Case Studies on Transport Policy最新文献

In the push for passenger transportation electrification, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) serve as a suitable bridge towards sustainable transportation, especially in settings marked by rapid urbanization and socio-economic variations, such as India. Compared to conventional vehicles, PHEVs can offer distinct advantages, but Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) often overshadow their potential. Addressing the dearth of PHEV-specific research, this study investigates consumer attitudes and preferences for PHEVs in two Indian megacities: Delhi and Kolkata. Using a three-step method on attitudinal and stated preference data from 415 (Delhi) and 500 (Kolkata) car-owners, the study segmented consumers employing factor and cluster analyses, revealing dominant groups such as the ’actively concerned’, which merges consumers with technological enthusiasm and environmental awareness. Mixed logit models further unveil consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for various PHEV attributes. Notably, Delhi consumers exhibited 56 % more WTP for Advanced Vehicle Technology (AVT) options compared to their Kolkata counterparts. While Delhi consumers prioritized battery range, battery warranty, and recharging time, Kolkata consumers emphasized emission reduction. Sensitivity analysis revealed price as a dominant adoption barrier, suggesting subsidies could enhance PHEV uptake. This research highlights diverse PHEV preferences across Indian cities, underscoring the need for city-specific policy interventions.

Passenger and freight transport are central to the socio-economic development of countries and urban life. Their enormous consumption of fossil fuels is problematic. It is essential to improve the efficiency and sustainability of this industry, especially in road transport. This paper assesses the heavy goods vehicles (trucks), as a specific segment of road transport, in Morocco from an energy standpoint. For this purpose, a methodology called DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) was adopted to systematically define problems, measure the current state, analyze data to identify inefficiencies, as well as implement and monitor improvements for sustainable performance in this sector. The findings show that Moroccan trucks have significant sustainability gaps, characterized, mainly, by high fossil fuel consumption resulting in high exhaust emissions. The promotion of alternative powertrains such as hybrid, electric and fuel cell vehicles offer promising opportunities to reduce oil consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Although these alternative powertrains have the potential to improve operational performance over traditional diesel models in Morocco, several challenges need to be addressed for their widespread uptake.

Transport infrastructures serve as pathways to employment, amenities, and services, contributing to the economic development of societies and the broader landscape. Development projects are usually measured on economic metrics; however, they can have short-term and long-term impacts on wellbeing due to disruptions during construction and changes in accessibility after construction. This study investigates the impact of transport construction projects on the residents’ satisfaction with surrounding neighbourhoods. This study uses the longitudinal survey of Household Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia (HILDA) from 2002 to 2019 to monitor and model satisfaction with neighbourhoods for residents living in the vicinity of 11 major transport construction projects in Sydney, Australia. The variations in residents’ satisfaction with neighbourhoods are investigated at macro and micro levels. At the macro level, average satisfaction before during and after construction are compared against each other. At the micro level, two random effect ordered logit models are developed to explain satisfaction while controlling for residents’ sociodemographic attributes and major life events. Both highway and underground projects have been shown to improve overall satisfaction among all residents. However, during the construction phase for underground, satisfaction with neighbourhoods tends to decrease. The highway projects exhibit a positive effect on residents even during the construction phase, with a higher positive effect for permanent residents.

One of the significant sources of urban air particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) has been found to be vehicle exhaust emission. Vehicle restriction measures have been taken to alleviate particulate matter pollution in the world. Here, we quantified the impact of vehicle restriction measures on the PM_2.5 concentrations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) in Kaifeng, China. This study set up three different scenarios to simulate the spatiotemporal changes of PM_2.5 concentrations in four seasons in 2020. They were no emission reduction (S0), the restriction of two tailing license plate numbers (S1), and the restriction of odd–even tailing numbers of license plates (S2), respectively. In general, the odd–even license plate restriction policy has proven to be more effective than restricting two specific license plate numbers. In scenario S1, the range of PM_2.5 concentrations reduction in Kaifeng City was between 0.2% and 1.28%. In scenario S2, the range of PM_2.5 concentrations reduction was between 0.98% and 14.42%. The results showed that the effectiveness of vehicle restriction measures varies from season to season, and the effect in summer and winter is better than that in spring and autumn. We suggest that it may be difficult to reduce the PM_2.5 concentrations to a great extent if simply reducing the traffic exhaust emissions through motor vehicle restrictions, on the contrary, would lead to the increase of O₃ concentration, bringing some other effects. This study can serve as a foundation for the rational development of motor vehicle control strategies and help advance the ongoing improvement of air quality.

Distracted Driving Behavior is one of the leading factors responsible for road accidents. Using a case study of Pakistan, this study aimed to observe the effect of road type and conditions, trip timing, law enforcement, passenger type, and sociodemographic indicators on distracted driving behavior. The effect of driving experience on distracted driving behavior was also studied as a mediating variable. A questionnaire was prepared, and 501 responses were selected for this study. The PLS-SEM was employed to test the hypotheses of the study. The results showed that all the factors significantly influenced distracted driving behavior except passenger type. Trip timing had the strongest effect, suggesting drivers were more distracted during the daytime, possibly due to the ease of driving enabling environment, followed by significant effects of road type and conditions, age, and law enforcement. However, passenger presence did not significantly impact distracted driving in this study. The results indicate a need for suitable interventions with various stakeholders (policymakers, police, mental health experts, advocates, and community leaders) to raise awareness, change attitudes, and increase risk perception related to distracted driving behavior and its imperilments.

Marginalized communities usually experience inadequate public transport services in North America. Within these communities, buses play a vital role in everyday activity participation. Unfortunately, transport services that may advance equity by improving coverage and service for disadvantaged population groups and areas are often overlooked in transit planning since they usually underperform in ridership-based metrics.

To address this problem, the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) introduced an equity service policy in 2019 to enhance bus services in vulnerable neighbourhoods known as Neighbourhood Improvement Areas (NIAs). This policy involves augmenting observed ridership counts for buses serving NIAs to improve or protect services for these communities. Although this proposed measure can improve bus services in NIAs, its current form might exclude other equity-deserving riders (EDRs) living outside NIAs, increasing their accessibility barriers.

Our study uses quantitative and spatial analytical methods to better understand the equity impacts of this service policy change. We propose moving from the aggregate neighbourhood-based approach using NIAs to a more comprehensive and disaggregated person-based approach. First, we create an alternate method that identifies EDRs at the bus stop level using a fusion of census and travel survey data. We then explore the differences in augmented ridership levels created by the two approaches and evaluate whether the augmented ridership levels are likely to result in meaningful service changes using existing TTC service standards.

We found that 2 out of 3 transit riders in Toronto are equity-deserving, with 72% residing outside NIAs. Our approach reveals increased ridership on routes with many EDRs, which receive minimal augmentation under the NIA-based method. Conversely, if all riders in NIAs are considered EDRs, our approach shows a 19% ridership overestimation equivalent to 35,245 users. Based on these results, we recommend creating a dedicated equity tool with an individual-centric focus, identifying areas with low transit service and high EDR percentages. This tool could then be integrated as an equity perspective into annual bus service planning.

The current study suggests a user satisfaction-based approach to prioritise attributes influencing walk accessibility to metro stations in Delhi, India. The target user group of the present study includes metro users who access the metro stations by walking. Responses from 466 such users are collected using smart tablets through face-to-face interviews. User satisfaction ratings towards twelve walk accessibility influencing attributes identified in the study are recorded on a six-point Likert-type ordinal rating scale. The study engages a comparative Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) approach comprising three prominent techniques, viz., Relative to an Identified Distribution Integral Transformation (RIDIT), Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for analysing the collected perception database and prioritising the attributes based on user satisfaction. The study outcomes identify ‘Extreme Weather Conditions’, ‘Illumination’, ‘Universal Design Considerations’ and ‘Safety and Security’ as the poorly performing attributes based on user perception and require immediate interventions. Spearman’s rank-order correlation analysis is performed to compare the attribute priority ranks derived from the three methods. The research findings can be useful to transportation planners, policymakers and enforcement officials in formulating and implementing strategies to allocate funds based on user-identified priorities for improving walk accessibility to metro stations.

Road crashes continue to be the leading cause of death across all age groups despite several efforts being taken by the government and non-government organizations. The brunt of traffic fatalities affects males and females differently. Studies on assessing gender-wise exposure to road safety are limited in the Indian context. Therefore, an attempt is made to understand the role of gender in fatality risk assessment. The aim is to evaluate the change in exposure to different motorization growth scenarios for males and females. The fatality-risk model is developed based on the interaction between the victim (pedestrian, bicyclist, two-wheeler, car, and bus) and threat (pedestrian, bicyclist, two-wheeler, car, bus, and environment) road users combined with the at-risk distance traveled by modes for Bangalore Metropolitan Region, India. Male and female traffic fatalities are estimated based on the interaction severity between victim and threat modes. The results show that pedestrians, bicyclists, and two-wheeler users are more vulnerable. Both males and females demonstrate an increased risk of traffic fatalities with the rise in the motorization mode share due to the severity of interaction of vulnerable modes with another motorized mode such as two-wheelers and cars. The most significant reduction in road crashes for both genders is observed for the High Bus scenario, which assumes that 80 % of the total motorized distance is traveled by bus. Maximum traffic deaths are estimated for the High Car scenario; the fatalities remained high even with 100 % motorization indicating higher risk with high motorization rates. The study outcomes would help practitioners and decision-makers to make informed policy decisions. Further, the fatality risk is assessed considering the interaction of at most two road users, and the study can be extended to the simultaneous evaluation of multiple road users.

Participating in activities can significantly enhance the life satisfaction of older adults, aged 60 and above. Limited access to transportation can have several negative effects on older adults. The present-day public transit system primarily serves young and middle-aged individuals, which results in a lack of comfort and safety for the elderly. This study aims to model elderly users’ perceived level of satisfaction with bus transit service using the ordered probit model. The study area for our research is the city of Patna, which is the capital of Bihar, India. An extensive perception survey of 416 elderly users populates the database for the present study. According to model estimation results, increasing the number of seats reserved for the elderly and improving the condition of bus stops will increase the perceived level of satisfaction and will lead to attract more elderly passengers to bus transit service. Marginal effects were calculated to evaluate the impact of each independent variable on the perceived level of satisfaction. The overall prediction success rate is 60%. The result of the study will be helpful in better understanding the elderly users’ perception of bus transit service and accordingly will be helpful in planning and management of the bus transit service to meet the expectations of the elderly.

The construction of a new rail infrastructure to connect airports with cities plays a vital role in enhancing the accessibility of airport ground access and mitigating negative externalities resulting from automobiles. To identify air travelers’ preferences for airport ground access by considering a new metro line in Taiwan, we develop nested logit models, which combine revealed and stated preference data. The results reveal significant effects of travel time, travel cost, and individual characteristics; the metro and taxis are highly substituted for airport access. Consumer surplus or accessibility is not equally distributed across air travelers. Travelers who are female, young adults, lower income, and without vehicles in the household obtain considerable consumer benefits from using the new metro. Policy incentives to time and cost have a small impact on the increase in metro share, but consumer surplus surges considerably.