Journal of Personality最新文献_第8页

The genetic underpinnings of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation explain political attitudes beyond Big Five personality 右翼威权主义和社会主导取向的遗传基础对政治态度的解释超越了大五人格

IF 5 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12921

Thomas Haarklau Kleppesto, Nikolai Olavi Czajkowski, Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington, Olav Vassend, Espen Roysamb, Nikolai Haahjem Eftedal, Jonas R. Kunst, Eivind Ystrom, Lotte Thomsen

Objective

Political attitudes are predicted by the key ideological variables of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO), as well as some of the Big Five personality traits. Past research indicates that personality and ideological traits are correlated for genetic reasons. A question that has yet to be tested concerns whether the genetic variation underlying the ideological traits of RWA and SDO has distinct contributions to political attitudes, or if genetic variation in political attitudes is subsumed under the genetic variation underlying standard Big Five personality traits.

Method

We use data from a sample of 1987 Norwegian twins to assess the genetic and environmental relationships between the Big Five personality traits, RWA, SDO, and their separate contributions to political policy attitudes.

Results

RWA and SDO exhibit very high genetic correlation (r = 0.78) with each other and some genetic overlap with the personality traits of openness and agreeableness. Importantly, they share a larger genetic substrate with political attitudes (e.g., deporting an ethnic minority) than do Big Five personality traits, a relationship that persists even when controlling for the genetic foundations underlying personality traits.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the genetic foundations of ideological traits and political attitudes are largely non-overlapping with the genetic foundations of Big Five personality traits.

右翼威权主义（RWA）和社会主导取向（SDO）这两个关键的意识形态变量，以及一些大五人格特质都能预测政治态度。过去的研究表明，人格特质和意识形态特质因遗传原因而相关。一个有待检验的问题是，右翼专制主义和社会主导倾向这两个意识形态特质的遗传变异是否对政治态度有不同的影响，或者政治态度的遗传变异是否被归入标准的大五人格特质的遗传变异中。

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引用次数: 0

Positive event diversity: Relationship with personality and well-being 积极的事件多样性：与个性和幸福的关系

IF 5 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2024-01-27 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12917

Patrick Klaiber, Patrick L. Hill, David M. Almeida, Anita DeLongis, Nancy L. Sin

Objective

Examining the personality and well-being correlates of positive event diversity.

Background

Past research has highlighted that personality traits are linked to the frequency of daily positive events. This study is the first to examine positive event diversity, the extent to which positive events are spread across multiple types of positive life domains, as well as its personality and well-being correlates.

Method

We conducted parallel analyses of three daily diary datasets (Ns = 1919, 744, and 1392) that included evening assessment of daily positive events and affective well-being. The Big Five personality traits were assessed in baseline surveys.

Results

Positive Event Diversity was related to higher person-mean daily positive affect but not negative affect. Higher Extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness, and lower Neuroticism were correlated with more positive event diversity. These associations became nonsignificant when controlling for positive event frequency. Positive event frequency moderated the link between positive event diversity and person-mean affect, such that higher positive event diversity was associated with higher negative and lower positive affect for people who experienced more frequent positive events.

Conclusions

No consistent evidence was found for personality as a moderator of the positive event diversity–well-being link across the three studies. Further, the well-being implications of positive event diversity may be better understood when interpreting them alongside indexes of positive event frequency.

目的：研究积极事件多样性与人格和幸福感的相关性：背景：研究积极事件多样性与人格和幸福感的相关性：过去的研究强调，人格特质与日常积极事件的发生频率有关。本研究首次考察了积极事件的多样性，即积极事件在多种类型的积极生活领域中的分布程度，及其与人格和幸福感的相关性：我们对三个每日日记数据集（Ns = 1919、744 和 1392）进行了平行分析，其中包括对每日积极事件和情感幸福感的晚间评估。在基线调查中对五大人格特质进行了评估：积极事件多样性与较高的个人平均每日积极情绪有关，但与消极情绪无关。较高的外向性、宜人性、开放性和较低的神经质与较多的积极事件多样性相关。在控制了积极事件频率后，这些相关性变得不显著。积极事件频率调节了积极事件多样性与个人平均情感之间的联系，因此，对于经历积极事件频率较高的人来说，较高的积极事件多样性与较高的消极情感和较低的积极情感相关：在三项研究中，没有发现一致的证据表明人格是积极事件多样性与幸福感之间联系的调节因素。此外，如果将积极事件多样性与积极事件频率指数一起解读，可能会更好地理解积极事件多样性对幸福感的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Person-specific priorities in solitude. 独处时针对个人的优先事项。

IF 5 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2024-01-27 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12916

Dongning Ren, Wen Wei Loh, Joanne M Chung, Mark J Brandt

Objective: People value solitude in varying degrees. Theories and studies suggest that people's appreciation of solitude varies considerably across persons (e.g., an introverted person may value solitude more than an extraverted person), and solitude experiences (i.e., on average, people may value some functions of solitude, e.g., privacy, more than other functions, e.g., self-discovery). What are the unique contributions of these two sources?

Method: We surveyed a quota-based sample of 501 US residents about their perceived importance of a diverse set of 22 solitude functions.

Results: Variance component analysis reveals that both sources contributed to the variability of perceived importance of solitude (person: 22%; solitude function: 15%). Crucially, individual idiosyncratic preferences (person-by-solitude function interaction) had a substantial impact (46%). Further analyses explored the role of personality traits, showing that different functions of solitude hold varying importance for different people. For example, neurotic individuals prioritize emotion regulation, introverted individuals value relaxation, and conscientious individuals find solitude important for productivity.

Conclusions: People value solitude for idiosyncratic reasons. Scientific inquiries on solitude must consider the fit between a person's characteristics and the specific functions a solitary experience affords. This research suggests that crafting or enhancing positive solitude experiences requires a personalized approach.

目的：人们对独处的重视程度各不相同。理论和研究表明，不同的人对独处的欣赏程度有很大差异（例如，内向的人可能比外向的人更重视独处），独处经历也有很大差异（即平均而言，人们可能更重视独处的某些功能，如隐私，而不是其他功能，如自我发现）。这两个来源的独特贡献是什么？我们对 501 位美国居民进行了配额抽样调查，了解他们对 22 项独处功能的重要性的看法：方差成分分析表明，这两个来源都对感知到的独处重要性的变化做出了贡献（个人：22%；独处功能：15%）。最重要的是，个人的特异偏好（人与独处功能的交互作用）产生了很大影响（46%）。进一步的分析探讨了人格特质的作用，结果表明不同的独处功能对不同的人具有不同的重要性。例如，神经质的人优先考虑情绪调节，内向的人重视放松，而认真负责的人则认为独处对工作效率很重要：结论：人们重视独处的原因各不相同。对独处的科学研究必须考虑一个人的特点与独处体验所提供的特定功能之间的契合点。这项研究表明，创造或增强积极的独处体验需要个性化的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Seeking solitude skills: Do memories of intrinsic goals enhance enjoyment of alone time? 寻求独处技巧：对内在目标的记忆是否会提高独处时间的乐趣？

IF 5 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2024-01-15 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12914

Emma L Bradshaw, Kelly A Ferber, Richard M Ryan

Objective: Further investigate the application of self-determination theory (SDT) to experiences of solitude by examining the effects of recalling intrinsic versus non-intrinsic memories.

Background: SDT research indicates that recalling memories associated with intrinsic goals (e.g., personal growth, relationships, altruism) enhances present moment wellness by satisfying basic psychological needs.

Method: Two studies were conducted with American adults. Study 1 included 465 participants (age = 49.49 [SD = 19.01], 49.46% female) and Study 2 comprised 490 participants (age = 54.16 [SD = 18.89], 51.84% female). Both studies assessed the impact of recalling intrinsic versus non-intrinsic memories prior to a five-minute solitude session.

Results: Study 1 found intrinsic memories were linked to more basic psychological need satisfaction than non-intrinsic memories, but both memory types resulted in similar wellness improvements. Contrary to expectations, Study 2 revealed extrinsic memories (e.g., wealth, fame, image) led to the highest basic psychological need satisfaction and least need frustration compared to intrinsic and neutral memories, with all memory conditions showing similar wellness gains.

Conclusions: Solitude appears beneficial regardless of memory content. While different memories vary in need satisfying quality, this does not seem to impact the benefits of solitude. These findings suggest further exploration is needed before developing a "solitude skill set" for use during inevitable periods of solitude.

目的：通过研究回忆内在记忆与非内在记忆的影响，进一步研究自我决定理论（SDT）在独处体验中的应用：通过研究回忆内在记忆与非内在记忆的影响，进一步研究自我决定理论（SDT）在独处体验中的应用：背景：SDT 研究表明，回忆与内在目标（如个人成长、人际关系、利他主义）相关的记忆可以满足基本的心理需求，从而提高当下的健康水平：对美国成年人进行了两项研究。研究 1 包括 465 名参与者（年龄 = 49.49 [SD = 19.01]，49.46% 为女性），研究 2 包括 490 名参与者（年龄 = 54.16 [SD = 18.89]，51.84% 为女性）。两项研究都评估了在五分钟独处前回忆内在记忆与非内在记忆的影响：研究 1 发现内在记忆比非内在记忆更能满足基本心理需求，但两种记忆类型对健康的改善效果相似。与预期相反，研究2显示，与内在记忆和中性记忆相比，外在记忆（如财富、名声、形象）导致的基本心理需求满足感最高，需求挫败感最低，所有记忆条件都显示出相似的健康收益：结论：无论记忆内容如何，独处似乎都是有益的。结论：无论记忆内容如何，独处似乎都能带来益处。虽然不同记忆在满足需求的质量上存在差异，但这似乎并不影响独处的益处。这些研究结果表明，在开发一套 "独处技能 "供不可避免的独处期间使用之前，还需要进一步的探索。

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引用次数: 0

Surfing the OCEAN: The machine learning psycholexical approach 2.0 to detect personality traits in texts 冲浪海洋：机器学习心理词汇学方法 2.0 检测文本中的个性特征

IF 5 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2024-01-13 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12915

Federico Giannini, Marco Marelli, Fabio Stella, Dario Monzani, Luca Pancani

Objective

We aimed to develop a machine learning model to infer OCEAN traits from text.

Background

The psycholexical approach allows retrieving information about personality traits from human language. However, it has rarely been applied because of methodological and practical issues that current computational advancements could overcome.

Method

Classical taxonomies and a large Yelp corpus were leveraged to learn an embedding for each personality trait. These embeddings were used to train a feedforward neural network for predicting trait values. Their generalization performances have been evaluated through two external validation studies involving experts (N = 11) and laypeople (N = 100) in a discrimination task about the best markers of each trait and polarity.

Results

Intrinsic validation of the model yielded excellent results, with R² values greater than 0.78. The validation studies showed a high proportion of matches between participants' choices and model predictions, confirming its efficacy in identifying new terms related to the OCEAN traits. The best performance was observed for agreeableness and extraversion, especially for their positive polarities. The model was less efficient in identifying the negative polarity of openness and conscientiousness.

Conclusions

This innovative methodology can be considered a “psycholexical approach 2.0,” contributing to research in personality and its practical applications in many fields.

我们的目标是开发一个机器学习模型，从文本中推断出 OCEAN 的特征。

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引用次数: 0

Personality dynamics turn positive and negative mood into creativity 人格动力将积极和消极情绪转化为创造力。

IF 5 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2024-01-13 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12913

Ronald Bledow, Jana Kühnel, Julius Kuhl

Introduction

Research on the link between affect and creativity rests on the assumption that creativity unfolds as a stimulus-driven response to affective states. We challenge this assumption and examine whether personality dynamics moderate the relationships between positive and negative mood with creativity.

Theoretical Model

According to our model, personality dynamics that generate and maintain positive affect and downregulate negative affect energize creativity. Based on this model, we expect high creativity in response to negative mood if people engage in self-motivation and achieve a reduction in negative mood. We further derive that individual differences in action versus state orientation moderate the within-person relationship between mood and creativity.

Method

We conducted an experience-sampling study and examined the relationship between mood and creativity in everyday work-life. Two hundred and ten participants indicated their action-state orientation and reported their mood three times a day over five consecutive workdays. At noon of each day, we assessed self-motivation and in the evening the extent to which participants had generated novel and useful ideas during the day.

Results

We observed high creativity when negative mood declined and self-motivation was high. Action-state orientation moderated the within-person relationships of positive and negative mood with creativity.

Conclusion

Personality dynamics determine whether positive and negative mood result in creativity.

导言：有关情绪与创造力之间联系的研究基于这样一种假设，即创造力是对情绪状态的刺激驱动反应。我们对这一假设提出质疑，并研究人格动力是否会缓和积极和消极情绪与创造力之间的关系：根据我们的模型，能够产生和维持积极情绪并降低消极情绪的人格动力能够激发创造力。根据这一模型，如果人们进行自我激励并实现消极情绪的降低，我们预计他们在应对消极情绪时会表现出较高的创造力。我们进一步推导出，行动与状态取向的个体差异会缓和情绪与创造力之间的人际关系：我们进行了一项经验取样研究，考察了日常工作生活中情绪与创造力之间的关系。210 名参与者在连续五个工作日内每天三次表明自己的行动-状态取向并报告自己的情绪。每天中午，我们对参与者的自我激励进行评估，晚上则对参与者在一天中产生新颖、有用想法的程度进行评估：结果：我们观察到，当消极情绪减少且自我激励较高时，创造力较高。行动状态取向调节了积极和消极情绪与创造力之间的人际关系：人格动态决定了积极和消极情绪是否会产生创造力。

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引用次数: 0

Purpose and goal pursuit as a self-sustaining system: Evidence of daily within-person reciprocity among adolescents in self-driven learning 目的和目标追求是一个自我维持的系统：青少年在自我驱动学习中的日常人际互惠证据。

IF 5 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12911

Kaylin Ratner, Jessica R. Gladstone, Gaoxia Zhu, Qingyi Li, Melody Estevez, Anthony L. Burrow

Objective

Despite long-standing assumptions that a sense of purpose in life and goal pursuit are mutually supportive, empirical evidence of their reciprocity remains deficient. In the context of a unique out-of-school time program that empowers youth to pursue passions through self-driven learning, we examined whether purpose and one aspect of goal pursuit—perceptions of goal progress—work together to sustain themselves and each other over time.

Method

Adolescents (N = 321) completed daily surveys throughout program enrollment (M_enrollment = 69.09 days). Through dynamic structural equation modeling, we derived within-person patterns of day-to-day prediction as well as individual differences in these patterns.

Results

We found purpose and perceived goal progress exhibited significant daily inertia (i.e., autoregressive prediction) and reciprocity (i.e., cross-lagged prediction) at the within-person level. We also found initial evidence suggesting (a) tighter reciprocity was related to greater perceived goal progress overall and (b) people with greater purpose inertia may rely less on making goal progress to sustain momentum.

Conclusions

With evidence of daily purpose-progress reciprocity, the field can look forward to replicating this work in other contexts, diving deeper into interesting patterns of within-person dynamics, and developing interventions to support youth striving.

目的：尽管长期以来，人们一直认为人生目的感和目标追求是相辅相成的，但关于两者互惠关系的实证证据仍然不足。在一个独特的校外项目中，青少年通过自我驱动的学习来追求激情，我们研究了目标感和目标追求的一个方面--对目标进展的看法--是否能够共同维持自身和对方的长期发展：青少年（N = 321）在整个计划注册期间（注册时间 = 69.09 天）完成了每日调查。通过动态结构方程建模，我们得出了个人内部的日常预测模式以及这些模式的个体差异：我们发现，目的和感知到的目标进展在个人水平上表现出显著的日常惯性（即自回归预测）和互惠性（即交叉滞后预测）。我们还发现了一些初步证据，表明（a）更紧密的互惠与更大的感知目标进展总体相关，以及（b）目标惰性较大的人可能较少依赖于目标进展来维持动力：有了日常目标-进展互惠性的证据，该领域可以期待在其他背景下复制这项工作，深入研究人际动态的有趣模式，并制定干预措施以支持青少年努力奋斗。

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引用次数: 0

The association between personality, relationship satisfaction, and psychopathology in a three-wave, longitudinal study 三波纵向研究中人格、人际关系满意度和精神病理学之间的关系。

IF 5 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12910

Samantha Dashineau, Skye Napolitano, Susan C. South

Objective

The aim of this work was to better understand the role of personality as it relates to psychopathology, with satisfaction as a mediating variable.

Background

Personality is an important determinant of many life outcomes including relationship satisfaction and psychopathology. Previous work has demonstrated that broad domains of normal personality have low-to-moderate associations with various forms of psychopathology. Research has primarily focused on mechanisms that might explain how common personality traits put one at risk for common forms of psychopathology; this work builds upon existing work in examining relationship satisfaction as one possible mechanism. No study to date has examined whether relationship satisfaction mediates the connection between personality and psychopathology.

Method

We utilized multilevel modeling in a longitudinal sample of 100 newlywed couples to test the hypothesis that major domains of personality (positive temperament, negative temperament, disinhibition) have a significant effect on relationship satisfaction which, in turn, is significantly associated with internalizing and externalizing forms of psychopathology.

Results

We found no evidence for the mediating role of relationship satisfaction; however, in exploratory analyses, we did find evidence for both between-person and within-person effects of personality on psychopathology.

Conclusions

This study confirms the role of personality as an important factor in consideration of dyadic processes, though not entirely deterministic for downstream functioning. Thus, separate factors in addition to personality may be worth examining in consideration of how low relationship satisfaction may be associated with psychopathology.

目的：这项研究的目的是更好地了解人格与精神病理学之间的关系：这项研究的目的是更好地了解人格在心理病理学中的作用，并将满意度作为一个中介变量：背景：人格是包括人际关系满意度和心理病理学在内的许多生活结果的重要决定因素。以往的研究表明，正常人格的广泛领域与各种形式的精神病理学有着低度到中度的关联。研究主要集中于解释常见人格特质如何使人面临常见形式的精神病理学风险的机制；本研究在现有研究的基础上，将人际关系满意度作为一种可能的机制进行研究。迄今为止，还没有任何一项研究探讨了人际关系满意度是否会介导人格与精神病理学之间的联系：我们在 100 对新婚夫妇的纵向样本中使用了多层次模型，以检验以下假设：人格的主要领域（积极气质、消极气质、抑制）对关系满意度有显著影响，而关系满意度又与内化和外化形式的心理病理学有显著关联：我们没有发现任何证据表明人际关系满意度起到了中介作用；但是，在探索性分析中，我们确实发现了人格对精神病理学的人际效应和人内效应：本研究证实了人格在考虑伴侣关系过程中的重要作用，尽管它并不完全决定下游功能的发挥。因此，在考虑低关系满意度如何与精神病理学相关联时，人格以外的其他因素可能也值得研究。

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引用次数: 0

Dispositional compassion shifts social preferences in systematic ways 倾向性同情心以系统的方式改变了社会偏好。

IF 5 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12896

Joseph Ocampo, Dacher Keltner

Introduction: How people attach value to the outcomes of self and other—social preferences—is central to social behavior. Recently, how dispositional and state emotion shape such social preferences has received researchers' attention.Method: The present investigation asked whether and to what extent dispositional and state compassion predict shifts in social preferences across 4 samples: two correlational samples (final ns 153 & 368, study 1a and 1b) and two experimental samples (final ns: 430 & 530, studies 2 and 3).Results: In keeping with recent accounts of compassion, dispositional compassion predicted general preference for equality, expressed as dispreference for both monetary advantage over another (interaction βs = −0.36, −0.33, −0.25, −0.22; all p < 0.001) and monetary disadvantage relative to others (βs: 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.17; all p < 0.01; positive coefficients imply dispreference). This dispositional effect persisted when controlling for prosociality, positivity, agreeableness, and respectfulness. Furthermore, these dispositional compassion effects were relatively unchanged by experimental emotion inductions in studies 3 and 4. The experimental inductions of state compassion and state pride showed little evidence of systematic effects on social preferences relative to each other or a neutral condition.Discussion: Discussion focused on individual differences in emotion and social preferences.

引言人们如何重视自己和他人的结果--社会偏好--是社会行为的核心。最近，性格和状态情感如何影响这种社会偏好受到了研究人员的关注：本研究调查了四个样本：两个相关样本（最终 ns 分别为 153 和 368，研究 1a 和 1b）和两个实验样本（最终 ns 分别为 430 和 530，研究 2 和 3）中的倾向性和状态情感是否以及在多大程度上预测了社会偏好的变化：结果：与最近关于同情心的论述一致，性格上的同情心预示着对平等的普遍偏好，表现为对两种货币优势的偏好都高于另一种货币优势（交互作用 βs = -0.36、-0.33、-0.25、-0.22；所有 p 讨论：讨论的重点是情感和社会偏好的个体差异。

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引用次数: 0

Development of beliefs in a just world among Chinese early adolescents and the predictive role of family factors: A three-wave longitudinal study 中国早期青少年对公正世界信念的发展及家庭因素的预测作用：三波纵向研究。

IF 5 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12912

Peng Sun, Xiaonan Yao, Mingliang Yuan, Yu Kou

Objective

This study explored how belief in a just world (BJW) develops among Chinese adolescents and the predictive role of family factors.

Background

The development of BJW in adolescence is an important but understudied topic, especially in non-Western contexts.

Method

Using a three-wave longitudinal design, 1525 participants (48% girls; M_age = 12.47) were recruited to report their BJW, childhood SES, only-child or not, and parental psychological control in Wave 1 (Wave 2: N = 1262; Wave 3: N = 1124).

Results

The mean slope for personal BJW is positive and significant, but not significant for general BJW. Childhood SES predicted initial level of personal and general BJW and the rate of growth of personal BJW. Only-child predicted initial level and the growth rate of personal BJW. Parental psychological control negatively predicted personal and general BJW at three time points.

Conclusion

Personal BJW increased during the observation period, whereas general BJW was stable. Individuals with lower levels of childhood SES had lower initial personal and general BJW but a higher growth rate in personal BJW than those with higher SES. Individuals having siblings had lower levels of initial personal BJW but a higher growth rate in personal BJW than those from only-child family. Parental psychological control may exert consistent and contemporaneous negative effect on BJW across time.

目的：本研究探讨了公正世界信念（BJW）在中国青少年中的形成过程以及家庭因素的预测作用：本研究探讨了中国青少年对公正世界的信念（BJW）是如何形成的，以及家庭因素的预测作用：背景：青少年时期公正世界信念的发展是一个重要但未被充分研究的课题，尤其是在非西方国家：方法：采用三波纵向设计，招募了1525名参与者（48%为女孩；年龄=12.47），他们在第一波（第二波：N=1262；第三波：N=1124）中报告了自己的北京时间、童年社会经济地位、是否独生子女以及父母的心理控制：结果：个人北京赛车的平均斜率为正且显著，但一般北京赛车的平均斜率并不显著。儿童时期的社会经济地位预测了个人和一般北京赛车的初始水平以及个人北京赛车的增长率。独生子女可预测个人北京赛车的初始水平和增长率。在三个时间点上，父母的心理控制对个人和一般北京赛车有负面影响：结论：在观察期间，个人北京青少年儿童工作有所增长，而一般北京青少年儿童工作保持稳定。与社会经济地位较高的人相比，童年社会经济地位较低的人最初的个人北京赛车和一般北京赛车都较低，但个人北京赛车的增长率较高。与来自独生子女家庭的人相比，有兄弟姐妹的人的初始个人北京赛车投注网水平较低，但个人北京赛车投注网增长率较高。父母的心理控制可能会对不同时期的北京赛车产生持续的、同时期的负面影响。

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引用次数: 0