The Resumptive View of the Cantonese Dummy keoi5 Revisited","authors":"Jackie Yan-Ki Lai, Lawrence Yam-Leung Cheung, Yenan Sun","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a933425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a933425","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article compares the resumptive and expletive views on an understudied use of the Cantonese pronoun <em>keoi5</em>. We demonstrate that the resumptive view as recently proposed in Yip and Ahenkorah (2022) raises a number of complications, and the so-called dummy <em>keoi5</em> is better analyzed as a non-subject expletive, in line with traditional descriptions in Matthews and Yip (1994/2011).</p>","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141744520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ethnic Integration and Evolution of the Phonological Features of Northern Standard Chinese Language","authors":"Weimin Wang","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a933423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a933423","url":null,"abstract":"民族融合往往伴随着语言接触和语言转换。“民族融合”的过程就是将北方标准汉语“重塑”为族际共同语进而成为民族共同语的过程。只有基于以阿尔泰语为主的北方诸民族语音系规则和音韵结构特征重新思考并深入研究以阿尔泰为主的北方诸民族在转用汉语过程中对汉语形成的干扰和影响,才能理解民族共同语是在民族融合过程中汉族与其他民族共同塑造的语言共同体。在民族共同语形成的过程中,民族语者不仅是民族共同语的传播者,也是民族共同语的共同塑造者。","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141853437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1353/jcl.2017.a933144
Robert Marcelo Sevilla
犹豫标记置身语言学与副语言学的边界,占据一个既有跨语言共性又具特定语言特征的区域(Candea et al. 2005; Dingemanse and Woensdregt 2020)。本研究旨在透过分析犹豫标记在香港粤语中,包含元音音色及F0的声学特性,扩充对这些语义周边项目的理解。Dingemanse and Woensdregt(2020)最近的研究论及犹豫标记有跨语言声学相似性,亦受制于各语言对自身的音段音韵学的持守。不过,香港粤语作为“全音节语言”(Matisoff 1995),每个音节均附上声调,犹豫标记应如何纳入香港粤语的声调音韵学,这仍不清楚。本研究从理工大学中文口语语料库(PolyU Corpus of Spoken Chinese, http://wongtaksum.no-ip.info:81/corpus.htm)集结F0、F1–F2及时长的声学资料,横跨十位语者,共196个犹豫标记,与525个词汇作比较分析。F1–F2的结果围绕半开前元音/ɛ/丛集,与跨语言趋势及香港粤语音韵学均能匹配。F0的结果则丛集于近乎最低的音高,接近调三及调六,合乎最少付出倾向的预想。可是,要与特定字词声调建立联系仍很复杂,因为调三及调六相似,不能以统计学区分。夸语者分析显示F0有相当变化,提示语境、语调或个人习语变化可能有重大影响。这对理解全音节语言如粤语如何应对犹豫标记等等周边项目有所提示。
犹豫标记置身语言学与副语言学的边界,占据一个既有跨语言共性又具特定语言特征的区域(Candea et al. 2005; Dingemanse and Woensdregt 2020)。本研究旨在透过分析犹豫标记在香港粤语中,包含元音音色及F0的声学特性,扩充对这些语义周边项目的理解。Dingemanse and Woensdregt(2020)最近的研究论及犹豫标记有跨语言声学相似性,亦受制于各语言对自身的音段音韵学的持守。不过,香港粤语作为“全音节语言”(Matisoff 1995),每个音节均附上声调,犹豫标记应如何纳入香港粤语的声调音韵学,这仍不清楚。本研究从理工大学中文口语语料库(PolyU Corpus of Spoken Chinese, http://wongtaksum.no-ip.info:81/corpus.htm)集结F0、F1–F2及时长的声学资料,横跨十位语者,共196个犹豫标记,与525个词汇作比较分析。F1–F2的结果围绕半开前元音/ɛ/丛集,与跨语言趋势及香港粤语音韵学均能匹配。F0的结果则丛集于近乎最低的音高,接近调三及调六,合乎最少付出倾向的预想。可是,要与特定字词声调建立联系仍很复杂,因为调三及调六相似,不能以统计学区分。夸语者分析显示F0有相当变化,提示语境、语调或个人习语变化可能有重大影响。这对理解全音节语言如粤语如何应对犹豫标记等等周边项目有所提示。
{"title":"Acoustic Patterns in Hong Kong Cantonese Hesitation Markers: Vowel Quality and Omnisyllabic Tone","authors":"Robert Marcelo Sevilla","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a933144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a933144","url":null,"abstract":"犹豫标记置身语言学与副语言学的边界,占据一个既有跨语言共性又具特定语言特征的区域(Candea et al. 2005; Dingemanse and Woensdregt 2020)。本研究旨在透过分析犹豫标记在香港粤语中,包含元音音色及F0的声学特性,扩充对这些语义周边项目的理解。Dingemanse and Woensdregt(2020)最近的研究论及犹豫标记有跨语言声学相似性,亦受制于各语言对自身的音段音韵学的持守。不过,香港粤语作为“全音节语言”(Matisoff 1995),每个音节均附上声调,犹豫标记应如何纳入香港粤语的声调音韵学,这仍不清楚。本研究从理工大学中文口语语料库(PolyU Corpus of Spoken Chinese, http://wongtaksum.no-ip.info:81/corpus.htm)集结F0、F1–F2及时长的声学资料,横跨十位语者,共196个犹豫标记,与525个词汇作比较分析。F1–F2的结果围绕半开前元音/ɛ/丛集,与跨语言趋势及香港粤语音韵学均能匹配。F0的结果则丛集于近乎最低的音高,接近调三及调六,合乎最少付出倾向的预想。可是,要与特定字词声调建立联系仍很复杂,因为调三及调六相似,不能以统计学区分。夸语者分析显示F0有相当变化,提示语境、语调或个人习语变化可能有重大影响。这对理解全音节语言如粤语如何应对犹豫标记等等周边项目有所提示。","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141690992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Historical Phonological Explanation of the Mutual Connection Between the * Et and * It Rhyme Groups: A Study on the Phonetic Changes / 月\u00002部、质部相通的历史音变解释","authors":"Tiangang Bian","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a933143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a933143","url":null,"abstract":"月\u00002部 *et、质部 *it原本是泾渭分明的不同韵部,后来能够跨部相通,\u0000是历史音变的结果和反映。两部相通萌芽于西汉,显著于东汉,主要\u0000集中在三、四等韵。两部入声四等韵相通,是 质 屑 、 月 2屑 合流为中古\u0000《切韵》四等屑韵的先声;两部去声四等韵相通,是质 霁 、 月 2霁 合流\u0000为 中古《切韵》四等霁韵的先声。两部三等韵相通主要集中在舌齿音\u0000声母,但不见于河洛雅音,可能是方音现象,中古《切韵》音系中薛\u0000韵字的质韵异读,以及祭韵字的至韵异读,可能源自该方言创新音变\u0000的影响。","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141700452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}