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Examining Travel Mode Preference for the COVID-19 Post-Vaccination Period: Insights from Dhaka, Bangladesh 研究 COVID-19 疫苗接种后的旅行方式偏好:孟加拉国达卡的启示
IF 2.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101208
Niaz Mahmud , K.B.M. Ibrahim , Md Asif Hasan Anik , Sabrina Rashid Sheonty , Muhammad Ahsanul Habib

This research investigates preferences of general public towards travel modes in the COVID-19 post-vaccination times. First, a questionnaire survey is conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to gather information on people's socio-demographic characteristics, travel choices before, during, and after the pandemic, and attitudes towards public transit, active transport, and personal car. Next, three ordered logit models are developed to explore how mode preferences vary across socio-demographics, travel characteristics, and risk perceptions. This research identifies factors that contribute to commuters' travel mode preference as well as factors that act as deterrents. Analysis reveals that there will be a noticeable shift from public transport to private car and active transport. To be able to walk or bike to work, people may consider relocating closer to their workplaces. Individuals who used a private car before vaccination may continue to do so after being vaccinated. Additionally, women are more likely to prefer own vehicles while people aged more than 49 years are less likely to prefer public transport. Results also suggest that use of food delivery services, ridesharing, and working from home significantly affects travel mode preference. Individuals who never used ridesharing services are more likely to prefer walking and bicycling after vaccination. The outcomes of this study are expected to assist transport policymakers in the Global South to better understand COVID-19′s long-term influence on mode choice behavior and help in developing pragmatic policies to promote sustainable travel habits.

本研究调查了 COVID-19 疫苗接种后公众对出行方式的偏好。首先,在孟加拉国达卡进行了一项问卷调查,以收集人们的社会人口特征、大流行之前、期间和之后的出行选择,以及对公共交通、主动交通和个人驾车的态度等信息。接下来,研究人员建立了三个有序对数模型,以探讨不同社会人口特征、出行特征和风险认知的出行方式偏好有何不同。这项研究确定了促成通勤者出行方式偏好的因素以及起阻碍作用的因素。分析表明,公共交通将明显转向私家车和主动交通。为了能够步行或骑自行车上班,人们可能会考虑搬迁到离工作地点更近的地方。接种疫苗前使用私家车的人在接种疫苗后可能会继续使用私家车。此外,女性更倾向于使用自己的汽车,而 49 岁以上的人则更少倾向于使用公共交通工具。结果还表明,使用送餐服务、共享乘车和在家工作对出行方式的偏好有很大影响。从未使用过共享乘车服务的人在接种疫苗后更倾向于步行和骑自行车。这项研究的成果有望帮助全球南部地区的交通决策者更好地了解 COVID-19 对出行方式选择行为的长期影响,并帮助制定务实的政策来促进可持续的出行习惯。
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引用次数: 0
Role of private vehicle commuters’ travel wellbeing perception in mode shift behavior towards an upcoming metro in Mumbai Metropolitan region 孟买大都会地区私家车乘客的出行幸福感对即将开通的地铁的模式转换行为的影响
IF 2.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101210
Rimpi Baro, K.V. Krishna Rao, Nagendra R. Velaga

The expansion of mass rapid transit systems such as the metro in urban metropolitan areas is expected to moderate the problems of congestion and public transport overcrowding. It is crucial to devise measures to attract private vehicle commuters towards these modes to make them economically and financially viable. Positive perceptions and high trip frequency of commute trips can lead to long-term habitual inertia and prevent these commuters from shifting towards new sustainable alternatives. To support transport policy-making in promoting sustainable modes, this study mainly investigated the association of private vehicle commuters’ travel wellbeing perception of their commute, commute frequency, and travel attributes with their mode shift behavior towards an upcoming metro system in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR). Some external changes will occur in the transport system regarding time, cost, and other attributes with the upcoming 426 km metro line network in MMR. A well-designed stated preference survey was conducted, and 2400 observations were collected from 217 private vehicle commuters (two-wheelers and cars). Results indicate that the commuters value metro on-board comfort the most, followed by transfers, travel time, and waiting time. Existing travel wellbeing perception is found to be insignificant in determining the mode shift behavior. Furthermore, regular private vehicle commuters showed a significant shifting propensity towards the upcoming metro. Mann-Whiteney U test results indicate no significant differences in travel wellbeing perceptions among car and two-wheeler commuters.

随着地铁等大众快速交通系统在大都市地区的扩展,预计将缓解交通拥堵和公共交通拥挤的问题。关键是要制定措施,吸引私家车乘客选择这些交通方式,使其在经济和财政上可行。通勤出行的积极观念和高出行频率会导致长期的习惯性惰性,阻碍这些通勤者转向新的可持续替代方式。为了支持推广可持续交通模式的交通政策制定,本研究主要调查了私家车通勤者对其通勤的旅行幸福感、通勤频率和旅行属性与他们对孟买大都会区(MMR)即将开通的地铁系统的模式转换行为之间的关联。随着孟买都会区即将建成 426 公里长的地铁线网,交通系统在时间、成本和其他属性方面将发生一些外部变化。我们进行了一项精心设计的陈述偏好调查,从 217 名私家车乘客(两轮车和轿车)中收集了 2400 个观察结果。结果表明,乘客最看重地铁的舒适度,其次是换乘、旅行时间和等待时间。现有的出行舒适度对决定乘客的换乘行为并不重要。此外,经常乘坐私家车的乘客对即将开通的地铁有明显的换乘倾向。Mann-Whiteney U 检验结果表明,汽车乘客和两轮车乘客在旅行幸福感方面没有明显差异。
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引用次数: 0
Determinants of traffic safety enforcement behaviour among police officers: A narrative review 警察交通安全执法行为的决定因素:叙述性综述
IF 2.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101206
Rillagoda G.N. Yasanthi , Christine M. Wickens , Brian Jonah , Babak Mehran , Brenda Suggett

Traffic safety enforcement (TSE), which includes policing of traffic laws, is a key component of safe transport systems. Effective TSE depends on law enforcement professionals’ (i.e., police officers’) ability and willingness to proactively engage in TSE activities. By conducting a narrative review of past literature, this article documents (i) factors reported to influence law enforcement professionals’ willingness to engage in TSE, and (ii) policy recommendations to improve TSE and thus traffic safety. The extensive literature review presented in this report identified four main types of factors that influence officers’ willingness to engage in TSE: (i) individual-level factors (e.g., officers’ perceptions of TSE), (ii) situational factors (e.g., traffic offenders’ demographic characteristics), (iii) organization-level factors (e.g., traffic citation quotas), and (iv) community-level factors (e.g., political influence). Policy recommendations to improve TSE recognized that a country’s economic condition poses significant barriers to effective TSE. Results of this literature review summarize and provide insights into factors that influence TSE and can be used by road safety professionals, including transport engineers and law enforcement professionals, to improve TSE efforts and outcomes.

交通安全执法(TSE),包括交通法规警务,是安全运输系统的关键组成部分。有效的交通安全执法取决于执法专业人员(即警察)主动参与交通安全执法活动的能力和意愿。通过对过去文献的叙述性回顾,本文记录了(i)据报道影响执法专业人员参与 TSE 意愿的因素,以及(ii)改善 TSE 从而改善交通安全的政策建议。本报告通过广泛的文献综述,确定了影响执法人员参与 TSE 意愿的四类主要因素:(i) 个人层面的因素(如执法人员对 TSE 的看法),(ii) 情境因素(如交通违法者的人口特征),(iii) 组织层面的因素(如交通传票配额),以及 (iv) 社区层面的因素(如政治影响)。改善交通安全检测的政策建议承认,一个国家的经济状况对有效的交通安全检测构成了重大障碍。本文献综述的结果总结了影响交通安全检测的因素并提供了见解,可供道路安全专业人员(包括交通工程师和执法专业人员)用于改进交通安全检测工作和结果。
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引用次数: 0
Quantifying COVID-19′s impact on GHG emission reduction in Oman's transportation sector: A bottom-up analysis of pre-pandemic years (2015–2019) and the pandemic year (2020) 量化 COVID-19 对阿曼交通部门温室气体减排的影响:对大流行前年份(2015-2019 年)和大流行年份(2020 年)的自下而上分析
IF 2.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101204
Charabi Yassine , Ioannis Sebos

On February 24, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic hit Oman, forcing nationwide lockdowns and movement limitations. This study estimates the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on Oman's transportation sector's Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Using a bottom-up methodology, this analysis compares the years preceding the pandemic (2015–2019) to the pandemic year (2020). According to the results, the implementation of COVID-19 lockdown measures significantly reduced GHG emissions from passenger vehicles by 26.4 % and 27.8 % from whole road transportation. The overall GHG reduction from whole road transportation in Oman during the pandemic year (2020) was estimated around 1,502 kilotons CO2eq. These reductions represent 17 % of the pledged of carbon reduction target in the Second Nationally Determined Contributions by 2030. These results highlight the possibility of achieving emission reduction goals through the adoption of remote work practices, which has contributed significantly to the decline in emissions during the pandemic. Remote work has the potential to reduce commuter trips, thereby reducing overall mobility and emissions, particularly in Oman, which lacks public transportation and relies heavily on private vehicles. The potential benefits of remote work in reducing carbon emissions in the transportation sector should be carefully evaluated and encouraged by policymakers in order to help Oman achieve its climate goals.

2020 年 2 月 24 日,COVID-19 大流行病袭击了阿曼,导致全国范围的封锁和行动限制。本研究估算了 COVID-19 大流行对阿曼交通部门温室气体 (GHG) 排放的影响。本分析采用自下而上的方法,将大流行前几年(2015-2019 年)与大流行年(2020 年)进行比较。结果显示,实施 COVID-19 封锁措施后,客运车辆的温室气体排放量大幅减少了 26.4%,整个公路运输的温室气体排放量减少了 27.8%。据估计,在大流行年(2020 年),阿曼整个公路运输的温室气体总减排量约为 1,502 千吨二氧化碳当量。这些减排量占到 2030 年第二次全国减排目标承诺的 17%。这些结果凸显了通过采用远程工作方式实现减排目标的可能性,而远程工作方式在大流行病期间对减排做出了重大贡献。远程工作有可能减少通勤出行,从而降低总体流动性和排放量,尤其是在缺乏公共交通、严重依赖私家车的阿曼。决策者应认真评估和鼓励远程工作在减少交通部门碳排放方面的潜在好处,以帮助阿曼实现其气候目标。
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引用次数: 0
Carbon Generalized System of Preferences (CGSP) programs: Key design dimensions and attitudes of potential participants 碳普惠制(CGSP)计划:关键设计因素和潜在参与者的态度
IF 2.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101205
Ruoyu Chen , Suyang Xu , Yiling Du , Yiming Wu , Shiyu Zhao , Ran Tu , Chenyang Wu

The Carbon Generalized System of Preferences (CGSP) is a tool that employs monetary or non-monetary incentives to promote sustainable behaviors. While CGSP pilot programs have been initiated, its main design dimensions and people’s preferences for these dimensions remain unexplored. This study developed a two-stage framework to summarize key components of the CGSP’s design and delve into participants’ preferences for various CGSP designs. Our findings indicate that individuals aged over 30, with comparatively higher incomes, and living within smaller households, tend to exhibit tendencies towards high-emission travel. Regarding interviewees’ preferences for the key design dimensions of the CGSP, a unanimous consensus emerges that the government should play a leading role in CGSP development. While divergences exist, most interviewees lean towards CGSP programs being voluntary in nature, city-level in scope, and possessing mid-term billing cycles (monthly to semi-annually). Attitudes towards monetary incentives display significant variation among interviewees, with those working in the transportation industry generally exhibiting a greater affinity for non-monetary incentives. The majority of interviewees express comfort with personal information collection for the CGSP, particularly among potential low-emission travelers. This study provides valuable insights for designing and promoting CGSP mechanisms.

碳普惠制(CGSP)是一种利用货币或非货币激励来促进可持续行为的工具。虽然碳普惠制试点项目已经启动,但其主要设计维度和人们对这些维度的偏好仍未得到探索。本研究建立了一个两阶段框架,以总结 CGSP 设计的主要组成部分,并深入研究参与者对各种 CGSP 设计的偏好。我们的研究结果表明,30 岁以上、收入相对较高、生活在小家庭中的个人倾向于高排放出行。关于受访者对 CGSP 主要设计方面的偏好,一个一致的共识是政府应在 CGSP 的发展中发挥主导作用。虽然存在分歧,但大多数受访者倾向于 CGSP 项目的自愿性质、城市级别范围以及中期计费周期(每月至半年)。受访者对货币激励措施的态度存在很大差异,从事运输行业的受访者一般更倾向于非货币激励措施。大多数受访者对 CGSP 的个人信息收集表示满意,尤其是潜在的低排放旅行者。这项研究为设计和推广 CGSP 机制提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Targeted information intervention among consumer clusters for electric vehicle penetration – A case study of Punjab, India 在消费者集群中进行有针对性的信息干预,促进电动汽车的普及--印度旁遮普邦的案例研究
IF 2.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101202
Hafsoah Ahmad, T.M. Rahul

Low success rates of existing EV adoption policies in India highlight the need for targeted policies to boost EV adoption. The current study employs a single-arm information intervention to analyse the impact of information provision on electric vehicle (EV) adoption among consumer clusters in a developing country context. Using Gaussian Mixed Modelling clustering, the sample was grouped into four segments based on three psychological latent variables. Clusters with greater pro-environmental values had higher pre-intervention positive purchase intention, signifying that policies aimed at promoting EVs among environmentally conscious consumers have higher chances of success. The intervention showed significant desirable changes in every cluster. Results indicate that such campaigns would achieve higher success in consumer clusters with low eco-friendliness. Appropriate measures for each cluster are suggested. The characteristics of consumer clusters with higher pre-intervention purchase intention could serve as guidelines for businesses and governments while formulating new and updating their existing EV policies.

印度现有电动汽车采用政策的成功率较低,这凸显了制定有针对性的政策来促进电动汽车采用的必要性。本研究采用单臂信息干预方法,分析在发展中国家的消费者集群中提供信息对电动汽车(EV)采用的影响。利用高斯混合模型聚类,根据三个心理潜变量将样本分为四个部分。具有较高环保价值观的群组在干预前具有较高的积极购买意向,这表明旨在向具有环保意识的消费者推广电动汽车的政策具有较高的成功几率。干预措施在每个群组中都显示出明显的理想变化。结果表明,在生态友好度较低的消费者群组中,此类活动会取得更大的成功。针对每个群组提出了适当的措施。干预前购买意向较高的消费者群组的特征可作为企业和政府制定新的或更新现有电动汽车政策的指南。
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引用次数: 0
Causes of transportation inequality: The case of bike sharing in the U.S. 交通不平等的原因:美国共享单车案例
IF 2.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101199
Jingyun Chen, Ling Huang

The bike-sharing system, as an innovation to solve the first-and-last-mile transportation problem, tends to be disproportionally used much less by lower income users. In this paper, we focus on testing two causes of this inequality: availability of stations and affordability, using a difference-in-difference framework with various treatments. We discovered that stations are more readily available in higher-income areas. However, increasing station availability will not reduce the usage inequality. Instead, we find that equity programs that increase the affordability of low-income users can reduce the usage gap between high and low-income groups. The major findings of this paper suggest that to create a more inclusive and equal urban transportation ecosystem, urban planners, policymakers, and bike-sharing operators need to allocate more resources to support affordability.

共享单车系统作为解决 "最初和最后一英里 "交通问题的一项创新,其低收入用户的使用率往往低得不成比例。在本文中,我们利用不同处理方法的差分框架,重点检验了造成这种不平等现象的两个原因:站点的可用性和可负担性。我们发现,在高收入地区更容易获得车站。然而,增加车站的可用性并不会减少使用率的不平等。相反,我们发现,提高低收入用户负担能力的公平计划可以缩小高收入群体和低收入群体之间的使用差距。本文的主要研究结果表明,要创建一个更具包容性和平等性的城市交通生态系统,城市规划者、政策制定者和共享单车运营商需要分配更多资源来支持可负担性。
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引用次数: 0
Challenges and barriers for gender-inclusive public transport policies and practice in Delhi, India 印度德里性别包容公共交通政策与实践面临的挑战和障碍
IF 2.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101201
Ankita Sil , Subeh Chowdhury , Roselle Thoreau

The importance of gender mainstreaming in transport services has been brought to focus by leading organisations such as the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. Commonly, women in South and Southeast Asian countries struggle with a public transport system that is not designed for them. National policy makers from these countries typically pick and choose when to follow international guidelines. The present study explores the challenges and barriers for implementation of international guidelines and standards on gender when designing inclusive public transport systems. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with leading national policymakers and transport practitioners to gain an in-depth understanding of current practices in Delhi, India. Discussions with policymakers revealed a significant lack of willingness to consider women as a distinct user group, largely due to a male-dominated sector. Women, when rarely considered, are often categorized within the vulnerable user group. This makes any gender-specific travel requirements absent from policies and guidelines for transport practitioners to implement. Without any adequate gender-inclusive policies and government guidelines, practitioners are hamstringed into designing and implementing services which negates women’s travel needs. Interviews with transport practitioners also revealed major barriers to include funding constraints and poor national data resources. The study concludes with critical gaps in the pipeline from international to national to transport practitioners which prevents gender-specific travel needs from being met for women riding public transport.

世界银行和亚洲开发银行等主要机构都强调了将性别观点纳入交通服务主流的重要性。南亚和东南亚国家的妇女通常要面对并非为她们设计的公共交通系统。这些国家的政策制定者通常会选择何时遵循国际准则。本研究探讨了在设计包容性公共交通系统时,实施有关性别问题的国际准则和标准所面临的挑战和障碍。为了深入了解印度德里的现行做法,我们对主要的国家政策制定者和交通从业人员进行了半结构式访谈。在与政策制定者的讨论中发现,将女性视为一个独特的用户群体的意愿严重不足,这主要是由于该行业由男性主导。在很少考虑女性的情况下,女性往往被归类为弱势用户群体。这就使得交通运输从业人员在执行政策和指导方针时,缺乏任何针对不同性别的出行要求。在没有任何适当的性别包容政策和政府指导方针的情况下,从业人员在设计和实施服务时会受到束缚,从而忽略了女性的出行需求。与交通从业人员的访谈还显示,主要障碍包括资金限制和国家数据资源贫乏。本研究的结论是,从国际到国家再到交通从业人员的管道中存在严重的差距,这阻碍了妇女乘坐 公共交通工具的特定性别出行需求得到满足。
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引用次数: 0
Urban public transport system accessibility for different groups of residents: Case of Bratislava city 不同居民群体使用城市公共交通系统的便利性:布拉迪斯拉发市案例
IF 2.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101200
Richard Hluško , Richard Stanek , Pavol Ďurček , Dagmar Kusendová

The main goal of the article is to characterize the functioning of the Urban Public Transport System (UPTS) in the capital city of the Slovak Republic (Bratislava) during different time periods (morning rush, evening, night, average working day, and weekend − Sunday) and express its accessibility for various groups of city residents (low-income households, unemployed individuals, seniors (age 60+), children (age 0–14), women (for comparison, men as well). To achieve this goal, we combined datasets of UPTS in Bratislava with the pedestrian communication network and identified an effective service area for which we subsequently determined the sizes of the respective population groups of residents. Finally, we verified the functionality of the entire UPTS model by measuring the accessibility of the selected destination, Ružinov Hospital. Our results could be summarized as follows: The functioning of UPTS is very similar during the morning rush, evening, average working day (Monday to Friday), and weekend − Sunday. During these time periods, approximately the same main lines operate, and there is a higher utilization of the same transfer points. The difference lies mainly in the frequency of departures of specific lines. During the night, the system operates based on different lines compared to the daytime, with transfers possible only at one central point/corridor. This fact also affects the usability and accessibility of UPTS, reflected in the accessibility of Ružinov Hospital, which is very limited during the night-time period. However, the accessibility of the hospital by UPTS is higher for the unemployed residents, low-income individuals, and children than the overall residents average, which is also reflected in the distribution of women. A negative aspect is that UPTS is less accessible for seniors. It must be said that this fact varies significantly in the heterogeneous spatial layout of the city. This was confirmed in our measurement of the accessibility to Ružinov Hospital, where seniors have roughly the same level of accessibility as the overall residents average.

本文的主要目的是描述斯洛伐克共和国首都(布拉迪斯拉发)城市公共交通系统(UPTS)在不同时间段(早高峰、傍晚、夜间、平均工作日、周末-周日)的运行情况,并表达城市不同居民群体(低收入家庭、失业人员、老年人(60 岁以上)、儿童(0-14 岁)、女性(为便于比较,男性也包括在内)的交通便利程度。为实现这一目标,我们将布拉迪斯拉发城市公共交通服务系统的数据集与行人通信网络相结合,确定了一个有效的服务区域,并随后确定了相应居民群体的规模。最后,我们通过测量所选目的地鲁日诺夫医院的可达性,验证了整个 UPTS 模型的功能。我们的结果可归纳如下:在早高峰、傍晚、平均工作日(周一至周五)和周末-周日,UPTS 的功能非常相似。在这些时间段内,运行的主要线路大致相同,相同换乘点的利用率也较高。不同之处主要在于特定线路的发车频率。与白天相比,夜间的系统运行线路不同,只能在一个中心点/走廊进行换乘。这一事实也影响了 UPTS 的可用性和可达性,反映在 Ružinov 医院的可达性上,夜间的可达性非常有限。不过,失业居民、低收入者和儿童使用 UPTS 前往医院的便利程度要高于总体居民的平均水平,妇女的分布情况也反映了这一点。一个不利的方面是,老年人使用 UPTS 的机会较少。必须指出的是,这一事实在城市不同的空间布局中差异很大。这一点在我们对鲁日诺夫医院可达性的测量中得到了证实,老年人的可达性与总体居民的平均水平大致相同。
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引用次数: 0
Shifting travel patterns through narrative gamification: Evidence from a school-based program in Singapore 通过叙事游戏化改变旅行模式:新加坡校本项目的证据
IF 2.5 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101198
Wai Yan Leong, Wen Wei Chong, Melvin Kwok

Encouraging young school children (and their parents) to travel to school more by active modes and less by car is of growing interest to transportation policymakers, especially considering the growing trend of car use in many cities today. In this study, gamification was employed as a behavioral intervention to promote “car-free” travel among students of 3 elementary schools in Singapore, through a 3-week program called the OneEarth Challenge. In this intervention, students earned points for going “car-free” to school, and the activity was made fun, engaging, and social, through inter-team competitions. Beyond individual-focused rewards typically employed for such programs, students also collectively worked towards team and school goals. During the program, there was an average 28.5 percentage-point increase in “car-free” travel across all schools, and this increase largely persisted at least up to 8 weeks after the Challenge. We also found that the inclusion of a fictional game narrative was associated with increased intrinsic motivation for “car-free” behavior which in turn led to greater persistence in behavior change. The policy implications and generalizability of these results are discussed.

特别是考虑到当今许多城市的汽车使用量呈增长趋势,鼓励年幼学童(及其家长)更多地采用积极的出行方式上学,减少使用汽车,越来越受到交通政策制定者的关注。在这项研究中,新加坡的三所小学通过为期三周的 "OneEarth 挑战 "项目,采用游戏化作为行为干预手段,以促进学生 "无车 "出行。在这项干预措施中,学生们通过 "无车 "上学来获得积分,并通过团队间的竞赛使这项活动变得有趣、引人入胜并具有社交性。除了此类计划通常采用的以个人为重点的奖励措施外,学生们还集体努力实现团队和学校的目标。在活动期间,所有学校的 "无车 "出行率平均提高了 28.5 个百分点,这种提高至少持续到挑战赛结束后 8 周。我们还发现,虚构游戏叙事的加入与 "无车 "行为内在动机的增加有关,而这反过来又导致行为改变的持续性增强。本文讨论了这些结果的政策影响和可推广性。
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引用次数: 0
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