Journal of Personality最新文献_第8页

Effects of Reflective Processes on Social–Emotional Trait Development in Adulthood: Insights From Two Multi-Method Studies 反思过程对成年期社会情绪特质发展的影响：两项多方法研究的启示。

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13016

Gabriela Küchler, Kira S. A. Borgdorf, Corina Aguilar-Raab, Cornelia Wrzus

Objective

This research investigates how reflective processes, such as past-temporal and social comparisons, enhance changes in explicit and implicit self-concepts of social–emotional traits and whether these effects differ with age.

Method

We conducted two preregistered multi-method studies to examine whether past-temporal or social comparisons predict changes in emotional stability and extraversion. In the longitudinal study (N = 615, aged 18–84 years), we assessed the frequency of past-temporal and social comparisons, explicit and implicit self-concepts of emotional stability and extraversion at two measuring points 6 months apart. In the experimental study (N = 231, aged 18–93 years), we elicited trait-relevant behavioral changes, manipulated past-temporal versus social comparisons, and assessed explicit and implicit trait self-concepts before and after the manipulation.

Results

Past-temporal and social comparisons predicted longitudinal changes in the explicit self-concept of emotional stability but not extraversion. The experimental study indicated changes in explicit self-concepts of both traits, regardless of the type of comparison standard. Neither type of comparison predicted changes in implicit self-concepts. The findings were generalizable across age groups.

Conclusions

This research provides the first evidence that comparisons facilitate the change of explicit but not implicit trait self-concepts. We discuss short-term mechanisms of personality development and future directions for examining them experimentally.

目的：探讨过去时间比较和社会比较等反思过程如何促进社会情绪特征的外显和内隐自我概念的变化，以及这些影响是否随年龄而不同。方法：我们进行了两项预先注册的多方法研究，以检验过去时间或社会比较是否预测情绪稳定性和外向性的变化。在纵向研究中（N = 615, 18-84岁），我们在相隔6个月的两个测量点评估了过去时间和社会比较的频率，情绪稳定性和外向性的外显和内隐自我概念。在实验研究中（N = 231，年龄18-93岁），我们诱导特质相关的行为改变，操纵过去时间与社会比较，并评估操纵前后的外显和内隐特质自我概念。结果：过去时间和社会比较可以预测情绪稳定性外显自我概念的纵向变化，但不能预测外向性。实验研究表明，无论比较标准的类型如何，这两种特征的外显自我概念都会发生变化。两种比较都不能预测内隐自我概念的变化。这些发现在各个年龄组中都具有普遍性。结论：本研究首次提供了比较促进外显而非内隐特质自我概念改变的证据。我们讨论了人格发展的短期机制和未来的实验研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

Personality, Ideology, and Attitudes Toward Social Justice 人格、意识形态和对社会正义的态度。

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13014

Xiaowen Xu, Autumn N. Scarborough, Lachlan M. Anthony, Luke D. Smillie

Objective

The importance of diversity, inclusiveness, and social justice has been increasingly emphasized in different institutions and organizations around the world. The present research adopted an individual differences approach to understanding people's attitudes toward diversity and social justice.

Method

Across three studies (Ns ranging from 371 to 700), participants completed measures of Big Five personality traits, political ideology, and attitudes toward a range of social justice issues (diversity, LGBTQ+, racial relations, abortion).

Results

Higher Openness to Experience and Agreeableness emerged as the most consistent predictors of higher support for social justice. Higher Neuroticism and lower Conscientiousness also predicted support for social justice issues. Furthermore, consistent with the dual-process model of ideology, we found that right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation tended to predict social justice support above and beyond Openness to Experience and Agreeableness.

Conclusion

This work provides important insights into the personality predictors of social justice support.

目标：世界各地的不同机构和组织越来越强调多样性、包容性和社会正义的重要性。本研究采用个体差异的方法来理解人们对多样性和社会正义的态度。方法：在三个研究中（n从371到700），参与者完成了五大人格特征、政治意识形态和对一系列社会正义问题（多样性、LGBTQ+、种族关系、堕胎）的态度。结果：较高的经验开放性和亲和性是对社会正义较高支持的最一致的预测因子。较高的神经质和较低的责任心也预示着对社会正义问题的支持。此外，与意识形态的双重过程模型一致，我们发现右翼威权主义和社会支配取向倾向于预测社会正义支持，高于经验开放性和亲和性。结论：本研究为社会公正支持的人格预测因素提供了重要的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond the Moderating Role of Neuroticism on Evaluative Conditioning: Threat Appraisal 超越神经质对评价条件反射的调节作用：威胁评价。

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13017

Darian Faur, Florin Alin Sava

Objective

Reality perception is often altered by general dispositional factors that are associated with emotional vulnerability, both inherited and acquired, that emerge in a specific learning context. The current study will examine whether neuroticism and looming cognitive style, factors that account for emotional vulnerability, interact in a manner that influences the evaluative conditioning effect (the magnitude of valence change in a conditioned stimulus due to pairing with an unconditioned stimulus).

Method

To achieve this, we will implement an evaluative conditioning procedure that pairs positive stimuli, nonthreatening negative stimuli, and threatening negative stimuli with neutral stimuli. Participants will also provide measures of valence and threat characteristics for the unconditioned stimuli, along with assessments of neuroticism and looming cognitive style.

Results

We expect that the evaluative conditioning effect will be mediated by threat and valence evaluations of unconditioned stimuli. We also expect that neuroticism will moderate the valence and threat values of unconditioned stimuli, whereas cognitive looming will moderate the magnitude of valence transfer from unconditioned stimuli to conditioned stimuli.

Conclusions

We presume that neuroticism will explain the reactivity to valenced and threatening stimuli, while looming cognitive style will account for the negative bias in the conditioned stimuli evaluation.

目的：现实感知经常被与情感脆弱性相关的一般性格因素所改变，这些因素包括遗传的和获得的，这些因素出现在特定的学习环境中。目前的研究将检查神经质和隐现的认知风格，这些因素解释了情感脆弱性，是否以一种影响评价条件反射效应的方式相互作用（由于与非条件刺激配对而导致条件刺激的效价变化的大小）。方法：为了达到这个目的，我们将实施一个评价条件作用程序，将积极刺激、无威胁性的消极刺激和威胁性的消极刺激与中性刺激配对。参与者还将提供对非条件刺激的效价和威胁特征的测量，以及对神经质和隐现认知风格的评估。结果：我们预期非条件刺激的威胁性评价和效价评价会介导评价条件作用。神经质会调节非条件刺激的效价和威胁值，而认知隐现会调节从非条件刺激到条件刺激的效价转移的幅度。结论：我们认为神经质可以解释对价值刺激和威胁刺激的反应性，而隐现性认知风格可以解释条件刺激评价中的负向偏见。

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引用次数: 0

Inter- and Intraindividual Relations Between Agentic, Communal Self-Enhancement and Hedonic, Eudaimonic Well-Being: Feedback and Mediation Mechanisms 个体间、个体内自我提升与快乐、幸福的关系：反馈与中介机制。

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13015

Jiangyong Li, Huaiyuan Qi, Huiqing Huang, Junyi Wang, Xuhai Chen, Yangmei Luo

Introduction

Researchers seldom consider the interplay between self-enhancement (SE) and well-being at both inter- and intraindividual levels. Previous studies have primarily focused on agentic SE and hedonic well-being, often neglecting communal SE and eudaimonic well-being. This study aims to address these gaps by examining the reciprocal relationship between both agentic and communal SE and both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Self-esteem is identified as a potential mediator in these relationships at both inter- and intraindividual levels.

Method

Using experience sampling, 172 participants (M_age = 24.25, 75% female) responded to smartphone prompts four times daily for 10 days, yielding 5925 observations. Data were analyzed with Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling.

Results

At the intraindividual level, stronger SE predicted increased hedonic and eudaimonic well-being within a short period (about 4 h). This enhanced well-being, in turn, was related to stronger SE, creating a positive feedback loop. At the interindividual level, higher agentic and communal SE correlated with greater well-being. Self-esteem mediated the reciprocal associations between SE and well-being at both levels.

Conclusion

These findings offer new insights into the dynamics of SE and well-being, supporting the positive link between SE and well-being in everyday life, emphasizing the mediating role of self-esteem across different analysis levels.

研究人员很少在个体间和个体内部层面上考虑自我增强与幸福感之间的相互作用。以往的研究主要集中在主观幸福感和享乐幸福感上，往往忽视了公共幸福感和幸福幸福感。本研究旨在通过研究代理和公共SE以及享乐和幸福之间的互惠关系来解决这些差距。在这些关系中，自尊被认为是一个潜在的中介，在个体之间和个体内部的水平。方法：采用经验抽样的方法，172名参与者（男性= 24.25人，75%为女性）在10天内每天4次回应智能手机提示，产生5925条观察结果。采用动态结构方程模型对数据进行分析。结果：在个体内部水平上，较强的SE预示着在短时间内（约4小时）快乐和幸福的增加。这种幸福感的增强反过来又与更强的自我感觉感相关，从而形成一个积极的反馈循环。在个体间水平上，较高的代理和公共SE与较高的幸福感相关。自尊在这两个层面上介导了自我体验与幸福感之间的相互关联。结论：这些研究结果为研究自尊与幸福感的动态关系提供了新的见解，支持了自尊与日常生活幸福感之间的正相关关系，强调了自尊在不同分析水平上的中介作用。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating solitude as a tool for downregulation of daily arousal using ecological momentary assessments. 利用生态学瞬间评估，研究独处作为下调日常唤醒的工具。

IF 5 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12939

Thuy-Vy T Nguyen, Delali Konu, Samuel Forbes

Objective: This research explored arousal levels as a motivating factor for solitude-seeking. We hypothesized that solitude becomes more desirable when high-arousal emotions were heightened and individual differences in extraversion and neuroticism would moderate this pattern.

Method: We tracked individuals' hourly experiences throughout a day. We assessed their high-arousal positive (e.g., excitement) and negative emotions (e.g., tension), whether they were alone or with others, and their preferred situation at the time of the signal. We gathered 4338 surveys from 362 participants, with 103 participants completing all hourly surveys.

Results: Preference for and incidence of solitude changed throughout the day. Contrary to our hypotheses, lagged analyses did not indicate high-arousal emotions predicting reports of being alone an hour later. However, individuals were more likely to express a preference for solitude while experiencing high-arousal negative emotions, and less so while experiencing positive emotions. Younger individuals display stronger preference for solitude during experiences of high-arousal negative emotions. Extraversion and neuroticism did not moderate these patterns.

Conclusions: The results highlight the distinctive appeal of solitude as a space for young adults to deal with negative emotions. We discussed how these findings are connected to existing literature and implications for future research.

研究目的本研究探讨了唤醒水平作为寻求独处动机的一个因素。我们假设，当高唤醒情绪高涨时，独处会变得更受欢迎，而外向性和神经质的个体差异会缓和这种模式：我们对个体一天中每小时的经历进行了追踪。我们评估了他们的高唤醒积极情绪（如兴奋）和消极情绪（如紧张），他们是独自一人还是与他人在一起，以及他们在发出信号时的首选情境。我们收集了 362 名参与者的 4338 份调查问卷，其中 103 名参与者完成了所有的小时调查：结果：对独处的偏好和独处的发生率全天都在变化。与我们的假设相反，滞后分析并没有表明高焦虑情绪会预测一小时后的独处报告。然而，在经历高焦虑负面情绪时，个体更倾向于表示独处，而在经历积极情绪时则不那么倾向于独处。年轻人在经历高焦虑负面情绪时更倾向于独处。外向性和神经质对这些模式没有调节作用：这些结果凸显了独处作为年轻人处理负面情绪的空间的独特魅力。我们讨论了这些发现与现有文献的联系以及对未来研究的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Does a Small Country Have Meaningful Regional Personality Differences? The Case of Estonia 一个小国是否存在有意义的地域个性差异？爱沙尼亚案例

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13013

Ling Xu, Friedrich M. Götz, Tobias Ebert, Siiri Silm, Uku Vainik, Wendy Johnson, René Mõttus

Background

Regional differences in the Big Five personality domains have been observed in several countries at different geographical granularities, often correlating with regional political, economic, social, and health (PESH) indicators.

Objective

We examined the extent of regional personality differences in Estonia and whether these differences were meaningfully correlated with PESH indicators.

Methods

Using data from the Estonian Biobank (N = 72,268; 7% of the adult population, providing unprecedented representativeness), we tested regional personality differences and their relations with PESH indicators with and without spatial smoothing.

Results

We found that regional Big Five scores varied by 1.19 (extraversion) to 2.78 (openness) T-score units across counties (N = 15) and by 2.80 (extraversion) to 4.74 (openness) units across municipalities (n = 74). Also, the correlations with the PESH indicators at the county and municipality levels persisted even after controlling for gender, age, and spatial dependency, and were moderately consistent with our predictions (r = 0.23 to 0.30) and between the county and municipality levels (r = 0.41).

Conclusions

Estonian residents tended to be similar in personality traits regardless of their location, replicating results from other countries. Yet, small regional personality domain differences could represent valid and possibly consequential psychological variation.

在几个不同地理粒度的国家中，已经观察到五大人格领域的区域差异，这些差异通常与区域政治、经济、社会和健康（PESH）指标相关。目的研究爱沙尼亚地区人格差异的程度，以及这些差异是否与PESH指标有意义相关。方法使用爱沙尼亚生物库(N = 72,268；7%的成年人，提供了前所未有的代表性)，我们测试了区域人格差异及其与PESH指标的关系，并在有无空间平滑的情况下进行了测试。结果我们发现，不同县（N = 15）的区域大五得分差异为1.19（外向性）至2.78（开放性）T - score单位，不同市（N = 74）的区域大五得分差异为2.80（外向性）至4.74（开放性）单位。此外，即使在控制了性别、年龄和空间依赖关系后，县市两级PESH指标之间的相关性仍然存在，并且与我们的预测（r = 0.23至0.30）以及县市两级之间的相关性（r = 0.41）保持适度一致。结论爱沙尼亚居民的人格特征与其他国家的调查结果一致，与其他国家的调查结果一致。然而，小的区域人格领域差异可能代表有效的，可能是相应的心理差异。

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引用次数: 0

Embodied Cognition and the Structure of Personality: An Exploratory Study of Longitudinal Pathways From Early Psychomotor Function 具身认知与人格结构：早期精神运动功能纵向路径的探索性研究

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13011

Dimitris I. Tsomokos

Objective

To explore the developmental pathways linking infant psychomotor function with personality in late adolescence through cognitive, social, and self-regulation skills. The broader research question, seen through the lens of embodied cognition, is whether cognition and personality in youth develop from basic sensorimotor and communicative systems in infancy.

Method

The sample included 9202 participants from a representative UK birth cohort. A structural equation model examined the prospective associations between motor and communicative functions at age 9 months, cognition, self-regulation, and prosociality at 5 years, and the five-factor model of personality at 17 years. The associations between psychomotor function and the meta-traits of stability and plasticity were also explored.

Results

Even after controlling for confounders and correcting for multiple paths, there was robust evidence that psychomotor development significantly predicts personality structure, with indirect pathways mediated by self-regulation skills and general or social cognitive skills in middle childhood. While infant communicative function was significantly associated with both meta-traits, gross motor function was significantly associated with plasticity but not stability.

Conclusions

Early psychomotor function may have long-term effects on personality, mediated by cognitive, social, and self-regulation skills. This finding can inform the development of socio-educational interventions and tailored curricula in early childhood education.

目的通过认知、社会和自我调节技能，探讨青春期后期婴儿心理运动功能与人格之间的发展途径。从具身认知的角度来看，更广泛的研究问题是，青少年的认知和人格是否从婴儿期的基本感觉运动和交际系统发展而来。方法样本包括9202名来自有代表性的英国出生队列的参与者。结构方程模型考察了9个月大时运动和交际功能，5岁时认知、自我调节和亲社会行为，以及17岁时人格的五因素模型之间的前瞻性联系。我们还探讨了精神运动功能与稳定性和可塑性元特征之间的关系。结果在控制混杂因素和校正多路径后，有强有力的证据表明，儿童中期的精神运动发展显著预测人格结构，其间接途径由自我调节技能和一般或社会认知技能介导。虽然婴儿的交际功能与这两种元特征显著相关，但大运动功能与可塑性显著相关，而与稳定性无关。结论早期精神运动功能可能通过认知、社会和自我调节技能对人格产生长期影响。这一发现可以为社会教育干预措施的发展和量身定制的幼儿教育课程提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Empathy During Crises: Investigating Attitudes, Tolerance, and Ingroup–Outgroup Dynamics in Response to Refugee Movements 危机中的同理心：调查态度、宽容和群体内外动态对难民运动的反应

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13012

Ronja Demel, Lena Masch, David Schieferdecker, Hanna Schwander, Swen Hutter, Jule Specht

Objective

In times of societal crises, it is pivotal to understand and share others' feelings. Yet, the role of empathy in fostering prosocial responses during societal crises has not gained enough attention. Our study uses the onset of Russia's war on Ukraine to examine three key questions: (1) Is empathy related to attitudes toward pro-refugee policies? (2) Does empathy correlate with a higher tolerance for diverse opinions on refugee policies? (3) Is empathy linked to perceived interpersonal closeness toward social in- and outgroups, including refugees?

Methods and Results

Using observational data from online surveys conducted with a largely representative quota sample from Germany (N = 1199–1631) during the initial months of the war, we found that empathy was associated with significantly higher support of pro-refugee policies, driven primarily by empathic concern. Additionally, more empathetic individuals exhibited greater opinion diversity and showed smaller distinctions in perceived interpersonal closeness between in- and outgroups.

Conclusions

These findings underscore the critical role of empathy in fostering solidarity and social cohesion during societal crises.

在社会危机时期，理解和分享他人的感受是至关重要的。然而，在社会危机中，共情在促进亲社会反应中的作用尚未得到足够的重视。我们的研究利用俄罗斯对乌克兰战争的爆发来检验三个关键问题：(1)同理心是否与对亲难民政策的态度有关？(2)同理心是否与对难民政策不同意见的更高容忍度相关？(3)共情是否与对社会内外群体（包括难民）的人际亲密感有关？方法与结果在战争的最初几个月里，我们使用来自德国的极具代表性的配额样本（N = 1199-1631）进行的在线调查的观察数据，我们发现移情与支持难民政策的显著更高的支持相关，这主要是由移情关注驱动的。此外，更有同理心的个体表现出更大的意见多样性，并且在内部群体和外部群体之间感知到的人际亲密程度上表现出更小的差异。这些发现强调了共情在社会危机中促进团结和社会凝聚力的关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Does Perfectionism Affect Parental Identity Development? A One-Year Longitudinal Study 完美主义影响父母身份发展吗？为期一年的纵向研究

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-01-18 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13010

Konrad Piotrowski, Kamil Janowicz, Lavinia Damian-Ilea, Oana Negru-Subtirica

Introduction

Previous studies have revealed that perfectionism and identity development during adolescence are related. However, no longitudinal study has been conducted on the impact of perfectionism on identity development in adulthood. In the present study, we analyzed for the first time the longitudinal relationship between personal standards, an indicator of perfectionistic strivings, and concern over mistakes and doubts about actions, indicators of perfectionist concerns, and identity development in one of the most important yet least understood domains for adults, parental identity.

Methods

This 1-year, three-wave longitudinal study investigated reciprocal relationships between perfectionism and parental identity among 1275 parents (aged 18–30, M = 26.11; SD = 3.00). We analyzed the results using cross-lagged panel model analysis and random-intercept cross-lagged panel model analysis.

Results

The results revealed that personal standards were associated with a relative increase in seeking in-depth information about parenthood, and doubts/concerns were associated with a relative increase in disappointment and parenthood regret. Parental identity was not reciprocally related to changes in perfectionism at the between-person level. However, we observed the effect of parental identity on the decrease in personal standards at the within-person level.

Conclusion

The results suggest mutual relationships between perfectionism and parental identity at the between-person and within-person levels.

先前的研究表明，青春期的完美主义和身份发展是相关的。然而，尚无关于完美主义对成年期身份发展影响的纵向研究。在本研究中，我们首次分析了个人标准（完美主义奋斗的指标）与对错误的担忧和对行为的怀疑（完美主义关注的指标）之间的纵向关系，以及成年人最重要但最不为人知的领域之一——父母身份的认同发展。方法对1275名18-30岁的父母(M = 26.11；Sd = 3.00)。我们使用交叉滞后面板模型分析和随机截距交叉滞后面板模型分析来分析结果。结果发现，个人标准与寻求父母身份深层信息的相对增加有关，而怀疑/担忧与失望和父母身份后悔的相对增加有关。在人际层面上，父母身份与完美主义的变化没有相互关系。然而，我们观察到父母身份在个人水平上对个人标准降低的影响。结论完美主义与父母身份认同在人际和人内层面上存在相互关系。

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引用次数: 0

Becoming as Open-Minded and Organized as My Classmates? Peer Effects on Self-Reported Personality Trait Development in the Classroom 变得像我的同学一样思想开放和有条理？同伴对课堂自述人格特质发展的影响。

IF 2.7 1区心理学 Q1 Psychology

Journal of Personality

Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.13009

Mieke Johannsen, Naemi D. Brandt, Oliver Lüdtke, Jenny Wagner

Introduction

How does a student's personality development relate to the personality of their classmates? The school class builds a pertinent comparison group during adolescence that has been identified as a critical factor in students' development of abilities and self-perceptions. This study empirically tests the impact of classroom personality composition on changes in adolescents' Big Five personality traits. We hypothesized positive associations between class-level openness and conscientiousness and the individual development of these traits given their role in academic performance.

Method

To test these hypotheses and explore additional composition effects, we employed three approaches of multilevel structural equation modeling on two large longitudinal samples of German adolescents (N₁ = 5470; N₂ = 788).

Results

Our analyses yielded two principal findings: First, individual personality levels remained highly stable across different time periods. Second, contrary to our hypotheses, baseline class-level openness and conscientiousness were not positively linked to individual personality development. Instead, there were some indications that higher class-level openness was negatively linked to individual openness to experiences at the second measurement point.

Conclusions

We discuss the absence of systematic composition effects at the classroom level and consider methodological challenges in investigating these effects.

一个学生的个性发展与他的同学的个性是如何联系在一起的？学校班级在青少年时期建立了一个相关的比较组，这被认为是学生能力和自我认知发展的关键因素。本研究实证检验了课堂人格构成对青少年大五人格特征变化的影响。考虑到开放性和严谨性在学业表现中的作用，我们假设班级水平的开放性和严谨性与这些特征的个体发展之间存在正相关。方法：为了检验这些假设并探索额外的成分效应，我们采用了三种多层次结构方程建模方法对两个大型德国青少年纵向样本(N1 = 5470；n2 = 788)。结果：我们的分析得出了两个主要发现：第一，个体的个性水平在不同时期保持高度稳定。其次，与我们的假设相反，基线阶级水平的开放性和严谨性与个体人格发展没有正相关。相反，有一些迹象表明，在第二个测量点，较高的班级水平的开放性与个人对经验的开放性呈负相关。结论：我们讨论了在课堂水平上缺乏系统的作文效应，并考虑了调查这些效应的方法挑战。

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引用次数: 0