Emotion最新文献

People with major depressive disorder (MDD) experience difficulties in emotion regulation (ER). Most ER research has examined overall strategy use using global self-reports in MDD, but this approach does not capture people's ER strategy use in daily life in the context of continuously changing ER demands, such as momentary affect. Taking a naturalistic approach, we investigated whether the associations between the use of six ER strategies (social sharing, acceptance, savoring, reappraisal, expressive suppression, and distraction) and momentary affect differed by MDD status. Data collection took place between 2017 and 2019. Adults with MDD and a healthy control group (N = 135) completed 2 weeks of experience sampling (five surveys a day), in which they reported on their momentary negative affect, positive affect (PA), and the extent to which they used the six ER strategies. Analyses were conducted using multilevel modeling. Both momentary negative affect and PA were associated with use of most ER strategies. MDD status did not moderate the association between negative affect and any strategy but significantly moderated the association between PA and two strategies. Specifically, PA was positively associated with the use of reappraisal and distraction for those with MDD only (associations were nonsignificant for healthy controls). Findings suggest that ER difficulties in MDD may be partially attributed to overusing certain strategies or ineffectiveness in using certain strategies during ER episodes. It is important for future research to clarify the directionality of these findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Past research has shown that facial expressions of happiness are recognized faster than negative expressions such as anger. This happy face advantage is influenced by facial social category cues; it is larger for faces that are female, young, or represent an ethnic ingroup. The phenomenon of the happy face advantage as well as the influence of social cues on recognition of happy expressions is best explained by the evaluative congruence account. This account holds that more positively evaluated expressions are recognized faster in positive contexts (including on positively evaluated faces). The evaluative congruence account also predicts that similar recognition advantages should emerge for other positive expressions, not just for happiness. This prediction was tested across three experiments. Undergraduate student participants were asked to recognize positively and negatively evaluated surprise versus anger expressions (Experiments 1 and 2) or happiness, pride, and awe versus anger expressions (Experiment 3) on female and male faces as quickly and accurately as possible. Consistent with the predictions of the evaluative congruence account, expressions of surprise, happiness, pride, and awe were recognized faster than expressions of anger on female faces, whereas a similar recognition advantage was smaller or absent on male faces. In line with the evaluative congruence account, these findings indicate that the happy face advantage may be a special case of a broader positive facial expression advantage in speeded expression recognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Researchers typically examine one or two emotion beliefs, without considering how the beliefs may map onto a latent set of emotion beliefs. Examining the factor structure of emotion beliefs may offer a parsimonious and helpful way to conceptualize emotion beliefs and advance empirical work on the topic. We used multilevel exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to test the factor structure of emotion beliefs in two samples (Sample 1: N = 179 community adults; Sample 2: N = 234 undergraduate students) who each completed 1 or 2 weeks of ecological momentary assessment, repeatedly reporting on eight emotion beliefs: justified, fit the situation, helpful, enduring (duration), complex, warranted expression, controllable, and having a clear source. In each sample, we found consistent evidence for a two-factor structure at the within- and between-person level, except the controllability item. The first factor reflected situational relevance beliefs, or the degree to which emotions were evaluated as appropriate for the situation (i.e., justified, fit, helpful, and had clear causes). The second factor reflected emotion structure beliefs, or what people believed about the properties of their emotion experiences (i.e., long-lasting and complex). In the multigroup confirmatory factor analyses including both samples, emotion controllability cross-loading onto both factors (in opposite directions). We present support for convergent and discriminant validity of the two factors. Elucidating the factor structure of emotion beliefs is a critical step forward in the study of emotion beliefs. Future research is needed to examine how these situational relevance and emotion structure beliefs relate to emotion processes and psychological well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

The effect of parent-adolescent conflict on emotional well-being has been well-documented. However, daily processes related to conflict and positive and negative affect have been overlooked. We tested the mutual effects between parent-adolescent conflict and affect in daily life. Parent-adolescent dyads (N = 171) completed daily diaries between 14 and 21 days to rate their positive and negative affect and conflict interactions between October 2021 and August 2023. The participants were mostly from families with high socioeconomic status, most of the parents were biological mothers, and over half of the parents were Caucasian. Adolescents were between 13 and 17 years (M = 14.37, SD = 1.28). We tested the daily associations between negative/positive affect and conflict interactions in one dynamic structural equation model. Contrary to our expectations, greater adolescent negative affect on a day was associated with lower parent-reported conflict next day. Further, both within- and between-family level correlations between adolescent and parent negative and positive affect were significant. Greater parent and adolescent conflict was related to lower positive and greater negative affect for parents and adolescents. Thus, while both same-day and mean-level associations over time indicate that conflicts are linked to poorer affective well-being, and parents may have made efforts to improve their affect the following day in an attempt to compensate for the conflicts experienced the day before. Further, this effort was appeared to be driven by the adolescents' rather than the parents' emotional experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Varying levels of traits associated with autism can be observed in the general population. One key feature associated with autism is reduced eye contact with others. Eye contact is often described as uncomfortable by autistic individuals, yet little is still known about how reduced eye contact impacts social cognition, and to what extent eye contact difficulties are specific to autism. For example, difficulties in recognizing emotions in facial expressions have been reported in autism, but it has not been established whether they are associated with reduced eye contact. Here, using a large sample of participants tested online, drawn from the general public and varying along different symptom scales, we examined self-reported eye contact discomfort as a mediating factor in reduced emotion recognition ability associated with autistic traits, while controlling for alexithymia, prosopagnosia, general sensory perception, and gender. Results showed that self-reported eye gaze discomfort was predicted by levels of autistic traits as well as by levels of alexithymic traits. Along with eye gaze discomfort, coping strategies were reported and differed in those with high autistic traits and high alexithymic traits. Furthermore, levels of autistic traits and levels of prosopagnosic traits both predicted slower emotion recognition. However, eye gaze discomfort was not a significant predictor of emotion recognition, resulting in an inconclusive mediating effect. This study was part of the novel trend of research studies conducted online, providing effective and potentially more inclusive data collection. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

In this research, we investigated the links between different forms of ingroup identity and extrinsic emotion regulation while acting collectively. Specifically, we propose that nonprosocial managing others' emotions explains the link between collective narcissism and nonnormative collective action. Conversely, prosocial managing others' emotions explains the link between secure ingroup identification and normative collective action. Across a representative sample of adult Poles in 2021 (Study 1; N₁ = 495), a convenience sample gathered during and shortly after an actual Polish manifestation in 2022 (Study 2; N₂ = 360), and a sample of the U.S. residents supporting or opposing Donald Trump's conviction in 2023 (Study 3; N₃ = 395), we found that nonprosocial and prosocial managing emotions of others were significant mediators in explored relationships. To ensure the generalizability of our findings, we approached three various identities and two nationalities. Noteworthy, the sample in Study 2 was relatively extreme and differed from other contexts, still confirming our main hypotheses. Based on the literature and current research, we discuss the importance of building bridges between the emotion regulation and collective action literature. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

When individuals regulate another person's emotions during a supportive conversation, they can help the person's emotions improve and nurture social connection. However, little is known about what specifically regulators say when regulating a target's emotions effectively. In the present research, we examined associations between regulators' language and targets' perceptions of emotion improvement, responsiveness, and trust in 114 naturalistic conversations between strangers. We used automated text analysis to assess five language categories in regulators' transcripts: self-referential words, target-referential words, cognitive processing words, positive words, and negative words. We also manually coded seven tactics (e.g., self-disclosure, paraphrasing) to more closely examine how regulators used language during these conversations. Results showed that when regulators referred more to themselves, targets reported significantly greater emotional improvement and trust in the regulator. When regulators referred more to the target, targets reported significantly greater perceptions of regulator responsiveness and trust in the regulator. These two language categories reflected different sets of tactics: self-referential words significantly related to greater self-disclosure and less information provision, whereas target-referential words significantly related to greater paraphrasing and questioning, and less self-disclosure and emotional expression. Cognitive processing words and emotional words did not significantly predict target outcomes. These findings suggest that regulators' use of self-referential or target-referential language may play a role in emotional and relational outcomes for targets. Future work may therefore benefit from integrating fine-grained features such as language and tactics into theoretical models of extrinsic emotion regulation strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Statelike felt security can change during romantic relationship conflict when the attachment relationship is threatened. According to theorizing, this change should be associated with the romantic partners' emotion regulation. The current research leverages two observational studies involving romantic couples (conducted in 2017 and 2018-2019) to test this underexplored aspect of attachment theory. We hypothesized that higher observer-rated actor and partner balanced emotion regulation during conflict would be associated with increases in pre- to postconflict felt security, whereas higher observer-rated actor and partner hyper-emotion and/or hypo-emotion regulation would be associated with decreases in pre- to postconflict felt security. We also examined whether these hypothesized effects would "spill over" to impact levels of felt security after a positive discussion that followed the conflict discussion. Our findings reveal an association between higher observer-rated actor and partner hyper-emotion regulation and lower postconflict felt security while controlling for preconflict felt security levels. Only the actor effect was replicated across both studies, however. No evidence for spillover effects was found. The effects for observed hypo- and balanced emotion regulation were mixed across the two studies. Future research should aim to identify the mechanisms underlying the association between hyper-emotion regulation and felt security change and determine the ways in which hypo-emotion and balanced emotion regulation might be more reliably associated with felt security change. Therapists might benefit by focusing on the use of hyper-emotion regulation during conflict while encouraging positive partner discussions. We propose that a positive discussion may be a means to recover and disrupt a continued cycle of low felt security. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Do people learn to predict their feelings over time, and do such learning signatures manifest in behavior? Feeling ratings track with what we do. Understanding their properties may thus elucidate behavior. Inspired by reinforcement learning, differences between expected and experienced feelings-affective prediction errors-have recently entered the toolkit of behavioral prediction. But the extent of the analogy between affective prediction errors and conventional prediction errors about outcomes in the environment is unknown. Across reanalyses of existing data (N = 4,607) and four preregistered experiments (N = 1,806; U.S. online samples), we probe affective prediction errors to document and dissect a core analogy: Learning reflected in decreasing (affective) prediction errors over time. We found that decreases in affective prediction errors depended on introspection, as prior experience with a task absent affective reports did not yield the same decreases (Experiment 1). A task manipulation forcing participants to alter their choices showed increased affective prediction errors, ruling out simple response alignment (i.e., to report feeling "as predicted"; Experiment 2). Decreases in affective prediction errors transferred across structurally similar tasks (i.e., stealing vs. giving money; Experiment 3) and affective measures (i.e., from pride or guilt to valence; Experiment 4). Although affective prediction errors often tracked with social choice behavior overall, their absolute decrease over time did not. In sum, we present evidence for convergence (i.e., learning and transfer) and divergence (i.e., introspection dependence and predictive epiphenomenality) between affective prediction errors and conventional prediction errors. Implications for affective measures as a proxy for subjective value are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Building on prominent theories of emotional aging (Carstensen, 2006; Charles & Luong, 2013), this study investigated age differences in the variability and situational sensitivity of emotion regulation strategies. We hypothesized that, older, as compared to younger, adults would demonstrate greater temporal variability in their use of emotion regulation strategies and adapt them more flexibly to the perceived controllability of daily stressors. Over 28 days, younger adults (n = 133, M_age = 24.95 years, SD = 2.79, 49% female) and older adults (n = 119, M_age = 69.50 years, SD = 3.50, 61% female) reported their use of cognitive reappraisal and situation modification strategies in relation to their most stressful situation each day. They also rated the perceived controllability of these situations. Analyses revealed multidirectional age differences in the variability of strategy use: Older adults showed greater temporal variability in situation modification but less variability in cognitive reappraisal, compared to younger adults. Additionally, there were significant age differences in how situation modification strategies were adapted to the perceived controllability of stressors. The within-person correlation between stressor controllability and situation modification use was stronger in older adults than in younger adults. In contrast, no such age differences were found for cognitive reappraisal strategies. These effects remained robust even after controlling for various person- and stressor-related characteristics. Overall, our results suggest that age differences in the ability to flexibly adjust emotion regulation strategies to specific situations might depend on the strategy used. Further research should examine additional situational characteristics and emotion regulation strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).