Case Studies on Transport Policy最新文献

Evaluating the operational and economic impact of the introduction of S-100 and e-Navigation within shipping companies 评估航运公司采用 S-100 和电子导航对运营和经济的影响

IF 2.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Case Studies on Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101331

Davide Giglio , Valentino Palma , Alessio Tei

New navigational concepts and standards have recently emerged, including the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) e-Navigation and the International Hydrographic Organization’s (IHO) S-100. These technologies have the potential to revolutionize shipping operations by enhancing efficiency and promoting environmental sustainability. A comprehensive study was conducted to assess the potential impact of e-Navigation on shipping companies, with a particular emphasis on the perspectives of Hydrographic Offices (HOs). The analysis is predicated on a survey that was conducted by HOs in 43 distinct countries. As they have accumulated a wealth of knowledge and experience in the development of S-100, HOs are uniquely positioned to evaluate the practical implications of these technologies. The S-100 framework was specifically examined as a case study within the broader context of e-Navigation in order to develop a more profound comprehension of its applications and impact. The insights obtained from this study can be used by policymakers to develop regulations and frameworks that facilitate the adoption of e-Navigation technologies, thereby guaranteeing the sustainable and efficient evolution of the maritime industry. The operational implications of navigational technologies are assessed in this study, which is a critical resource for policymakers, institutions, and shipping companies to inform future decision-making. Stakeholders can more effectively navigate the future of shipping operations by incorporating e-Navigation operational insights into maritime policy.

最近出现了新的导航概念和标准，包括国际海事组织（IMO）的电子导航和国际水文学组织（IHO）的 S-100。这些技术有可能通过提高效率和促进环境可持续性来彻底改变航运运营。为评估电子导航对航运公司的潜在影响，我们开展了一项综合研究，重点关注水文局（HOs）的观点。这项分析以 43 个不同国家的水文局进行的调查为基础。由于在 S-100 开发过程中积累了丰富的知识和经验，水文局在评估这些技术的实际影响方面具有得天独厚的优势。在电子导航的大背景下，我们将 S-100 框架作为一个案例进行了专门研究，以便更深入地了解其应用和影响。政策制定者可利用本研究获得的见解制定法规和框架，促进电子导航技术的采用，从而保证海运业的可持续和高效发展。本研究对导航技术的运营影响进行了评估，为政策制定者、机构和航运公司提供了重要资源，为未来决策提供了依据。利益相关者可以通过将电子导航的运营见解纳入海事政策，更有效地引导未来的航运运营。

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引用次数: 0

Modeling perception towards sustainable ferries through ridership surveys: A case study of Michigan islands with policy implications

IF 2.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Case Studies on Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101335

Farish Jazlan, Amirali Soltanpour, Ardeshir Fadaei, Ali Zockaie, Mehrnaz Ghamami

Many island communities rely on ferries as their sole mode of transport to access healthcare, education, and economic opportunities, aside from region connectivity. With sizeable ferry operations throughout the country, the carbon footprint of marine transportation, including passenger ferries, cannot be overlooked. Discussions of environmental sustainability have gained considerable momentum in recent years, especially in decarbonizing the transportation industry. While many studies have explored sustainable ferry operations from the lens of operators, users’ perspectives are less explored. Users’ expectations, experiences, socio-demographic heterogeneity, and sensitivity to pricing may correlate with their opinions on environmental sustainability of ferry services and need to be understood. This study delves into the nuanced relationships between users’ profiles and their willingness to support sustainable ferry initiatives through a comprehensive survey across four major islands in Michigan and utilizing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Key findings indicate that negative experiences drastically impact user satisfaction and attitudes toward sustainability, highlighting the crucial role of operational reliability in fostering support for environmentally friendly upgrades. Furthermore, the study reveals significant disparities in sustainability support between tourists and residents, with demographic factors like gender and income significantly shaping sustainability preferences. This underscores the need for targeted communication, policy framing strategies, and consideration of socio-economic ramifications that address these disparities to ensure the successful implementation of sustainable practices in ferry operations This research aids policymakers in crafting targeted interventions that ensure the dual goals of environmental sustainability and mobility justice are met. Overall, this research presents a practical framework for evaluating policy impacts on ferry service users, with implications extending beyond the Michigan islands to similar ferry-dependent communities.

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the dynamics of the transport system energy consumption in Australia − A preliminary systems modelling effort

IF 2.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Case Studies on Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101334

Seyed Hossein Hosseini , Elnaz Irannezhad , Taha Hossein Rashidi

In the face of an ever-increasing trend in the Australian transport demand with minimal improvement in fuel efficiency, petroleum products continue to dominate the primary energy source for the transport sector. The persistence of this reliance hinges on the urgent formulation and robust implementation of effective policies. This paper endeavours to elucidate how the application of system dynamics modelling can facilitate the development and assessment of efficacious policies to steer the trajectory of transport energy consumption in Australia. To illustrate this approach, we present two compelling case studies − the urban passenger transport system in New South Wales (NSW) and the freight transport system in Australia. The first case study explores the intricate dynamics of urban passenger transport mode choice, which shapes different pathways for energy consumption. These pathways are influenced by relative vehicle utility, corresponding to changes in GDP per capita, congestion levels, toll and fuel costs, and historical travel patterns. The second case study delves into Australia’s complex dynamics of heavy vehicle fleet transition. This transition is contingent on many variables, such as changes in GDP, freight tasks, infrastructure capacity requirements, operational and capital costs of various heavy vehicle classes, and fluctuating fuel costs, among others. Simulation results present the dynamic interplay between supply and demand factors. This showcases how an integrated system dynamics model of the transport system can be developed as a holistic policy assessment tool to achieve a balanced energy consumption in the transport system and thereby the sustainability goals. This study calls for more in-depth research about this problem to support policymakers with a decision-support tool to assist scenario analysis and intervention design over time toward achieving sustainable development goals within Australia’s transport system.

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引用次数: 0

Pedestrian crossing behavior in social groups: Exploring cultural contexts through a comparative study 社会群体中的行人过马路行为：通过比较研究探索文化背景

IF 2.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Case Studies on Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101333

Leidy Marcela Barón Acela , Emanuel Sousa , Susana Faria , Raul Almeida , Elisabete Fraga Freitas

Walking is a common mode of transportation that offers numerous benefits. However, pedestrians are vulnerable road users and account for a significant number of traffic accidents worldwide. Characterizing pedestrian behavior is crucial for enhancing safety and comfort. Several factors influence pedestrian behavior, including personal, situational, social, and cultural aspects. It is essential to consider these factors collectively for accurate predictions. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of cultural and location-specific influences on pedestrian behavior, yet many have focused primarily on risk perception, often neglecting the role of social interactions during street crossings. This study analyzes pedestrian behavior at a crossing in two culturally diverse cities: Bucaramanga in Colombia and Guimarães in Portugal. The research emphasizes the social and operational factors that affect how pedestrians cross streets. Specifically, it explores how cultural and social differences in each city influence group walking speed and mobility. The study examines several factors, including walking speed, the distance between pedestrians (whether in groups or alone), and the impact of group size and gender composition. The results demonstrate that informal rules and cultural context significantly impact pedestrian behavior during various crossing phases. Notable variations were observed in pedestrian speed before crossing and the spatial organization of groups during the crossing. To enhance road safety, interventions should consider these cultural factors and include educational programs that promote safe practices. This study contributes to a better understanding of how social factors influence pedestrian behavior and provides valuable insights for modeling pedestrian behavior, optimizing pedestrian facilities, and developing effective strategies for improving road user safety.

步行是一种常见的交通方式，好处多多。然而，行人是易受伤害的道路使用者，在全球交通事故中占很大比例。了解行人的行为特征对于提高安全性和舒适性至关重要。影响行人行为的因素很多，包括个人、情景、社会和文化方面。必须综合考虑这些因素，才能做出准确的预测。以往的研究强调了文化和特定地点对行人行为影响的重要性，但许多研究主要侧重于风险感知，往往忽视了过街过程中社会互动的作用。本研究分析了两个不同文化背景城市的行人过街行为：哥伦比亚的布卡拉曼加和葡萄牙的吉马良斯。研究强调了影响行人过街方式的社会和操作因素。具体来说，研究探讨了每个城市的文化和社会差异如何影响群体步行速度和流动性。研究考察了多个因素，包括步行速度、行人之间的距离（无论是集体还是单独）以及群体规模和性别构成的影响。研究结果表明，非正式规则和文化背景对行人在不同过街阶段的行为有显著影响。在过马路前的行人速度和过马路时的群体空间组织方面也观察到了明显的差异。为了加强道路安全，干预措施应考虑这些文化因素，并包括促进安全行为的教育计划。这项研究有助于更好地理解社会因素是如何影响行人行为的，并为行人行为建模、优化行人设施和制定有效策略以提高道路使用者的安全提供了宝贵的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Incorporation of Q method into DEA cross-efficiency: A case study on airport assessment 将 Q 方法纳入 DEA 交叉效率：机场评估案例研究

IF 2.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Case Studies on Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101332

Seyedreza Seyedalizadeh Ganji S.S. Ganji , Mostafa Hajiaghaei-Keshteli , Shahruz Fathi Ajirlu

Though widely used, traditional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods have limitations when it comes to accurately ranking airport performance. The Cross-Efficiency Method (CEM), derived from DEA, addresses these limitations. However, recently, the conventional CEM has been considered for further improvements. Firstly, it assumes equal significance for all Decision Makers’ (DMs) viewpoints by using the arithmetic mean for overall cross-efficiency calculation, which is unrealistic. Secondly, it does not consider DMs’ viewpoints psychologically. Thirdly, it does not often consider achieving consensus through efficiency calculations. Finally, it includes all viewpoints for efficiency calculation, regardless of their relevance, which can bias the results. Thus, the primary objective of this study is to develop hybrid Q-based CEMs to address these shortcomings. Also, this study is the first to use the Q methodology to address the limitations of traditional CEM. The Q-based aggressive and benevolent CEMs, known as QACEM and QBCEM, provide policymakers with several advantages. Firstly, they allow for the exclusion of irrelevant viewpoints from the analysis. Secondly, they enable the calculation of each DM’s appropriate contribution. Thirdly, they capture DMs’ psychological preferences using the Q methodology. Lastly, they facilitate consensus-building by extracting group perspectives through factor analysis. The Q-based CEMs were utilized to assess the performance of 25 Iranian international airports and demonstrated their effectiveness. Selecting the optimal loading factors of 0.6 and 0.7, QACEM and QBCEM included the highest possible number of DM’s viewpoints, which were 24 and 25 respectively. The results indicate that airports BND, AWZ, and OMH demonstrated satisfactory performance.

传统的数据包络分析（DEA）方法虽然应用广泛，但在对机场绩效进行准确排名方面存在局限性。由 DEA 衍生而来的交叉效率法 (CEM) 解决了这些局限性。不过，最近有人考虑对传统的 CEM 进行进一步改进。首先，它假定所有决策者（DMs）的观点具有同等重要性，使用算术平均值来计算总体交叉效率，这是不现实的。其次，它没有从心理角度考虑 DMs 的观点。第三，它通常不考虑通过效率计算达成共识。最后，它将所有观点都纳入了效率计算，而不管其是否相关，这可能会使结果出现偏差。因此，本研究的主要目标是开发基于 Q 的混合 CEM，以解决这些缺陷。同时，本研究也是首次使用 Q 方法来解决传统 CEM 的局限性。基于 Q 的激进型和仁慈型 CEM，即 QACEM 和 QBCEM，为决策者提供了几个优势。首先，它们允许在分析中排除不相关的观点。其次，它们可以计算每个管理部门的适当贡献。第三，它们利用 Q 方法捕捉了管理部门的心理偏好。最后，通过因子分析提取群体观点，有助于达成共识。基于 Q 的 CEM 被用于评估伊朗 25 个国际机场的绩效，并证明了其有效性。通过选择 0.6 和 0.7 的最佳负载因子，QACEM 和 QBCEM 包含了尽可能多的 DM 观点，分别为 24 和 25 个。结果表明，BND、AWZ 和 OMH 机场的表现令人满意。

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引用次数: 0

Capacited range coverage location model for electric vehicle charging stations: A case of Istanbul-Ankara highway 电动汽车充电站容量范围覆盖定位模型：伊斯坦布尔-安卡拉高速公路案例

IF 2.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Case Studies on Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101320

Beste Desticioglu Tasdemir , Erdinç Koç , Ahmed İhsan Simsek

It is clear that the rate of use of electric vehicles is increasing day by day due to growing environmental concerns of consumers, scarcity of natural resources, increasing awareness of renewable energy sources, following technological progress, and the cost advantage it has for individual or corporate users. One of the most important drawbacks of electric vehicles is their low range. With the studies carried out in battery technology, it is aimed to increase the range distance. However, when the range distances of today’s electric vehicles considered, vehicle owners demand to recharge as soon as possible on long distances. While electric vehicle owners have the opportunity to perform many activities during charging in the city, they do not have such opportunities in intercity traffic such as on highways. For this reason, the waiting times for charging stations on intercity roads should be reduced and their availability should be increased. In this study, the Istanbul-Ankara highway, one of the most frequently used highways in Turkey, is considered. It is aimed to reach the minimum number of charging stations that meet the assumptions. The capacited range coverage location model is used to solve a real-life problem by considering the distances between fuel stations and resting facilities on this highway. With the modifications made to the base model, the obtained model has become more suitable for use in real life problems. With the results obtained, it is stated in which gas station or resting facility charging stations should be installed on the highway.

很明显，由于消费者对环境的日益关注、自然资源的稀缺、对可再生能源认识的提高、技术的进步以及电动汽车对个人或企业用户的成本优势，电动汽车的使用率与日俱增。电动汽车最重要的缺点之一是续航能力低。通过对电池技术的研究，人们希望增加续航里程。然而，考虑到当今电动汽车的续航距离，车主要求在长途行驶时尽快充电。虽然电动汽车车主在城市中充电时有机会进行许多活动，但在高速公路等城际交通中却没有这样的机会。因此，应缩短城际道路充电站的等待时间，并增加其可用性。本研究以土耳其使用最频繁的高速公路之一伊斯坦布尔-安卡拉高速公路为研究对象。其目的是达到符合假设的充电站最低数量。考虑到该高速公路上加油站和休息设施之间的距离，我们使用容许范围覆盖位置模型来解决现实生活中的问题。在对基础模型进行修改后，得到的模型更适合用于解决实际问题。根据所获得的结果，说明了应在高速公路上的哪个加油站或休息设施中安装充电站。

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引用次数: 0

Forecasting national port cargo throughput movement using autoregressive models 利用自回归模型预测全国港口货物吞吐量的变动情况

IF 2.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Case Studies on Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101322

Dionicio Morales-Ramírez, Maria D. Gracia, Julio Mar-Ortiz

Port services demand planning plays an important role in port capacity planning and management. It enables ports to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to changes in demand, fostering operational excellence and customer satisfaction in the port and maritime industry. This article explores the use of a multivariate forecasting model to predict port cargo throughput movement at a national level considering macroeconomic indicators. The statistical model is used to analyze how the port cargo throughput movement in Mexico is affected by changes in the level of industrial activities in both Mexico and the United States, and to generate a projection of the national port cargo throughput movement for the upcoming years. To achieve this, a multivariate time series analysis with vector autoregressive models was constructed using monthly frequency data from 2010 to 2022. The results of the autoregressive model indicate that the proposed macroeconomic variables have a Granger-causal effect on port cargo throughput movement. It was also found that an incremental shock from the U.S. economy has a positive effect that is transmitted temporarily during the first six immediate months, while changes in the national economic activity also have a temporary positive effect, but only during the first immediate period. Traditional forecasting performance metrics are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model.

港口服务需求规划在港口能力规划和管理中发挥着重要作用。它使港口能够预测、准备和应对需求变化，促进港口和海运业的卓越运营和客户满意度。考虑到宏观经济指标，本文探讨了如何使用多元预测模型来预测国家层面的港口货物吞吐量变化。该统计模型用于分析墨西哥港口货物吞吐量的变化如何受到墨西哥和美国工业活动水平变化的影响，并对未来几年的全国港口货物吞吐量变化进行预测。为此，利用 2010 年至 2022 年的月频数据，构建了向量自回归模型的多变量时间序列分析。自回归模型的结果表明，所提出的宏观经济变量对港口货物吞吐量变动具有格兰杰因果效应。研究还发现，来自美国经济的增量冲击会产生积极影响，这种影响会在紧接着的前六个月内暂时传递，而国家经济活动的变化也会产生暂时的积极影响，但仅限于紧接着的第一阶段。传统的预测性能指标被用来评估拟议模型的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

New ways of collecting urban freight traffic data and applications for urban freight policies and research 收集城市货运交通数据的新方法及在城市货运政策和研究中的应用

IF 2.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Case Studies on Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101315

Laetitia Dablanc, Francois Adoue

The current quality of data on urban logistics traffic patterns is poor. Data are scarce, heterogeneous, often old and expensive to collect. This research looks at new ways to collect urban freight data and make that data available to both policy-makers and academia. Three case studies are examined: Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Brussels, Belgium; and Barcelona, Spain. They help identify new sources of data from traffic and parking policies: automated number plate recognition cameras, an on-street delivery smartphone app, and a truck pricing scheme. Both the context in which new data sources of interest to urban logistics are produced, and the level of appropriation of these data by local stakeholders and the research community are examined. We then construct an analysis grid to evaluate the diversity of systems (technical and socio-technical) producing data relevant to urban logistics. This analysis framework can be used to facilitate comparisons between data sources and thus help future case studies. In the three cases, we found that local governments use the data more than researchers do. The issue of data dissemination raises questions about costs (who is to bear the cost of storing, maintaining and extracting data sets?) as well as regulatory questions. We conclude that local administrations should be encouraged to work towards harmonizing data collection methods and data sharing conditions in order to improve the quality and comparability of the data. Cities in countries with little access to new sources of data, such as France for regulatory reasons, should try to find ways to create data source opportunities. In all countries, urban freight research communities should be encouraged to use the now increasingly available data.

目前有关城市物流交通模式的数据质量很差。数据稀缺、不统一、往往陈旧且收集成本高昂。本研究探讨了收集城市货运数据并将数据提供给政策制定者和学术界的新方法。本研究考察了三个案例：荷兰鹿特丹、比利时布鲁塞尔和西班牙巴塞罗那。它们有助于从交通和停车政策中发现新的数据来源：自动车牌识别摄像机、路边送货智能手机应用程序和卡车定价计划。我们研究了城市物流所关注的新数据源的产生背景，以及当地利益相关者和研究界对这些数据的利用程度。然后，我们构建了一个分析网格，以评估产生城市物流相关数据的系统（技术和社会技术）的多样性。这一分析框架可用于促进数据来源之间的比较，从而有助于未来的案例研究。在这三个案例中，我们发现地方政府对数据的使用多于研究人员。数据传播问题引发了成本问题（谁来承担存储、维护和提取数据集的成本？我们的结论是，应鼓励地方行政部门努力协调数据收集方法和数据共享条件，以提高数据的质量和可比性。在法国等由于监管原因而无法获得新数据源的国家，城市应设法创造数据源机会。在所有国家，应鼓励城市货运研究界使用现在越来越多的可用数据。

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引用次数: 0

Impacts of electric vehicles and environmental policy stringency on transport CO2 emissions 电动汽车和环境政策的严格性对交通运输二氧化碳排放的影响

IF 2.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Case Studies on Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101330

Junwook Chi

This paper aims to fill the existing gap in the literature by examining the roles of electric vehicles (EVs) and the stringency of environmental policies in reducing carbon emissions from transportation. Using a novel method of moment quantile regression (MMQR), this study investigates the impacts of EV adoption, environmental policy stringency, economic growth, commercial transportation services, and renewable energy on transport sector’s CO₂ emissions. The results indicate that the influence of EV adoption on transport emissions varies across different quantiles. While the adoption of EVs is not significantly associated with transport CO₂ emissions at the high quantile level, a significant relationship is found in the low and middle quantiles. More importantly, transport CO₂ emissions demonstrate a significant negative correlation with the stringency of environmental policies across all quantiles. Our results highlight that the combined impacts of EVs and stringent environmental policies are more pronounced in alleviating carbon emissions compared to their individual effects. These findings hold intriguing implications for policy discussions, suggesting that EVs, along with rigorous environmental policies, offer a viable pathway to mitigate carbon emissions in the transportation industry. Furthermore, this study confirms the existence of an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve in the context of the relationship between economic growth and transport-related emissions, implying that policies promoting economic growth might be seen as environmentally sustainable in the long term.

本文旨在通过研究电动汽车（EV）和环境政策的严格程度在减少交通碳排放方面的作用，填补现有文献的空白。本研究采用矩量回归（MMQR）的新方法，研究了电动汽车的采用、环境政策的严格程度、经济增长、商业运输服务和可再生能源对交通部门二氧化碳排放的影响。研究结果表明，电动汽车的采用对交通部门二氧化碳排放的影响在不同的量级上有所不同。虽然在高量化水平上，电动汽车的采用与交通部门的二氧化碳排放量没有显著关系，但在低量化和中量化水平上，两者之间存在显著关系。更重要的是，在所有量级中，交通二氧化碳排放量与环境政策的严格程度呈显著负相关。我们的研究结果表明，电动汽车和严格的环境政策对减少碳排放的综合影响比它们各自的影响更为明显。这些研究结果对政策讨论具有引人入胜的意义，表明电动汽车与严格的环境政策一起，为减少交通行业的碳排放提供了一条可行的途径。此外，本研究还证实，在经济增长与交通相关排放之间存在倒 U 型库兹涅茨曲线，这意味着促进经济增长的政策可能被视为具有长期环境可持续性。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating the factors determining service quality in Bhopal’s multimodal public transport system: A factor analysis 调查决定博帕尔多式联运公共交通系统服务质量的因素：因素分析

IF 2.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Case Studies on Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101317

Rahul Tanwar, Pradeep Kumar Agarwal

Multimodal public transport systems are crucial for sustainable urban mobility in growing cities like India. This study investigates the factors determining service quality in Bhopal’s multimodal public transport system using factor analysis. A survey of 650 regular users was conducted to assess service quality perceptions. Exploratory factor analysis revealed six significant factors: integration (22.12 % of variance explained), reliability (14.30 %), comfort (9.38 %), safety (8.07 %), accessibility (6.85 %), and customer service (5.74 %). The factors demonstrated high internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.8). Satisfaction levels varied across factors, with accessibility and comfort receiving higher ratings than reliability. Demographic comparisons revealed significant differences based on gender and age. The findings provide insights into the critical factors shaping service quality perceptions and offer a framework for assessment. The results highlight the need for targeted interventions, particularly in areas with lower satisfaction levels. This research contributes to the literature on public transport service quality in developing cities and underscores the importance of considering passenger perspectives in multimodal transport planning and management. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on public transport service quality in developing cities and underscores the importance of considering passenger perspectives in the planning and management of multimodal transport systems.

多式联运公共交通系统对于印度等发展中城市的可持续城市交通至关重要。本研究采用因素分析法调查了决定博帕尔多式联运公共交通系统服务质量的因素。对 650 名固定用户进行了调查，以评估他们对服务质量的看法。探索性因子分析揭示了六个重要因子：整合性（解释了 22.12 % 的方差）、可靠性（14.30 %）、舒适性（9.38 %）、安全性（8.07 %）、可达性（6.85 %）和客户服务（5.74 %）。各因素的内部一致性可靠性较高（Cronbach's alpha > 0.8）。各因素的满意度水平不尽相同，可及性和舒适度的评分高于可靠性。人口统计学比较显示，性别和年龄差异显著。研究结果深入揭示了影响服务质量感知的关键因素，并提供了一个评估框架。研究结果突出表明，有必要采取有针对性的干预措施，特别是在满意度较低的地区。这项研究为有关发展中城市公共交通服务质量的文献做出了贡献，并强调了在多式联运规划和管理中考虑乘客观点的重要性。这项研究为不断增加的有关发展中城市公共交通服务质量的文献做出了贡献，并强调了在多式联运系统的规划和管理中考虑乘客视角的重要性。

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引用次数: 0