Pub Date : 2021-07-04DOI: 10.1080/1062726X.2021.2011730
Jordan Morehouse
ABSTRACT The relationship management perspective and research on organization–public relationships have dominated the pages of public relations journals for decades. This has resulted in scholarship that heavily focuses on organization–public relationships, while overlooking other relationships that organizations strive to cultivate through their public relations efforts. This study applied the devotional campaign framework to addresses gaps in relationship management research regarding other relationships organizations strive to foster, including intra-stakeholder relationships and relationships with an object of devotion. Results from a mixed method case study, including a quantitative content analysis of 820 public relations materials and interviews with communication employees within a religious organization, suggest that organizations strive to foster organization–public relationships, a relationship between stakeholders and an object of devotion, and intra-stakeholder relationships. Findings advance relationship management theory and provide an updated framework for analyzing relational goals and messages in public relations materials.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-04DOI: 10.1080/1062726X.2021.2011728
Brian G. Smith, D. Hallows, M. Vail, Alycia Burnett, Caleb Porter
ABSTRACT The growing importance of social media influencers (SMIs) as sources for attitude and behavior necessitate a focus on influencers (and their strategies to influence) in public relations research and practice. This study investigated perspectives among a specific type of SMI – the religious or faith-based influencer. In-depth interviews with 17 religious influencers reveal motives and meanings of individuals who take on the title of influencer. Findings suggest a dichotomy of altruism and egoism in religious influence, and the prevalence of parasocial interaction underlying the SMI influence efforts. Results also suggest lessons for influencer relations as an emerging focus in public relations theory and practice.
{"title":"Social media conversion: lessons from faith-based social media influencers for public relations","authors":"Brian G. Smith, D. Hallows, M. Vail, Alycia Burnett, Caleb Porter","doi":"10.1080/1062726X.2021.2011728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2021.2011728","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The growing importance of social media influencers (SMIs) as sources for attitude and behavior necessitate a focus on influencers (and their strategies to influence) in public relations research and practice. This study investigated perspectives among a specific type of SMI – the religious or faith-based influencer. In-depth interviews with 17 religious influencers reveal motives and meanings of individuals who take on the title of influencer. Findings suggest a dichotomy of altruism and egoism in religious influence, and the prevalence of parasocial interaction underlying the SMI influence efforts. Results also suggest lessons for influencer relations as an emerging focus in public relations theory and practice.","PeriodicalId":47737,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Relations Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"231 - 249"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45437144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-04DOI: 10.1080/1062726X.2021.2018694
Damion Waymer, Sarah Vanslette
ABSTRACT Corporate social advocacy (CSA) is an emerging framework in public relations research that is receiving increased scholarly attention; however, we find that in light of the fact that CSA applies a narrow application of the term “corporate” and tends to focus on progressive/left-leaning issues and corporations at the expense of understanding potential similarities and differences of organizations managing contentious issues across the political spectrum, the current CSA framework needs further nuance to better capture publics’ or consumers’ motivations for proposed actions they take in response to CSA efforts. This essay addresses these limitations and advances the CSA framework by foregrounding religious conviction and the role it plays in CSA efforts. We argue that religion generally and religious conviction specifically in CSA warrant further study, as such investigations offer the potential for making CSA a more robust conceptual framework.
{"title":"Religion matters: explicating religion’s underexamined role in corporate social advocacy (CSA) conceptualization and research","authors":"Damion Waymer, Sarah Vanslette","doi":"10.1080/1062726X.2021.2018694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2021.2018694","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Corporate social advocacy (CSA) is an emerging framework in public relations research that is receiving increased scholarly attention; however, we find that in light of the fact that CSA applies a narrow application of the term “corporate” and tends to focus on progressive/left-leaning issues and corporations at the expense of understanding potential similarities and differences of organizations managing contentious issues across the political spectrum, the current CSA framework needs further nuance to better capture publics’ or consumers’ motivations for proposed actions they take in response to CSA efforts. This essay addresses these limitations and advances the CSA framework by foregrounding religious conviction and the role it plays in CSA efforts. We argue that religion generally and religious conviction specifically in CSA warrant further study, as such investigations offer the potential for making CSA a more robust conceptual framework.","PeriodicalId":47737,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Relations Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"267 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45773106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-04DOI: 10.1080/1062726X.2021.2011729
Guy J. Golan, Jordan Morehouse, Ashley E. English
ABSTRACT The current study investigates how Church communicators perceive the role of social media platforms and influencers in their overall stakeholder engagement strategy. Building upon the Organization-Public Relationship (OPR) body of literature, we conducted 13 in-depth interviews with public relations professionals at megachurches throughout the United States. Findings reveal a reliance on one-way communication strategies to build relationships that shifted two-way communication as congregations prioritized digital connections due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We also found that Church communicators understand the concept of social media influencers differently than their corporate communicator peers to also include influence on another’s spiritual beliefs and well-being.
{"title":"Building relationships with the faithful: examining church communicators perceptions of social media influencers in their OPR strategy","authors":"Guy J. Golan, Jordan Morehouse, Ashley E. English","doi":"10.1080/1062726X.2021.2011729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2021.2011729","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The current study investigates how Church communicators perceive the role of social media platforms and influencers in their overall stakeholder engagement strategy. Building upon the Organization-Public Relationship (OPR) body of literature, we conducted 13 in-depth interviews with public relations professionals at megachurches throughout the United States. Findings reveal a reliance on one-way communication strategies to build relationships that shifted two-way communication as congregations prioritized digital connections due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We also found that Church communicators understand the concept of social media influencers differently than their corporate communicator peers to also include influence on another’s spiritual beliefs and well-being.","PeriodicalId":47737,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Relations Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"250 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46117646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-04DOI: 10.1080/1062726X.2021.2018844
Cylor Spaulding
Religion and faith have played influential roles in numerous major events throughout history – from wars and inquisitions to the establishment of education and healthcare systems. In modern times, the influence of religion continues to be evident in many countries throughout the world in a variety of ways. In some countries, religion plays a significant role in the government, while in others it influences society and popular culture. Internationally, some religious figures like the pope and the dalai lama garner significant media attention and are influencers to millions of people – both religious and secular. With 6.1 billion people worldwide professing adherence to a faith (Hackett & McClendon, 2017), communicators and organizations must understand how to connect with stakeholders about issues of religion and develop relationships with these audiences. While Christianity and Islam are the largest religions with 2.3 billion and 1.8 billion followers, respectively (Hackett & McClendon, 2017), understanding other faiths is equally important, since their influence and the level of importance they have in people’s lives varies across countries and regions. For example, the Pew Research Center found that a significant majority of people in Asia, Africa, and South America indicate religion is very important to them (Tamir et al., 2020). Failing to understand different faiths and their roles in people’s lives can present a significant barrier to fostering organization-public relationships. Despite these data points, the intersection of faith, religion, spirituality, and public relations is an under-researched area of scholarship when compared to research on public relations in corporate contexts. Understanding religious stakeholders, their motivations, and their needs has implications that are important for corporate, nonprofit and religion communicators alike. While earlier public relations scholarship (see, Tilson & Chao, 2002; Tilson & Venkateswaran, 2006) began to explore the importance and composition of relationships with religious audiences, current scholars are continuing to build upon research in this area, and this is evidenced by the articles included in this special issue of the Journal of Public Relations Research on faith, spirituality, and public relations: In “Examining devotional campaigns and stakeholder-centric relationships in public relations materials: A case study,” Jordan Morehouse examines one religious institution’s approach to developing and fostering relationships with stakeholders. While this study focuses on one organization, it also indicates how these findings can apply to other religious institutions and thus expand relationship management literature. In particular, this article concludes that organization-public relationships are not the sole focus of many organizations’ relationship-building efforts. This is an important reinforcement of how public relations functions in a religious context. “Social media conversion:
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Pub Date : 2021-07-04DOI: 10.1080/1062726x.2021.2018843
D. Tilson
This issue of JPRR is not only special in that it presents research on a singular aspect of public relations – faith and spirituality – but for giving such scholarship its proper and long overdue place in the discipline’s body of knowledge. In so doing, the journal joins the ranks of a select few – Fieldwork in Religion (Religion and Communication, 2000), Public Relations and Religion (Public Relations Review, 1992) – that have pioneered the emerging field with a dedicated issue. Religion and public relations have been largely unexplored territory for research, in contrast to sociology and marketing scholarship that has long recognized the power of faith in society and particularly in the marketplace. For example, as the world suffers through COVID-19 and its variants, researchers have tracked the pandemic’s effects upon religious tourism and the economy of host communities (Nhamo et al., 2020). And a 2020 Pew Research Center survey (www. pewforum.org) explored the effects of COVID upon faith in the United States and other advanced economies. It should be noted that there has been a turn toward exploring relationships as reflected in the public relations body of knowledge and in articles in this issue – perhaps a consequence of the COVID-induced forced hibernation that brought many to reflect upon the value of family and friends. Fortunately, this introspection also is further serving to generally discredit the concept of “management,” born in schools of business and evangelized in public relations literature. Indeed, current thinking rejects the mindset of people as objects to be “managed” as “target” publics – as football players are often referred to as “weapons” or basketball recruits as “big game.” It is not surprising then that public relations has too often advanced an asymmetrical worldview with presuppositions, values, and models antithetical to the common good. Radical anthropocentrism disconnects humankind from its relationship with others and nature (COVID-19 may prove to have been unleashed by a violation of the natural order), leading to climate change, extreme weather, and social injustice. In an increasingly interconnected world, organizationally centric behavior at the expense of society is no longer sustainable, much less justifiable. Even symmetrical worldviews that foster value-based relationships do so within an expectation of reciprocity to the exclusion of publics unable to participate. A new interpretation of public relations reflects a worldview that values a larger sense of relationships. Within a worldview of caritas, public relations can be framed as a covenantal model of practice. Research suggests ancient civilizations (e.g., India, China), indigenous peoples (e.g., Kogi, Colombia), and NGOs (e.g., World Wildlife Fund) reflect a “naturalistic” worldview that guides public relations behavior as stewardship-guardianship in a pro-social manner for the benefit of all. Such practice – a caritas approach to relationship-bu
这一期《公共关系研究报告》的特别之处不仅在于它展示了公共关系的一个独特方面——信仰和精神——而且还在于它在这门学科的知识体系中给予了这种学术研究应有的、早该得到的地位。这样做，该杂志加入了少数精选的宗教田野调查(宗教与传播，2000年)，公共关系与宗教(公共关系评论，1992年)的行列，这是一个专门的问题，开创了新兴领域。宗教和公共关系在很大程度上是未开发的研究领域，而社会学和市场营销学者长期以来一直认识到信仰在社会，特别是在市场中的力量。例如，随着世界遭受COVID-19及其变种的影响，研究人员追踪了大流行对宗教旅游和东道社区经济的影响(Nhamo et al.， 2020)。2020年皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)的一项调查显示。pewforum.org)探讨了新冠疫情对美国和其他发达经济体信心的影响。应该指出的是，正如公共关系知识体系和本期文章所反映的那样，人们开始转向探索关系——这可能是新冠肺炎导致的被迫冬眠的结果，这让许多人开始反思家人和朋友的价值。幸运的是，这种自省也进一步削弱了“管理”这个概念的可信度，这个概念诞生于商学院，并在公共关系文学中广为传播。事实上，当前的思维方式拒绝将人作为“目标”公众的对象进行“管理”，就像足球运动员经常被称为“武器”，篮球新秀经常被称为“重要比赛”一样。因此，公共关系经常提出一种不对称的世界观，其预设、价值观和模式与共同利益背道而驰，这并不奇怪。激进的人类中心主义使人类与他人和自然的关系脱节(COVID-19可能是由于违反自然秩序而释放的)，导致气候变化、极端天气和社会不公。在一个日益相互联系的世界里，以组织为中心的行为以牺牲社会为代价是不可持续的，更不用说合理的了。即使是促进基于价值关系的对称世界观，也是在互惠的期望下实现的，排除了无法参与的公众。对公共关系的一种新的解释反映了一种重视更广泛意义上的关系的世界观。在明爱的世界观中，公共关系可以被框定为一种契约模式的实践。研究表明，古代文明(如印度、中国)、土著民族(如科吉族、哥伦比亚)和非政府组织(如世界野生动物基金会)反映了一种“自然主义”的世界观，这种世界观以一种亲社会的方式指导公共关系行为，即为了所有人的利益而进行管理和监护。这种实践——一种博爱的方式来建立关系，在没有互惠的情况下寻求他人的更大利益——挑战了传统的公共关系思维，并强调了重新制定该学科知识体系的必要性(Tilson, 2022)。2019冠状病毒病突出表明，需要在与他人的关系中建立新的公共关系范式。大流行期间，个人、机构和社会的行动既体现了关怀伦理的世界观，也体现了以内心为中心的世界观的后果。因此，以慈悲精神向外关注的明爱，不仅是一种高尚的典范，更重要的是，它拯救生命，保护所有的受造界。《公共关系研究》2021年第33卷第1期4, 207-208 https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2021.2018843
{"title":"Faith, spirituality and public relations– Toward a radical new view","authors":"D. Tilson","doi":"10.1080/1062726x.2021.2018843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726x.2021.2018843","url":null,"abstract":"This issue of JPRR is not only special in that it presents research on a singular aspect of public relations – faith and spirituality – but for giving such scholarship its proper and long overdue place in the discipline’s body of knowledge. In so doing, the journal joins the ranks of a select few – Fieldwork in Religion (Religion and Communication, 2000), Public Relations and Religion (Public Relations Review, 1992) – that have pioneered the emerging field with a dedicated issue. Religion and public relations have been largely unexplored territory for research, in contrast to sociology and marketing scholarship that has long recognized the power of faith in society and particularly in the marketplace. For example, as the world suffers through COVID-19 and its variants, researchers have tracked the pandemic’s effects upon religious tourism and the economy of host communities (Nhamo et al., 2020). And a 2020 Pew Research Center survey (www. pewforum.org) explored the effects of COVID upon faith in the United States and other advanced economies. It should be noted that there has been a turn toward exploring relationships as reflected in the public relations body of knowledge and in articles in this issue – perhaps a consequence of the COVID-induced forced hibernation that brought many to reflect upon the value of family and friends. Fortunately, this introspection also is further serving to generally discredit the concept of “management,” born in schools of business and evangelized in public relations literature. Indeed, current thinking rejects the mindset of people as objects to be “managed” as “target” publics – as football players are often referred to as “weapons” or basketball recruits as “big game.” It is not surprising then that public relations has too often advanced an asymmetrical worldview with presuppositions, values, and models antithetical to the common good. Radical anthropocentrism disconnects humankind from its relationship with others and nature (COVID-19 may prove to have been unleashed by a violation of the natural order), leading to climate change, extreme weather, and social injustice. In an increasingly interconnected world, organizationally centric behavior at the expense of society is no longer sustainable, much less justifiable. Even symmetrical worldviews that foster value-based relationships do so within an expectation of reciprocity to the exclusion of publics unable to participate. A new interpretation of public relations reflects a worldview that values a larger sense of relationships. Within a worldview of caritas, public relations can be framed as a covenantal model of practice. Research suggests ancient civilizations (e.g., India, China), indigenous peoples (e.g., Kogi, Colombia), and NGOs (e.g., World Wildlife Fund) reflect a “naturalistic” worldview that guides public relations behavior as stewardship-guardianship in a pro-social manner for the benefit of all. Such practice – a caritas approach to relationship-bu","PeriodicalId":47737,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Relations Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"207 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47579333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/1062726X.2021.2015354
Stephanie Madden, A. Levenshus
ABSTRACT This study offers a rare ethnographic lens into a political training program’s efforts to develop women’s leadership communication as a public relations process. Drawing from participant observation, interviews, and documents, findings indicate the importance of developing a leadership mind-set and authentic leadership communication rooted in intersecting identities, tensions surrounding authentic relational communication and the importance of building cohort-based supportive communities for women leaders. By broadening the umbrella of who counts as women leaders in public relations, the study opens additional contexts (political training programs) and concepts (vulnerability) for the field.
{"title":"Broadening the umbrella of women’s leadership and public relations: an ethnographic case study of a women’s political leadership development program","authors":"Stephanie Madden, A. Levenshus","doi":"10.1080/1062726X.2021.2015354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2021.2015354","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study offers a rare ethnographic lens into a political training program’s efforts to develop women’s leadership communication as a public relations process. Drawing from participant observation, interviews, and documents, findings indicate the importance of developing a leadership mind-set and authentic leadership communication rooted in intersecting identities, tensions surrounding authentic relational communication and the importance of building cohort-based supportive communities for women leaders. By broadening the umbrella of who counts as women leaders in public relations, the study opens additional contexts (political training programs) and concepts (vulnerability) for the field.","PeriodicalId":47737,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Relations Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"168 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42638439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/1062726X.2021.2010557
Á. Moreno, Cristina Fuentes Lara, Ralph Tench
ABSTRACT This paper proposes the theory of integrated gendered work evaluation in public relations (IGWE). It holds that gender inequalities in the workplace are intrinsically linked to work-related evaluations, specifically measured through levels of satisfaction and stress. We theoretically place our proposal in the integrative phase of feminist theory that acknowledges the holistic nature of workers’ lives and their commitment to fulfill not only their worker or employer roles but also their commitments to family and communities. The empirical contribution of this paper builds on past debates from two decades ago: the need for research to isolate factors that perpetuate gender discrimination. It explores factors of gender inequalities and conflicts that can affect the work-related evaluation of those people who make up the majority of the industry’s employees: female public relations professionals. IGWE theory provides a new way of identifying, contextualizing, theorizing and analyzing how gender discriminations affect work evaluations combining both workplace and private life experiences from an integrated gender perspective.
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Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/1062726X.2021.2015089
M. Topić
Leadership and women in public relations is not on the mainstream research agenda. For example, a systematic literature review conducted in 2019 analyzed 223 papers on women in public relations from a period between 1982 and 2019, discovering a large focus on women’s experiences in their careers, such as the glass ceiling, pay gap and other gender-related barriers. Only very few studies specifically tackled leadership, and in that, these papers mainly focused on how women lead (Topić et al., 2020), which has been a focus of scholarly inquiry on women and leadership since pioneering studies into this issue (Aldoory, 1998; Aldoory & Toth, 2004). This is not to say that leadership in public relations is a largely unexplored area in general terms. For example, the Plank Center in the United States conducts globally renowned research into leadership in public relations and also collects information on public relations and leadership scholarship. But, when Plank’s list of articles and book chapters on leadership is reviewed (The Plank Center, n.d.), then a gap in women’s experiences again shows. This is changing, however, with more scholars expressing interest in this area. For example, a recent book by U.S. scholars Juan Meng and Marlene Neill (who are also authors of two articles in this issue) tackles women and leadership with a focus on ethics and breaking into leadership positions (Meng & Neill, 2021). In Europe, the EUPRERA project on “Women in Public Relations” looked specifically into leadership (along with lived experiences and office culture), and findings showed inequalities and barriers women face. For example, in a study on women and leadership in public relations in England, Topić (2020) found that women struggle to progress to leadership positions and when they do, they face a Catch-22: When women are too soft they are not seen as managerial material but when they are tough then they are labeled as “bitches,” the term also being mentioned among interviewees who do not hold managerial positions. The findings in the same study also showed that women who spent time with boys embraced (stereotypically) masculine characteristics such as toughness, assertiveness and directness, and these women progressed to leadership positions more easily. Socialization influences managerial preferences, so women who grew up socializing with girls usually prefer working for women managers, whereas women who grew up socializing with boys prefer working for men, with both groups of women disapproving of masculine women. In a Croatian study, Polić and Holy (2020) found that women who grew up with fathers and masculine mothers embraced masculine leadership styles, whereas women who grew up socializing with mothers or with both parents embraced feminine leadership styles; both groups preferred working for men with early experiences being linked to spending time with parents rather than peer groups as it was shown in an English case study (Topić, 2020). However, in
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Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/1062726X.2021.2010555
Marlene S. Neill, Juan Meng
ABSTRACT Women who aspire to leadership positions in public relations have to develop political astuteness when it comes to addressing ascribed identities and expectations associated with gender and race. Through 51 in-depth interviews with women working in mid-management and senior-executive level positions in public relations in the U.S., this study provides new insights into women’s perceptions regarding the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities to succeed in public relations leadership. The study revealed some women’s preferences for contemporary management styles such as servant leadership and transformational leadership as well as barriers to advancement and influence, particularly for women of color.
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