摘要:当代汉语发生的巨变,主要表现在词汇的整体结构、具体单位以及意 义等方面。上述变化总体表现为对原有规范一定程度的偏离甚至突破, 反映了当代汉语的“趋新性”。对 1949 年前某些旧有形式的恢复与重新使用,则属“复旧性”变化。前者直接或间接与西方因素的影响 有关,为语言发展理论提供了大量活生生的具体事实,也给社会语言 学的“语言与社会共变”命题、语言变异与接触理论及语体理论等提 供了最新的材料、解释与补充。上述变化给当代汉语研究带来机遇与 挑战:既为观察当代语言发展变化提供了绝佳窗口,也推动当下的语 言研究进入“秒时代”;另一方面,它们对传统的语言文字观、知识 体系和一些具体问题的处理与认识提出挑战,需要积极应对。ABSTRACT:Great changes have taken place in contemporary Chinese, which are mainly reflected in the overall structure, specific units and meanings of vocabulary. The above-mentioned changes are generally manifested as a certain degree of deviation or even breakthrough from the original norms, reflecting the “new tendency” of contemporary Chinese; in addition, the restoration and reuse of some old forms before 1949 are “restorative” changes. The former is directly or indirectly related to the influence of western factors, providing a large number of concrete facts for the theory of language development, as well as the latest materials, explanations and supplements for the proposition of “language and social co-variation” by sociolinguistics, the theory of language variation and contact, and the theory of style, etc. The above changes have brought opportunities and challenges to contemporary Chinese research. They not only provide an excellent window for observing the development and changes of contemporary languages, but also promote the current language research into the “second era”; on the other hand, they challenge the traditional view of language and characters, knowledge system and the processing and understanding of some specific issues, which need to be actively addressed.
摘要:当代汉语发生的巨变,主要表现在词汇的整体结构、具体单位以及意 义等方面。上述变化总体表现为对原有规范一定程度的偏离甚至突破, 反映了当代汉语的“趋新性”。对 1949 年前某些旧有形式的恢复与重新使用,则属“复旧性”变化。前者直接或间接与西方因素的影响 有关,为语言发展理论提供了大量活生生的具体事实,也给社会语言 学的“语言与社会共变”命题、语言变异与接触理论及语体理论等提 供了最新的材料、解释与补充。上述变化给当代汉语研究带来机遇与 挑战:既为观察当代语言发展变化提供了绝佳窗口,也推动当下的语 言研究进入“秒时代”;另一方面,它们对传统的语言文字观、知识 体系和一些具体问题的处理与认识提出挑战,需要积极应对。ABSTRACT:Great changes have taken place in contemporary Chinese, which are mainly reflected in the overall structure, specific units and meanings of vocabulary. The above-mentioned changes are generally manifested as a certain degree of deviation or even breakthrough from the original norms, reflecting the “new tendency” of contemporary Chinese; in addition, the restoration and reuse of some old forms before 1949 are “restorative” changes. The former is directly or indirectly related to the influence of western factors, providing a large number of concrete facts for the theory of language development, as well as the latest materials, explanations and supplements for the proposition of “language and social co-variation” by sociolinguistics, the theory of language variation and contact, and the theory of style, etc. The above changes have brought opportunities and challenges to contemporary Chinese research. They not only provide an excellent window for observing the development and changes of contemporary languages, but also promote the current language research into the “second era”; on the other hand, they challenge the traditional view of language and characters, knowledge system and the processing and understanding of some specific issues, which need to be actively addressed.
{"title":"机遇与挑战: 论当代汉语中的外来因素及其影响","authors":"晏斌 刁, 月莉 卢","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2022.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2022.0023","url":null,"abstract":"摘要:当代汉语发生的巨变,主要表现在词汇的整体结构、具体单位以及意 义等方面。上述变化总体表现为对原有规范一定程度的偏离甚至突破, 反映了当代汉语的“趋新性”。对 1949 年前某些旧有形式的恢复与重新使用,则属“复旧性”变化。前者直接或间接与西方因素的影响 有关,为语言发展理论提供了大量活生生的具体事实,也给社会语言 学的“语言与社会共变”命题、语言变异与接触理论及语体理论等提 供了最新的材料、解释与补充。上述变化给当代汉语研究带来机遇与 挑战:既为观察当代语言发展变化提供了绝佳窗口,也推动当下的语 言研究进入“秒时代”;另一方面,它们对传统的语言文字观、知识 体系和一些具体问题的处理与认识提出挑战,需要积极应对。ABSTRACT:Great changes have taken place in contemporary Chinese, which are mainly reflected in the overall structure, specific units and meanings of vocabulary. The above-mentioned changes are generally manifested as a certain degree of deviation or even breakthrough from the original norms, reflecting the “new tendency” of contemporary Chinese; in addition, the restoration and reuse of some old forms before 1949 are “restorative” changes. The former is directly or indirectly related to the influence of western factors, providing a large number of concrete facts for the theory of language development, as well as the latest materials, explanations and supplements for the proposition of “language and social co-variation” by sociolinguistics, the theory of language variation and contact, and the theory of style, etc. The above changes have brought opportunities and challenges to contemporary Chinese research. They not only provide an excellent window for observing the development and changes of contemporary languages, but also promote the current language research into the “second era”; on the other hand, they challenge the traditional view of language and characters, knowledge system and the processing and understanding of some specific issues, which need to be actively addressed.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"604 - 624"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48517904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
摘要:湘语中的“在屋里”既能表示某一时点动作正在进行,也能表示某一时段动作的持续进行或惯常发生,还可以与形容词共现表示某种状态,呈现出“低聚焦”的特点。“在屋里”在演变过程中与“在这/那里” 相互竞争,经历了“高聚焦>低聚焦>零聚焦”的动态过程,其“低聚焦”性与“在这/那里”的“高聚焦”性在非完整体内部形成对立。“在屋里”的虚化受原型模型的驱动,同时隐喻、类推和重新分析等机制发挥了重要作用,其过程同时伴随主观性增强的特征。ABSTRACT:Zai wu-li (literally “in the house”) in Xiang dialect can be used to denote the progressiveness of an act in a particular time point, and the continuity or habituality of an act in a period of time, and can co-occur with adjectives to indicate a certain state. It displays a feature of low focality. Competing with zai zhe-er/na-er (meaning here/there), zai wu-li has undergone a dynamic evolution of “high focality>low focality> non-focality”, and its low focality contrasts with the high focality displayed by zai zhe-er/na-er in Xiang dialect within the imperfective system. The grammaticalization of zai wu-li is largely driven by prototype model, while mechanisms like metaphor, analogy and reanalysis also play a role. The grammaticalization process is accompanied by the enhancement of subjectivity.
摘要:湘语中的“在屋里”既能表示某一时点动作正在进行,也能表示某一时段动作的持续进行或惯常发生,还可以与形容词共现表示某种状态,呈现出“低聚焦”的特点。“在屋里”在演变过程中与“在这/那里” 相互竞争,经历了“高聚焦>低聚焦>零聚焦”的动态过程,其“低聚焦”性与“在这/那里”的“高聚焦”性在非完整体内部形成对立。“在屋里”的虚化受原型模型的驱动,同时隐喻、类推和重新分析等机制发挥了重要作用,其过程同时伴随主观性增强的特征。ABSTRACT:Zai wu-li (literally “in the house”) in Xiang dialect can be used to denote the progressiveness of an act in a particular time point, and the continuity or habituality of an act in a period of time, and can co-occur with adjectives to indicate a certain state. It displays a feature of low focality. Competing with zai zhe-er/na-er (meaning here/there), zai wu-li has undergone a dynamic evolution of “high focality>low focality> non-focality”, and its low focality contrasts with the high focality displayed by zai zhe-er/na-er in Xiang dialect within the imperfective system. The grammaticalization of zai wu-li is largely driven by prototype model, while mechanisms like metaphor, analogy and reanalysis also play a role. The grammaticalization process is accompanied by the enhancement of subjectivity.
{"title":"湘语非完整体标记 “在屋里” 的聚焦度及其演变研究","authors":"芸华 王","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2022.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2022.0029","url":null,"abstract":"摘要:湘语中的“在屋里”既能表示某一时点动作正在进行,也能表示某一时段动作的持续进行或惯常发生,还可以与形容词共现表示某种状态,呈现出“低聚焦”的特点。“在屋里”在演变过程中与“在这/那里” 相互竞争,经历了“高聚焦>低聚焦>零聚焦”的动态过程,其“低聚焦”性与“在这/那里”的“高聚焦”性在非完整体内部形成对立。“在屋里”的虚化受原型模型的驱动,同时隐喻、类推和重新分析等机制发挥了重要作用,其过程同时伴随主观性增强的特征。ABSTRACT:Zai wu-li (literally “in the house”) in Xiang dialect can be used to denote the progressiveness of an act in a particular time point, and the continuity or habituality of an act in a period of time, and can co-occur with adjectives to indicate a certain state. It displays a feature of low focality. Competing with zai zhe-er/na-er (meaning here/there), zai wu-li has undergone a dynamic evolution of “high focality>low focality> non-focality”, and its low focality contrasts with the high focality displayed by zai zhe-er/na-er in Xiang dialect within the imperfective system. The grammaticalization of zai wu-li is largely driven by prototype model, while mechanisms like metaphor, analogy and reanalysis also play a role. The grammaticalization process is accompanied by the enhancement of subjectivity.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"756 - 774"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45089285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
摘要:廉江粤方言存在助动词“惯 1”和体助词“惯 2”,分别位于动词前和动词后,都表惯常体意义。基于对两者细致的描写,我们认为廉江粤方言、贵港粤客方言的“惯”已由补语语法化为惯常体助词;广州话的补语“ 惯” 未能进一步语法化为惯常体助词, 其惯常体助词为“开”。汉语方言的惯常体标记经历了“补语>体助词”(如广州话的“开”,廉江话的“惯 2”)、“动词>助动词”(如廉江话的“惯 1”) 两条途径。表惯常的助动词、补语、体助词,均可视为汉语惯常范畴的表现形式。这些形式专门表示惯常意义,是惯常范畴研究的重要内容。把共时静态描写和动态演变(语法化)相结合,对方言语法现象进行测试式的描写和比较,这一“静−动”结合的描写框架,是方言语法描写研究发展的新要求。ABSTRACT:In Lianjiang Yue dialect, the auxiliary verb “guan1” and the aspect particle “guan2”, which place before and after verbs respectively, refer to habitual meaning. By investigating these two words, we find that in Lianjiang Yue dialect, Guigang Yue dialect and Hakka dialect, “guan” has grammaticalized from descriptive complement to habitual particle, while in Guangzhou dialect “guan” has not evolved in this way. The habitual particle in Guangzhou dialect is “kai”. There are two paths of grammaticalization for the habitual particles in Chinese dialect. One is from descriptive complement to habitual aspect (such as “kai” in Guangzhou dialect, and “guan2” in Lianjiang dialect), while the other is from verb to auxiliary verb (such as “guan1” in Lianjiang Yue dialect). Auxiliary verbs, descriptive complements and aspect particles referring to habitual meaning all fall into the habitual category, and they are important to the study of the habitual category in Chinese. In this paper, we examine the postverbal “guan” in Lianjiang Yue dialect within the “static– dynamic” framework of dialectal grammar research, studying its current usage as well as its evolvement. This is the new requirement for the descriptive research on dialectal grammar.
Abstract: The Lianjiang Cantonese dialect has the auxiliary verb "habit-1" and the aspect auxiliary word "habit-2", which are located before and after the verb respectively, indicating the meaning of the habitual aspect. Based on a detailed description of the two, we believe that the "habituation" of the Lianjiang Cantonese dialect and the Guigang Cantonese Hakka dialect has been grammaticalized from complement to habitual auxiliary words; The complement "habituation" in Guangzhou dialect has not been further grammaticalized as a customary auxiliary word, and its customary auxiliary word is "kai". The habitual aspect markers in Chinese dialects have gone through two paths: "complement>aspect auxiliary" (such as "kai" in Guangzhou dialect and "habit-2" in Lianjiang dialect), and "verb>auxiliary" (such as "habit-1" in Lianjiang dialect). Usual auxiliary verbs, complements, and aspect auxiliary words can all be regarded as expressions of Chinese habitual categories. These forms specifically represent habitual meanings and are important content in the study of habitual categories. The combination of synchronous static description and dynamic evolution (grammaticalization) is a new requirement for the research and development of dialect grammar description, which provides a testing based description and comparison of dialect grammar phenomena. ABSTRACT: In Lianjiang Yue dialect, the auxiliary verb "guan1" and the aspect particle "guan2", which place before and after verbs respectively, refer to bilateral means By investing these two words, we found that in Lijiang Yue dialect, Guangdong Yue dialect and Hakka dialect, "guan" has grammaticalized from descriptive completion to biological particles, while in Guangzhou dialect "guan" has not evolved in this way The biological particle in Guangzhou dialect is "kai" There are two paths of graphitization for the biological particles in Chinese dialect One is from descriptive completion to biological aspect (such as "kai" in Guangzhou dialect, and "guan2" in Lijiang dialect), while the other is from verb to auxiliary verb (such as "guan1" in Lijiang Yue dialect) Auxiliary verbs, descriptive elements and aspect particles referring to verbal means all fall into the verbal category, and they are important to the study of the verbal category in Chinese In this paper, we examine the postverbal "guan" in Lijiang Yue dialect within the "static dynamic" framework of dialectal grammar research, studying its current usage as well as its evolution This is the new requirement for the descriptive research on dialectal grammar
{"title":"描写与比较: 廉江粤语的惯常体","authors":"华勇 林, 华琛 李, 子维 钟","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2022.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2022.0028","url":null,"abstract":"摘要:廉江粤方言存在助动词“惯 1”和体助词“惯 2”,分别位于动词前和动词后,都表惯常体意义。基于对两者细致的描写,我们认为廉江粤方言、贵港粤客方言的“惯”已由补语语法化为惯常体助词;广州话的补语“ 惯” 未能进一步语法化为惯常体助词, 其惯常体助词为“开”。汉语方言的惯常体标记经历了“补语>体助词”(如广州话的“开”,廉江话的“惯 2”)、“动词>助动词”(如廉江话的“惯 1”) 两条途径。表惯常的助动词、补语、体助词,均可视为汉语惯常范畴的表现形式。这些形式专门表示惯常意义,是惯常范畴研究的重要内容。把共时静态描写和动态演变(语法化)相结合,对方言语法现象进行测试式的描写和比较,这一“静−动”结合的描写框架,是方言语法描写研究发展的新要求。ABSTRACT:In Lianjiang Yue dialect, the auxiliary verb “guan1” and the aspect particle “guan2”, which place before and after verbs respectively, refer to habitual meaning. By investigating these two words, we find that in Lianjiang Yue dialect, Guigang Yue dialect and Hakka dialect, “guan” has grammaticalized from descriptive complement to habitual particle, while in Guangzhou dialect “guan” has not evolved in this way. The habitual particle in Guangzhou dialect is “kai”. There are two paths of grammaticalization for the habitual particles in Chinese dialect. One is from descriptive complement to habitual aspect (such as “kai” in Guangzhou dialect, and “guan2” in Lianjiang dialect), while the other is from verb to auxiliary verb (such as “guan1” in Lianjiang Yue dialect). Auxiliary verbs, descriptive complements and aspect particles referring to habitual meaning all fall into the habitual category, and they are important to the study of the habitual category in Chinese. In this paper, we examine the postverbal “guan” in Lianjiang Yue dialect within the “static– dynamic” framework of dialectal grammar research, studying its current usage as well as its evolvement. This is the new requirement for the descriptive research on dialectal grammar.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"730 - 755"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44655633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
摘要:本文以現代湘語方言為基礎,利用《切韻》框架探討其中存在的山攝開口三四等——亦即仙韻與先韻——的音韻區別,並根據現代湘語的實際語音表現,擬測原始湘語中這一對韻母的早期形式(proto form)。關於現代湘語是否能夠區分山攝仙先,學者間存在正反不同的意見。本文在前人的基礎上擴大比較湘語的範圍以及同源詞數量,一方面證明原始湘語中仙先的語音區別,一方面擬測其原始形式。本文的結論認為:1)現代湘語中確實保存仙先的區別,並在中古精系聲母及來母的環境下存在對立;2)根據現代湘語的語音表現,仙三在原始湘語可擬為*-iɑn, 先四則可擬為*-ian; 3)透過吳ˎ閩ˎ湘三個原始方言的比較,可以建立六朝江東方言*-iɑn 與*-ian 的對立。這個現象顯示江東方言與湘語的密切關係。ABSTRACT:Based on the framework of the Qièyùn (切韻) system, this paper explores phonological distinctions between Grade III and Grade IV of the Shān Shè (山攝) rhyme group, namely the Xiān (仙) and Xiān (先) rhyme, in Modern Xiang . Whether the Xiān (仙)/Xiān (先) distinction exists or not in modern Xiang dialects is still under debate. These different views constitute the primary research motivation of this paper. This paper concludes that:1. The Xiān (仙)/Xiān (先) distinction is indeed preserved in Modern Xiang, and the phonological contrast occurs after the initials of the Jing (精) series of Middle Chinese. 2. According to the phonetic representation in Modern Xiang, Xiān (仙) could be reconstructed as *-iɑn and Xiān (先) as *-ian. 3. By comparing with other proto dialects, we reconstruct the contrast of *- iɑn and *-ian in the old Jiangdong dialect of the Six Dynasties, which establishes the close relationship between Xiang and Jiangdong dialect in history.
摘要:本文以现代湘语方言为基础,利用《切韵》框架探讨其中存在的山摄开口三四等——亦即仙韵与先韵——的音韵区别,并根据现代湘语的实际语音表现,拟测原始湘语中这一对韵母的早期形式(proto form)。关于现代湘语是否能够区分山摄仙先,学者间存在正反不同的意见。本文在前人的基础上扩大比较湘语的范围以及同源词数量,一方面证明原始湘语中仙先的语音区别,一方面拟测其原始形式。本文的结论认为:1)现代湘语中确实保存仙先的区别,并在中古精系声母及来母的环境下存在对立;2)根据现代湘语的语音表现,仙三在原始湘语可拟为*-iɑn, 先四则可拟为*-ian; 3)透过吴ˎ闽ˎ湘三个原始方言的比较,可以建立六朝江东方言*-iɑn 与*-ian 的对立。这个现象显示江东方言与湘语的密切关系。ABSTRACT:Based on the framework of the Qièyùn (切韵) system, this paper explores phonological distinctions between Grade III and Grade IV of the Shān Shè (山摄) rhyme group, namely the Xiān (仙) and Xiān (先) rhyme, in Modern Xiang . Whether the Xiān (仙)/Xiān (先) distinction exists or not in modern Xiang dialects is still under debate. These different views constitute the primary research motivation of this paper. This paper concludes that:1. The Xiān (仙)/Xiān (先) distinction is indeed preserved in Modern Xiang, and the phonological contrast occurs after the initials of the Jing (精) series of Middle Chinese. 2. According to the phonetic representation in Modern Xiang, Xiān (仙) could be reconstructed as *-iɑn and Xiān (先) as *-ian. 3. By comparing with other proto dialects, we reconstruct the contrast of *- iɑn and *-ian in the old Jiangdong dialect of the Six Dynasties, which establishes the close relationship between Xiang and Jiangdong dialect in history.
{"title":"論現代湘語中的仙先之別及其早期形式的擬測","authors":"瑞文 吳","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2022.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2022.0030","url":null,"abstract":"摘要:本文以現代湘語方言為基礎,利用《切韻》框架探討其中存在的山攝開口三四等——亦即仙韻與先韻——的音韻區別,並根據現代湘語的實際語音表現,擬測原始湘語中這一對韻母的早期形式(proto form)。關於現代湘語是否能夠區分山攝仙先,學者間存在正反不同的意見。本文在前人的基礎上擴大比較湘語的範圍以及同源詞數量,一方面證明原始湘語中仙先的語音區別,一方面擬測其原始形式。本文的結論認為:1)現代湘語中確實保存仙先的區別,並在中古精系聲母及來母的環境下存在對立;2)根據現代湘語的語音表現,仙三在原始湘語可擬為*-iɑn, 先四則可擬為*-ian; 3)透過吳ˎ閩ˎ湘三個原始方言的比較,可以建立六朝江東方言*-iɑn 與*-ian 的對立。這個現象顯示江東方言與湘語的密切關係。ABSTRACT:Based on the framework of the Qièyùn (切韻) system, this paper explores phonological distinctions between Grade III and Grade IV of the Shān Shè (山攝) rhyme group, namely the Xiān (仙) and Xiān (先) rhyme, in Modern Xiang . Whether the Xiān (仙)/Xiān (先) distinction exists or not in modern Xiang dialects is still under debate. These different views constitute the primary research motivation of this paper. This paper concludes that:1. The Xiān (仙)/Xiān (先) distinction is indeed preserved in Modern Xiang, and the phonological contrast occurs after the initials of the Jing (精) series of Middle Chinese. 2. According to the phonetic representation in Modern Xiang, Xiān (仙) could be reconstructed as *-iɑn and Xiān (先) as *-ian. 3. By comparing with other proto dialects, we reconstruct the contrast of *- iɑn and *-ian in the old Jiangdong dialect of the Six Dynasties, which establishes the close relationship between Xiang and Jiangdong dialect in history.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"775 - 804"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48406475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
摘要:《孟子》“三月无君则吊,不以急乎”的“以”一般解释为“太”, 它与同书“不以泰乎”的“以”同处于“副词+以+形容词(+乎)”结构中,因而意义是一样的。后者的下文“非其道,则一箪食不可受于人;如其道,则舜受尧之天下,不以为泰。子以为泰乎”又可证明“不以 泰乎”即“不以为泰乎”,从而也证明“不以急乎”即“不以为急乎”。共时文献中存在大量“以……为……”格式的句子,当“以”的宾语 所指的事物、事件在紧接着的上文出现过时,该格式便衍生出“ 以为……”格式。这一格式又衍生出了“以……”格式。若干“以+形容词”和“以为+形容词”句分布条件类似,能够证明这一点。一些古汉语虚词词典中将“以、已”释为副词,意义为“太”的例子都可分解:其中“以”或为“以为”之省,或为介词,或应读为“已”; 而“已”则都是“已经”的意思。ABSTRACT:In “三月无君则吊,不以急乎” (Did not this condoling, on being three months unemployed by a ruler, show a too great urgency to you?) from Mencius, “ 以 ” is commonly interpreted as 太 (too), bearing the same connotation with the “以” in “不以泰乎” (is it too excessive), also from Mencius, in an identical structure “adverb+ 以+adjective(+ 乎)”. The contexts of “不以泰乎”, “如其道,则舜受尧之天下,不以为泰。子以为泰乎” (Shun accepted the Empire from Yao without considering it to be excessive, when it was in accordance with the Way. Or perhaps you consider even this to be excessive?) could provide an indication that “不以泰乎” means “consider even this to be excessive” and further suggests that “不以急乎” means “consider it to be a great urgency”. There has been a myriad of sentences with the pattern of “以...为...” (consider... to be..) in the synchronic literature. The pattern “以为...” (consider as...) arose from the cases where the objective of “以” in “以...为...” referred to something or event that had appeared shortly prior to the context. The pattern “以...” (consider...) derived from the pattern of “以为”. It could be well demonstrated in the similar distribution in “以+adjective” and “以为+adjective”. In some dictionaries of ancient Chinese function words, “以” and “ 已 ” as two synonym adverbs indicating “too” 太 . And yet the instances gave in the dictionary could all be dissembled: in the first cases, “以(consider)” could be regarded as omitted expression of “以为”; in the second, it could be seen as a preposition in Chinese; or it should be seen as the equivalent of “已”, bearing the meaning of “already”.
Abstract: The "Yi" in "Mencius" is generally interpreted as "Tai" when there is no ruler in the third month, and it is in the structure of "adverb+Yi+adjective (+Hu)", which is the same as the "Yi" in the same book. The following text of the latter states that "if it is not the way, then a simple meal cannot be accepted by people; if it is the way, then Shun accepted the world of Yao and did not think it was Tai. Zi thought it was Tai", which proves that "not to be Tai" means "not to be Tai", and thus also proves that "not to be hasty" means "not to be hasty". There are a large number of sentences in synchronic literature in the format of "taking... as...". When the object of "taking" refers to something or event that is outdated in the following text, this format generates the "taking..." format. This format has also derived the "with..." format. The distribution conditions of several "with+adjectives" and "with+adjectives" sentences are similar, which can prove this point. In some ancient Chinese function word dictionaries, "yi" and "zhe" are interpreted as adverbs, and examples with the meaning of "tai" can be decomposed: "yi" is either a province of "wei", a preposition, or should be pronounced as "zhe"; And 'already' means' already '. ABSTRACT: In "March without a ruler, hang not in haste, on being three months unemployed by a ruler, show a too great urgency to you?" from Mencius, "with" is commonly interpreted as too (too), bearing the same annotation with "with" in "it too excruciative", also from Mencius, in an identical structure ive (+hu) The contexts of 'not to be peaceful', As the saying goes, Shun accepted the Empire from Yao without considering it to be exceptional, when it was in accordance with the Way Consider it to be a great urgency There has been a myriad of sentiments with the pattern of 'consider... to be...' in the synchronous literature The pattern "thinks as..." refers to something or event that had appeared briefly prior to the context The pattern is derived from the pattern of "thinking" It could be well demonstrated in the similar distribution in 'with+objective' and 'with+objective' In some dictionaries of ancient Chinese function words, "with" and "already" as two synonym advertisements indicating "too" And yet the instances given in the dictionary could all be distinguished: in the first cases, "could be distinguished as expected"; In the second, it could be seen as a position in Chinese; Or it should be seen as the equivalent of 'already', bearing the meaning of 'already'
{"title":"“以”表“认为”义的一组例子: ——兼论“以”的“太”意义不可靠","authors":"柳岸 杨, 逢彬 杨","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2022.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2022.0025","url":null,"abstract":"摘要:《孟子》“三月无君则吊,不以急乎”的“以”一般解释为“太”, 它与同书“不以泰乎”的“以”同处于“副词+以+形容词(+乎)”结构中,因而意义是一样的。后者的下文“非其道,则一箪食不可受于人;如其道,则舜受尧之天下,不以为泰。子以为泰乎”又可证明“不以 泰乎”即“不以为泰乎”,从而也证明“不以急乎”即“不以为急乎”。共时文献中存在大量“以……为……”格式的句子,当“以”的宾语 所指的事物、事件在紧接着的上文出现过时,该格式便衍生出“ 以为……”格式。这一格式又衍生出了“以……”格式。若干“以+形容词”和“以为+形容词”句分布条件类似,能够证明这一点。一些古汉语虚词词典中将“以、已”释为副词,意义为“太”的例子都可分解:其中“以”或为“以为”之省,或为介词,或应读为“已”; 而“已”则都是“已经”的意思。ABSTRACT:In “三月无君则吊,不以急乎” (Did not this condoling, on being three months unemployed by a ruler, show a too great urgency to you?) from Mencius, “ 以 ” is commonly interpreted as 太 (too), bearing the same connotation with the “以” in “不以泰乎” (is it too excessive), also from Mencius, in an identical structure “adverb+ 以+adjective(+ 乎)”. The contexts of “不以泰乎”, “如其道,则舜受尧之天下,不以为泰。子以为泰乎” (Shun accepted the Empire from Yao without considering it to be excessive, when it was in accordance with the Way. Or perhaps you consider even this to be excessive?) could provide an indication that “不以泰乎” means “consider even this to be excessive” and further suggests that “不以急乎” means “consider it to be a great urgency”. There has been a myriad of sentences with the pattern of “以...为...” (consider... to be..) in the synchronic literature. The pattern “以为...” (consider as...) arose from the cases where the objective of “以” in “以...为...” referred to something or event that had appeared shortly prior to the context. The pattern “以...” (consider...) derived from the pattern of “以为”. It could be well demonstrated in the similar distribution in “以+adjective” and “以为+adjective”. In some dictionaries of ancient Chinese function words, “以” and “ 已 ” as two synonym adverbs indicating “too” 太 . And yet the instances gave in the dictionary could all be dissembled: in the first cases, “以(consider)” could be regarded as omitted expression of “以为”; in the second, it could be seen as a preposition in Chinese; or it should be seen as the equivalent of “已”, bearing the meaning of “already”.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"653 - 666"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49003251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
摘要:关于合成复合词 OVN 和 VON 的结构特征及其合法性问题,学界已从形式句法、韵律语法及句法、韵律、语义等多重因素相互作用等方面做了较为丰富的探讨,但目前仍有很大争议。本文试图在学界既有研究的基础上提出新的分析角度,以期对合成复合词各种类型的生成机制及其约束条件做出更为一致性的描写和解释。文章首先系统描写了合成复合词系统复杂多样的组配类型及其合法性、合用性表现,概括了学界关于合成复合词生成条件所讨论的主要方面及有待解决的问题,由此提出基于语体语法基本原理的研究路径。在建构语体语法的时空性原理及其运作规则系统的基础上,文章逐一分析了不同类型合成复合词的合法性和合用性的具体约束条件,并对各种特殊类型和特殊用例的生成动因做出阐释。文章由此提出,对合成复合词的生成机制而言,所谓的例外、特例、反例现象是受到多重互动关系制约的结果;合成复合词的类型学差异受到语言结构特征和特殊语体动因的相互制约,这为建立语体类型学提供了一个很好的参照。文章最后指出,这种基于多重互动关系作用机制的研究,可以启发我们对相关研究的方法论问题做出新的思考。 ABSTRACT:Both the structural characteristics and grammaticality issues of synthetic compounds OVN and VON have been fully discussed from perspectives of formal syntax, prosodic grammar and multiple interactions among syntax, prosody and semantics. However, there is still a lot of controversy. This paper puts forward a new analysis based on existing studies and aims to provide a more consistent description and explanation on generative mechanism and constraints of all types of synthetic compounds. First, this paper systematically describes the complex and diverse combination types of synthetic compounds as well as their grammaticality and usability, and summarizes the main aspects and problems to be solved in terms of generative constraints of these compounds, which pave the way to propose a new approach from Stylistic-Register Grammar. With Spatio-Temporal Principle and operational rules of Stylistic-Register Grammar, this paper analyzes the specific constraints on the grammaticality and usability of different types of synthetic compounds, and explains the motivations of special types and cases. Therefore, this paper suggests that the so-called exceptions, special examples or counter-examples are essentially the results of multiple interactions, while the differences of typological features of synthetic compounds are the results of interactions between structural characteristics and specific register motivations, which provide a good reference for the establishment of stylistic-register typology. Lastly, this paper points out that the approach focusing on multi-interactive mechanism could inspire us to make new thinking on the methodologies in related research fields.
摘要:关于合成复合词 OVN 和 VON 的结构特征及其合法性问题,学界已从形式句法、韵律语法及句法、韵律、语义等多重因素相互作用等方面做了较为丰富的探讨,但目前仍有很大争议。本文试图在学界既有研究的基础上提出新的分析角度,以期对合成复合词各种类型的生成机制及其约束条件做出更为一致性的描写和解释。文章首先系统描写了合成复合词系统复杂多样的组配类型及其合法性、合用性表现,概括了学界关于合成复合词生成条件所讨论的主要方面及有待解决的问题,由此提出基于语体语法基本原理的研究路径。在建构语体语法的时空性原理及其运作规则系统的基础上,文章逐一分析了不同类型合成复合词的合法性和合用性的具体约束条件,并对各种特殊类型和特殊用例的生成动因做出阐释。文章由此提出,对合成复合词的生成机制而言,所谓的例外、特例、反例现象是受到多重互动关系制约的结果;合成复合词的类型学差异受到语言结构特征和特殊语体动因的相互制约,这为建立语体类型学提供了一个很好的参照。文章最后指出,这种基于多重互动关系作用机制的研究,可以启发我们对相关研究的方法论问题做出新的思考。 ABSTRACT:Both the structural characteristics and grammaticality issues of synthetic compounds OVN and VON have been fully discussed from perspectives of formal syntax, prosodic grammar and multiple interactions among syntax, prosody and semantics. However, there is still a lot of controversy. This paper puts forward a new analysis based on existing studies and aims to provide a more consistent description and explanation on generative mechanism and constraints of all types of synthetic compounds. First, this paper systematically describes the complex and diverse combination types of synthetic compounds as well as their grammaticality and usability, and summarizes the main aspects and problems to be solved in terms of generative constraints of these compounds, which pave the way to propose a new approach from Stylistic-Register Grammar. With Spatio-Temporal Principle and operational rules of Stylistic-Register Grammar, this paper analyzes the specific constraints on the grammaticality and usability of different types of synthetic compounds, and explains the motivations of special types and cases. Therefore, this paper suggests that the so-called exceptions, special examples or counter-examples are essentially the results of multiple interactions, while the differences of typological features of synthetic compounds are the results of interactions between structural characteristics and specific register motivations, which provide a good reference for the establishment of stylistic-register typology. Lastly, this paper points out that the approach focusing on multi-interactive mechanism could inspire us to make new thinking on the methodologies in related research fields.
{"title":"合成复合词系统的生成机制研究 ——基于语体语法的视角","authors":"春宏 施","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2022.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2022.0026","url":null,"abstract":"摘要:关于合成复合词 OVN 和 VON 的结构特征及其合法性问题,学界已从形式句法、韵律语法及句法、韵律、语义等多重因素相互作用等方面做了较为丰富的探讨,但目前仍有很大争议。本文试图在学界既有研究的基础上提出新的分析角度,以期对合成复合词各种类型的生成机制及其约束条件做出更为一致性的描写和解释。文章首先系统描写了合成复合词系统复杂多样的组配类型及其合法性、合用性表现,概括了学界关于合成复合词生成条件所讨论的主要方面及有待解决的问题,由此提出基于语体语法基本原理的研究路径。在建构语体语法的时空性原理及其运作规则系统的基础上,文章逐一分析了不同类型合成复合词的合法性和合用性的具体约束条件,并对各种特殊类型和特殊用例的生成动因做出阐释。文章由此提出,对合成复合词的生成机制而言,所谓的例外、特例、反例现象是受到多重互动关系制约的结果;合成复合词的类型学差异受到语言结构特征和特殊语体动因的相互制约,这为建立语体类型学提供了一个很好的参照。文章最后指出,这种基于多重互动关系作用机制的研究,可以启发我们对相关研究的方法论问题做出新的思考。 ABSTRACT:Both the structural characteristics and grammaticality issues of synthetic compounds OVN and VON have been fully discussed from perspectives of formal syntax, prosodic grammar and multiple interactions among syntax, prosody and semantics. However, there is still a lot of controversy. This paper puts forward a new analysis based on existing studies and aims to provide a more consistent description and explanation on generative mechanism and constraints of all types of synthetic compounds. First, this paper systematically describes the complex and diverse combination types of synthetic compounds as well as their grammaticality and usability, and summarizes the main aspects and problems to be solved in terms of generative constraints of these compounds, which pave the way to propose a new approach from Stylistic-Register Grammar. With Spatio-Temporal Principle and operational rules of Stylistic-Register Grammar, this paper analyzes the specific constraints on the grammaticality and usability of different types of synthetic compounds, and explains the motivations of special types and cases. Therefore, this paper suggests that the so-called exceptions, special examples or counter-examples are essentially the results of multiple interactions, while the differences of typological features of synthetic compounds are the results of interactions between structural characteristics and specific register motivations, which provide a good reference for the establishment of stylistic-register typology. Lastly, this paper points out that the approach focusing on multi-interactive mechanism could inspire us to make new thinking on the methodologies in related research fields.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"667 - 702"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48938726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
摘要:满语使动态是在动词词根与动词时制间接缀附加成分“bu”构成。使役受使者成分有宾格“be”或与位格“de”标记,构成“S使事+ N受使+be/de+V(-bu-)”的使役句式。文章主要讨论了满汉合璧本《清文指要》中汉语对译满语使动态词缀“bu”时的表达情况,调查发现满语该结构中“N 受使”缺省与否、有无标记以及生命度的高低直接导致汉译呈现出显性使役、隐性使役和非使役三种策略,动词 V 的及物性高低,影响到汉译中选择致使还是使让两个不同类型使役句表达。这更显示出满语该句式使动态词缀“bu”的显赫特征。早期汉译本受满文影响大,汉语北京官话改写本在遵循使役句式根本特点的基础上,更倾向于清末北方汉语口语表达。ABSTRACT:Manchu causative sentence is formed by the affix “bu” after the verbal root. The causee has objective case mark “be” or dative case mark “de”, and constitutes causative sentence formed as “S+N+be/de+V(-bu-)”. This research discusses the expression of the affix "bu" in the translation of Manchu into Chinese in QingWenZhiYao Manchu and Chinese versions. It is found that in Manchu causative sentence, the absence of causee, marked or not, and animacy hierarchy directly lead to three strategies in Chinese translation: explicit causation, implicit causation and non-causation. The transitivity of verbs affects the choice of causation or permission in Chinese translation. This shows the affix “bu” is a prominent feature in Manchu causative sentence. The early Chinese version was greatly influenced by Manchu. The rewriting of Beijing Mandarin followed the basic characteristics of the causative sentence pattern and was more inclined to the oral expression of northern Chinese in the late Qing Dynasty.
Abstract: Manchu causative dynamics are formed by the indirect affixation of the verb root and verb tense with the additional component "bu". The causative element is marked with the objective case "be" or the conjunction case "de", forming the causative sentence pattern of "S causative+N causative+be/de+V (- bu -)". The article mainly discusses the expression of the dynamic affix "bu" in the Chinese translation of Manchu in the Manchu Chinese hybrid version "Qingwen Zhiyao". The investigation found that the default or absence of "N being affected" in the Manchu structure, the presence or absence of markers, and the level of vitality directly lead to three strategies in Chinese translation: explicit, implicit, and non causative. The transitivity of verb V affects the choice of whether to cause or cause two different types of causative sentences in Chinese translation. This further demonstrates the prominent feature of the Manchu sentence structure as the dynamic affix "bu". The early Chinese translations were greatly influenced by Manchu, and the Beijing Mandarin rewritten version of the Chinese language followed the fundamental characteristics of causative sentence structures and tended to be more inclined towards the oral expression of northern Chinese in the late Qing Dynasty. ABSTRACT: Manchu causative presence is formed by the affix "bu" after the verb root The cause has objective case mark "be" or positive case mark "de", and consistent causal presence formed as "S+N+be/de+V (- bu -)" This research discusses the expression of the affix "bu" in the translation of Manchu into Chinese in QingWenZhiYao Manchu and Chinese versions It is found that in Manchu causative presence, the absence of cause, marked or not, and animation hierarchy directly leads to three strategies in Chinese translation: explicit cause, implicit cause, and non cause The transitivity of verbs affects the choice of cause or permission in Chinese translation This shows the affix "bu" is a progressive feature in Manchu causative sentence The early Chinese version was greatly influenced by Manchu The rewriting of Beijing Mandarin followed the basic characteristics of the causative presence pattern and was more included to the oral expression of northern Chinese in the late Qing Dynasty
{"title":"满汉《清文指要》使役结构句式表达比较研究","authors":"美兰 张, 沫 李","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2022.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2022.0027","url":null,"abstract":"摘要:满语使动态是在动词词根与动词时制间接缀附加成分“bu”构成。使役受使者成分有宾格“be”或与位格“de”标记,构成“S使事+ N受使+be/de+V(-bu-)”的使役句式。文章主要讨论了满汉合璧本《清文指要》中汉语对译满语使动态词缀“bu”时的表达情况,调查发现满语该结构中“N 受使”缺省与否、有无标记以及生命度的高低直接导致汉译呈现出显性使役、隐性使役和非使役三种策略,动词 V 的及物性高低,影响到汉译中选择致使还是使让两个不同类型使役句表达。这更显示出满语该句式使动态词缀“bu”的显赫特征。早期汉译本受满文影响大,汉语北京官话改写本在遵循使役句式根本特点的基础上,更倾向于清末北方汉语口语表达。ABSTRACT:Manchu causative sentence is formed by the affix “bu” after the verbal root. The causee has objective case mark “be” or dative case mark “de”, and constitutes causative sentence formed as “S+N+be/de+V(-bu-)”. This research discusses the expression of the affix \"bu\" in the translation of Manchu into Chinese in QingWenZhiYao Manchu and Chinese versions. It is found that in Manchu causative sentence, the absence of causee, marked or not, and animacy hierarchy directly lead to three strategies in Chinese translation: explicit causation, implicit causation and non-causation. The transitivity of verbs affects the choice of causation or permission in Chinese translation. This shows the affix “bu” is a prominent feature in Manchu causative sentence. The early Chinese version was greatly influenced by Manchu. The rewriting of Beijing Mandarin followed the basic characteristics of the causative sentence pattern and was more inclined to the oral expression of northern Chinese in the late Qing Dynasty.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"703 - 729"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46840751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
摘要:本文讨论两种词义衍生的过程,即“词义感染”和“删略生义”。前者(“词义感染”)被普遍视为汉语词语获得新义的重要途径,后者(“删略生义”)在文献中则鲜有提及。本文证明,汉语词义演变中真正“词义感染”的实例十分罕见,以往被认定为“词义感染”的实例,几乎均非“词义感染”的确凿例证,其中多数是“删略生义”,而后者实际上是人类语言获得新义的一种常见途径。ABSTRACT:In this paper, we discuss the process of two kinds of word meaning generating, namely “contagion” and “ellipsis”. The former (“contagion”) is generally regarded as an important way for Chinese words to acquire new meanings, while the latter (“ellipsis”) is rarely mentioned in the literature. This paper proves that the real cases of “contagion” in the evolution of Chinese word meaning are very rare, and most of the cases that have been identified as “contagion” in the past are not “contagion”, but “ellipsis”, which is actually a common way for human language to acquire new meaning.
摘要:本文讨论两种词义衍生的过程,即“词义感染”和“删略生义”。前者(“词义感染”)被普遍视为汉语词语获得新义的重要途径,后者(“删略生义”)在文献中则鲜有提及。本文证明,汉语词义演变中真正“词义感染”的实例十分罕见,以往被认定为“词义感染”的实例,几乎均非“词义感染”的确凿例证,其中多数是“删略生义”,而后者实际上是人类语言获得新义的一种常见途径。ABSTRACT:In this paper, we discuss the process of two kinds of word meaning generating, namely “contagion” and “ellipsis”. The former (“contagion”) is generally regarded as an important way for Chinese words to acquire new meanings, while the latter (“ellipsis”) is rarely mentioned in the literature. This paper proves that the real cases of “contagion” in the evolution of Chinese word meaning are very rare, and most of the cases that have been identified as “contagion” in the past are not “contagion”, but “ellipsis”, which is actually a common way for human language to acquire new meaning.
{"title":"词义感染与删略生义","authors":"福祥 吴","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2022.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2022.0024","url":null,"abstract":"摘要:本文讨论两种词义衍生的过程,即“词义感染”和“删略生义”。前者(“词义感染”)被普遍视为汉语词语获得新义的重要途径,后者(“删略生义”)在文献中则鲜有提及。本文证明,汉语词义演变中真正“词义感染”的实例十分罕见,以往被认定为“词义感染”的实例,几乎均非“词义感染”的确凿例证,其中多数是“删略生义”,而后者实际上是人类语言获得新义的一种常见途径。ABSTRACT:In this paper, we discuss the process of two kinds of word meaning generating, namely “contagion” and “ellipsis”. The former (“contagion”) is generally regarded as an important way for Chinese words to acquire new meanings, while the latter (“ellipsis”) is rarely mentioned in the literature. This paper proves that the real cases of “contagion” in the evolution of Chinese word meaning are very rare, and most of the cases that have been identified as “contagion” in the past are not “contagion”, but “ellipsis”, which is actually a common way for human language to acquire new meaning.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"625 - 652"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43828209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Great changes have taken place in contemporary Chinese, which are mainly reflected in the overall structure, specific units and meanings of vocabulary. The above-mentioned changes are generally manifested as a certain degree of deviation or even breakthrough from the original norms, reflecting the “new tendency” of contemporary Chinese; in addition, the restoration and reuse of some old forms before 1949 are “restorative” changes. The former is directly or indirectly related to the influence of western factors, providing a large number of concrete facts for the theory of language development, as well as the latest materials, explanations and supplements for the proposition of “language and social co-variation” by sociolinguistics, the theory of language variation and contact, and the theory of style, etc. The above changes have brought opportunities and challenges to contemporary Chinese research. They not only provide an excellent window for observing the development and changes of contemporary languages, but also promote the current language research into the “second era”; on the other hand, they challenge the traditional view of language and characters, knowledge system and the processing and understanding of some specific issues, which need to be actively addressed.
{"title":"Opportunities and Challenges: On Foreign Factors and Their Influence in Contemporary Chinese (in Chinese)","authors":"Y. Diao, Yueli Yueli","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.0120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.0120","url":null,"abstract":"Great changes have taken place in contemporary Chinese, which are mainly reflected in the overall structure, specific units and meanings of vocabulary. The above-mentioned changes are generally manifested as a certain degree of deviation or even breakthrough from the original norms, reflecting the “new tendency” of contemporary Chinese; in addition, the restoration and reuse of some old forms before 1949 are “restorative” changes. The former is directly or indirectly related to the influence of western factors, providing a large number of concrete facts for the theory of language development, as well as the latest materials, explanations and supplements for the proposition of “language and social co-variation” by sociolinguistics, the theory of language variation and contact, and the theory of style, etc. The above changes have brought opportunities and challenges to contemporary Chinese research. They not only provide an excellent window for observing the development and changes of contemporary languages, but also promote the current language research into the “second era”; on the other hand, they challenge the traditional view of language and characters, knowledge system and the processing and understanding of some specific issues, which need to be actively addressed.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42799142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zai wu-li (literally “in the house”) in Xiang dialect can be used to denote the progressiveness of an act in a particular time point, and the continuity or habituality of an act in a period of time, and can co-occur with adjectives to indicate a certain state. It displays a feature of low focality. Competing with zai zhe-er/na-er (meaning here/there), zai wu-li has undergone a dynamic evolution of “high focality>low focality> non-focality”, and its low focality contrasts with the high focality displayed by zai zhe-er/na-er in Xiang dialect within the imperfective system. The grammaticalization of zai wu-li is largely driven by prototype model, while mechanisms like metaphor, analogy and reanalysis also play a role. The grammaticalization process is accompanied by the enhancement of subjectivity.
{"title":"On Focality of the Imperfective Marker Zai Wu-Li in Xiang Dialect and Its Grammaticalization (in Chinese)","authors":"Yunhua Wang","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.0117","url":null,"abstract":"Zai wu-li (literally “in the house”) in Xiang dialect can be used to denote the progressiveness of an act in a particular time point, and the continuity or habituality of an act in a period of time, and can co-occur with adjectives to indicate a certain state. It displays a feature of low focality. Competing with zai zhe-er/na-er (meaning here/there), zai wu-li has undergone a dynamic evolution of “high focality>low focality> non-focality”, and its low focality contrasts with the high focality displayed by zai zhe-er/na-er in Xiang dialect within the imperfective system. The grammaticalization of zai wu-li is largely driven by prototype model, while mechanisms like metaphor, analogy and reanalysis also play a role. The grammaticalization process is accompanied by the enhancement of subjectivity.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49267082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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