Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00286-9
Tarek Rafeedi, Abdulhameed Abdal, Beril Polat, Katherine A. Hutcheson, Eileen H. Shinn, Darren J. Lipomi
Swallowing is an ensemble of voluntary and autonomic processes key to maintaining our body’s homeostatic balance. Abnormal swallowing (dysphagia) can cause dehydration, malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, weight loss, anxiety, or even mortality—especially in older adults—by airway obstruction. To prevent or mitigate these outcomes, it is imperative to regularly assess swallowing ability in those who are at risk of developing dysphagia and those already diagnosed with it. However, current diagnostic tools such as endoscopy, manometry, and videofluoroscopy require access to clinical experts to interpret the results. These results are often sampled from a limited examination timeframe of swallowing activity in a controlled environment. Additionally, there is some risk of periprocedural complications associated with these methods. In contrast, the field of epidermal sensors is finding non-invasive and minimally obtrusive ways to examine swallowing function and dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the current state of wearable devices that are aimed at monitoring swallowing function and detecting its abnormalities. We pay particular attention to the materials and design parameters that enable their operation. We examine a compilation of both proof-of-concept studies (which focus mainly on the engineering of the device) and studies whose aims are biomedical (which may involve larger cohorts of subjects, including patients). Furthermore, we briefly discuss the methods of signal acquisition and device assessment in relevant wearable sensors. Finally, we examine the need to increase adherence and engagement of patients with such devices and discuss enhancements to the design of such epidermal sensors that may encourage greater enthusiasm for at-home and long-term monitoring.
{"title":"Wearable, epidermal devices for assessment of swallowing function","authors":"Tarek Rafeedi, Abdulhameed Abdal, Beril Polat, Katherine A. Hutcheson, Eileen H. Shinn, Darren J. Lipomi","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00286-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00286-9","url":null,"abstract":"Swallowing is an ensemble of voluntary and autonomic processes key to maintaining our body’s homeostatic balance. Abnormal swallowing (dysphagia) can cause dehydration, malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, weight loss, anxiety, or even mortality—especially in older adults—by airway obstruction. To prevent or mitigate these outcomes, it is imperative to regularly assess swallowing ability in those who are at risk of developing dysphagia and those already diagnosed with it. However, current diagnostic tools such as endoscopy, manometry, and videofluoroscopy require access to clinical experts to interpret the results. These results are often sampled from a limited examination timeframe of swallowing activity in a controlled environment. Additionally, there is some risk of periprocedural complications associated with these methods. In contrast, the field of epidermal sensors is finding non-invasive and minimally obtrusive ways to examine swallowing function and dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the current state of wearable devices that are aimed at monitoring swallowing function and detecting its abnormalities. We pay particular attention to the materials and design parameters that enable their operation. We examine a compilation of both proof-of-concept studies (which focus mainly on the engineering of the device) and studies whose aims are biomedical (which may involve larger cohorts of subjects, including patients). Furthermore, we briefly discuss the methods of signal acquisition and device assessment in relevant wearable sensors. Finally, we examine the need to increase adherence and engagement of patients with such devices and discuss enhancements to the design of such epidermal sensors that may encourage greater enthusiasm for at-home and long-term monitoring.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00286-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138770299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-19DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00284-x
Paul Čvančara, Giacomo Valle, Matthias Müller, Inga Bartels, Thomas Guiho, Arthur Hiairrassary, Francesco Petrini, Stanisa Raspopovic, Ivo Strauss, Giuseppe Granata, Eduardo Fernandez, Paolo M. Rossini, Massimo Barbaro, Ken Yoshida, Winnie Jensen, Jean-Louis Divoux, David Guiraud, Silvestro Micera, Thomas Stieglitz
Direct stimulation of peripheral nerves with implantable electrodes successfully provided sensory feedback to amputees while using hand prostheses. Longevity of the electrodes is key to success, which we have improved for the polyimide-based transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrode (TIME). The TIMEs were implanted in the median and ulnar nerves of three trans-radial amputees for up to six months. We present a comprehensive assessment of the electrical properties of the thin-film metallization as well as material status post explantationem. The TIMEs stayed within the electrochemical safe limits while enabling consistent and precise amplitude modulation. This lead to a reliable performance in terms of eliciting sensation. No signs of corrosion or morphological change to the thin-film metallization of the probes was observed by means of electrochemical and optical analysis. The presented longevity demonstrates that thin-film electrodes are applicable in permanent implant systems.
{"title":"Bringing sensation to prosthetic hands—chronic assessment of implanted thin-film electrodes in humans","authors":"Paul Čvančara, Giacomo Valle, Matthias Müller, Inga Bartels, Thomas Guiho, Arthur Hiairrassary, Francesco Petrini, Stanisa Raspopovic, Ivo Strauss, Giuseppe Granata, Eduardo Fernandez, Paolo M. Rossini, Massimo Barbaro, Ken Yoshida, Winnie Jensen, Jean-Louis Divoux, David Guiraud, Silvestro Micera, Thomas Stieglitz","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00284-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00284-x","url":null,"abstract":"Direct stimulation of peripheral nerves with implantable electrodes successfully provided sensory feedback to amputees while using hand prostheses. Longevity of the electrodes is key to success, which we have improved for the polyimide-based transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrode (TIME). The TIMEs were implanted in the median and ulnar nerves of three trans-radial amputees for up to six months. We present a comprehensive assessment of the electrical properties of the thin-film metallization as well as material status post explantationem. The TIMEs stayed within the electrochemical safe limits while enabling consistent and precise amplitude modulation. This lead to a reliable performance in terms of eliciting sensation. No signs of corrosion or morphological change to the thin-film metallization of the probes was observed by means of electrochemical and optical analysis. The presented longevity demonstrates that thin-film electrodes are applicable in permanent implant systems.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00284-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138292945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00282-z
Jaeu Park, Jinwoong Jeong, Minseok Kang, Nagwade Pritish, Youngjun Cho, Jeongdae Ha, Junwoo Yea, Kyung-In Jang, Hyojin Kim, Jumin Hwang, Byungchae Kim, Sungjoon Min, Hoijun Kim, Soonchul Kwon, ChangSik John Pak, HyunSuk Peter Suh, Joon Pio Hong, Sanghoon Lee
Surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors play a critical role in diagnosing muscle conditions and enabling prosthetic device control, especially for lower extremity robotic legs. However, challenges arise when utilizing such sensors on residual limbs within a silicon liner worn by amputees, where dynamic pressure, narrow space, and perspiration can negatively affect sensor performance. Existing commercial sEMG sensors and newly developed sensors are unsuitable due to size and thickness, or susceptible to damage in this environment. In this paper, our sEMG sensors are tailored for amputees wearing sockets, prioritizing breathability, durability, and reliable recording performance. By employing porous PDMS and Silbione substrates, our design achieves exceptional permeability and adhesive properties. The serpentine electrode pattern and design are optimized to improve stretchability, durability, and effective contact area, resulting in a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than conventional electrodes. Notably, our proposed sensors wirelessly enable to control of a robotic leg for amputees, demonstrating its practical feasibility and expecting to drive forward neuro-prosthetic control in the clinical research field near future.
{"title":"Imperceptive and reusable dermal surface EMG for lower extremity neuro-prosthetic control and clinical assessment","authors":"Jaeu Park, Jinwoong Jeong, Minseok Kang, Nagwade Pritish, Youngjun Cho, Jeongdae Ha, Junwoo Yea, Kyung-In Jang, Hyojin Kim, Jumin Hwang, Byungchae Kim, Sungjoon Min, Hoijun Kim, Soonchul Kwon, ChangSik John Pak, HyunSuk Peter Suh, Joon Pio Hong, Sanghoon Lee","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00282-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00282-z","url":null,"abstract":"Surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors play a critical role in diagnosing muscle conditions and enabling prosthetic device control, especially for lower extremity robotic legs. However, challenges arise when utilizing such sensors on residual limbs within a silicon liner worn by amputees, where dynamic pressure, narrow space, and perspiration can negatively affect sensor performance. Existing commercial sEMG sensors and newly developed sensors are unsuitable due to size and thickness, or susceptible to damage in this environment. In this paper, our sEMG sensors are tailored for amputees wearing sockets, prioritizing breathability, durability, and reliable recording performance. By employing porous PDMS and Silbione substrates, our design achieves exceptional permeability and adhesive properties. The serpentine electrode pattern and design are optimized to improve stretchability, durability, and effective contact area, resulting in a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than conventional electrodes. Notably, our proposed sensors wirelessly enable to control of a robotic leg for amputees, demonstrating its practical feasibility and expecting to drive forward neuro-prosthetic control in the clinical research field near future.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00282-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71512824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00280-1
Eloïse Bihar, Elliot J. Strand, Catherine A. Crichton, Megan N. Renny, Ignacy Bonter, Tai Tran, Madhur Atreya, Adrian Gestos, Jim Haseloff, Robert R. McLeod, Gregory L. Whiting
A key challenge in bioelectronics is to establish and improve the interface between electronic devices and living tissues, enabling a direct assessment of biological systems. Sensors integrated with plant tissue can provide valuable information about the plant itself as well as the surrounding environment, including air and soil quality. An obstacle in developing interfaces to plant tissue is mitigating the formation of fibrotic tissues, which can hinder continuous and accurate sensor operation over extended timeframes. Electronic systems that utilize suitable biocompatible materials alongside appropriate fabrication techniques to establish plant-electronic interfaces could provide for enhanced environmental understanding and ecosystem management capabilities. To meet these demands, this study introduces an approach for integrating printed electronic materials with biocompatible cryogels, resulting in stable implantable hydrogel-based bioelectronic devices capable of long-term operation within plant tissue. These inkjet-printed cryogels can be customized to provide various electronic functionalities, including electrodes and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), that exhibit high electrical conductivity for embedded conducting polymer traces (up to 350 S/cm), transconductance for OECTs in the mS range, a capacitance of up to 4.2 mF g−1 in suitable structures, high stretchability (up to 330% strain), and self-healing properties. The biocompatible functionalized cryogel-based electrodes and transistors were successfully implanted in plant tissue, and ionic activity in tomato plant stems was collected for over two months with minimal scar tissue formation, making these cryogel-based printed electronic devices excellent candidates for continuous, in-situ monitoring of plant and environmental status and health.
{"title":"Self-healable stretchable printed electronic cryogels for in-vivo plant monitoring","authors":"Eloïse Bihar, Elliot J. Strand, Catherine A. Crichton, Megan N. Renny, Ignacy Bonter, Tai Tran, Madhur Atreya, Adrian Gestos, Jim Haseloff, Robert R. McLeod, Gregory L. Whiting","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00280-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00280-1","url":null,"abstract":"A key challenge in bioelectronics is to establish and improve the interface between electronic devices and living tissues, enabling a direct assessment of biological systems. Sensors integrated with plant tissue can provide valuable information about the plant itself as well as the surrounding environment, including air and soil quality. An obstacle in developing interfaces to plant tissue is mitigating the formation of fibrotic tissues, which can hinder continuous and accurate sensor operation over extended timeframes. Electronic systems that utilize suitable biocompatible materials alongside appropriate fabrication techniques to establish plant-electronic interfaces could provide for enhanced environmental understanding and ecosystem management capabilities. To meet these demands, this study introduces an approach for integrating printed electronic materials with biocompatible cryogels, resulting in stable implantable hydrogel-based bioelectronic devices capable of long-term operation within plant tissue. These inkjet-printed cryogels can be customized to provide various electronic functionalities, including electrodes and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), that exhibit high electrical conductivity for embedded conducting polymer traces (up to 350 S/cm), transconductance for OECTs in the mS range, a capacitance of up to 4.2 mF g−1 in suitable structures, high stretchability (up to 330% strain), and self-healing properties. The biocompatible functionalized cryogel-based electrodes and transistors were successfully implanted in plant tissue, and ionic activity in tomato plant stems was collected for over two months with minimal scar tissue formation, making these cryogel-based printed electronic devices excellent candidates for continuous, in-situ monitoring of plant and environmental status and health.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00280-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00281-0
Yongcheng He, Haojun Liu, Jiajia Luo, Nuo Li, Lihua Li, Puxian Xiong, Jiulin Gan, Zhongmin Yang
Reprogrammable soft matter brings flexibility to soft robots so that they can display various motions, which is flourishing in soft robotics. However, the reprogramming of photoresponsive materials used in soft robots is time-consuming using existing methods. In this study, we promote a strategy for rapid reprogramming via switchable photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE). The liquid crystalline elastomers doped with semiconductor bismuth compounds (Bi-LCE) used in this work exhibited large photothermal actuation with over 35% shrinkage in 5 s at high PCE state, which demonstrated little deformation at low PCE state. Furthermore, the material was capable of being reprogrammed up to 10 times, with only 20 min required for one PCE reversible switch. Based on this switchable PCE effect, the same Bi-LCE film displayed various shape changes through different programmable pattern. Additionally, a reprogrammable hollow tube made of PCE reprogrammable materials could tune the diameter, cross-section configuration, and surface morphology, which was crucial for microfluidics field. Reprogrammable materials provide endless possibilities for reusability and sustainability in robotics.
{"title":"Switchable photothermal conversion efficiency for reprogrammable actuation","authors":"Yongcheng He, Haojun Liu, Jiajia Luo, Nuo Li, Lihua Li, Puxian Xiong, Jiulin Gan, Zhongmin Yang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00281-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00281-0","url":null,"abstract":"Reprogrammable soft matter brings flexibility to soft robots so that they can display various motions, which is flourishing in soft robotics. However, the reprogramming of photoresponsive materials used in soft robots is time-consuming using existing methods. In this study, we promote a strategy for rapid reprogramming via switchable photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE). The liquid crystalline elastomers doped with semiconductor bismuth compounds (Bi-LCE) used in this work exhibited large photothermal actuation with over 35% shrinkage in 5 s at high PCE state, which demonstrated little deformation at low PCE state. Furthermore, the material was capable of being reprogrammed up to 10 times, with only 20 min required for one PCE reversible switch. Based on this switchable PCE effect, the same Bi-LCE film displayed various shape changes through different programmable pattern. Additionally, a reprogrammable hollow tube made of PCE reprogrammable materials could tune the diameter, cross-section configuration, and surface morphology, which was crucial for microfluidics field. Reprogrammable materials provide endless possibilities for reusability and sustainability in robotics.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00281-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electromyography (EMG) signal is the electrical potential generated by contracting muscle cells. Long-term and accurate EMG monitoring is desirable for neuromuscular function assessment in clinical and the human–computer interfaces. Herein, we report a skin-integrated, biocompatible, and stretchable silicon microneedle electrode (SSME) inspired by the plant thorns. The silicon microneedles are half encapsulated by the polyimide (PI) to enhance the adaptability to deformation and resistance to fatigue. Thorn-like SSME is realized by the semi-additive method with a stretchability of not less than 36%. The biocompatibility of SSME has been verified using cytotoxicity tests. EMG monitoring in motion and long-term has been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the SSME, which is compared with a commercial wet electrode. Hopefully, the strategies reported here can lead to accurate and long-term EMG monitoring, facilitating an effective and reliable human–computer interface.
{"title":"Skin-integrated, biocompatible, and stretchable silicon microneedle electrode for long-term EMG monitoring in motion scenario","authors":"Huawei Ji, Mingyu Wang, Yutong Wang, Zhouheng Wang, Yinji Ma, Lanlan Liu, Honglei Zhou, Ze Xu, Xian Wang, Ying Chen, Xue Feng","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00279-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00279-8","url":null,"abstract":"Electromyography (EMG) signal is the electrical potential generated by contracting muscle cells. Long-term and accurate EMG monitoring is desirable for neuromuscular function assessment in clinical and the human–computer interfaces. Herein, we report a skin-integrated, biocompatible, and stretchable silicon microneedle electrode (SSME) inspired by the plant thorns. The silicon microneedles are half encapsulated by the polyimide (PI) to enhance the adaptability to deformation and resistance to fatigue. Thorn-like SSME is realized by the semi-additive method with a stretchability of not less than 36%. The biocompatibility of SSME has been verified using cytotoxicity tests. EMG monitoring in motion and long-term has been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the SSME, which is compared with a commercial wet electrode. Hopefully, the strategies reported here can lead to accurate and long-term EMG monitoring, facilitating an effective and reliable human–computer interface.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00279-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flexible loudspeakers that can be easily distributed in the surrounding environment are essential for creating immersive experiences in human-machine interactions, as these devices can transmit acoustic information conveniently. In this paper, we present a flexible electret loudspeaker that offers numerous benefits, such as eco-friendly, easy fabrication, flexible customization, strong durability, and excellent outputs. The output sound pressure level (SPL) and frequency response characteristic are optimized according to the simulation and experiment results. At a distance of 50 meters, a large-size loudspeaker (50 × 40 cm2) can produce an average SPL of 60 dB (normal SPL range of human voices is between 40 to 70 dB). The frequency response of our loudspeaker is high and relatively consistent up to 15 kHz, which covers the normal frequency range of human voices (<8 kHz). As demonstrated in this work, our loudspeakers can be used for scalable applications, such as being integrated with curtains or hung up like posters, offering a promising and practical solution for creating better human-machine interaction experiences.
{"title":"Scalable and eco-friendly flexible loudspeakers for distributed human-machine interactions","authors":"Yucong Pi, Qiutong Liu, Zhaoyang Li, Dazhe Zhao, Kaijun Zhang, Zhirui Liu, Bingpu Zhou, Iek Man Lei, Yuan Ma, Junwen Zhong","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00278-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00278-9","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible loudspeakers that can be easily distributed in the surrounding environment are essential for creating immersive experiences in human-machine interactions, as these devices can transmit acoustic information conveniently. In this paper, we present a flexible electret loudspeaker that offers numerous benefits, such as eco-friendly, easy fabrication, flexible customization, strong durability, and excellent outputs. The output sound pressure level (SPL) and frequency response characteristic are optimized according to the simulation and experiment results. At a distance of 50 meters, a large-size loudspeaker (50 × 40 cm2) can produce an average SPL of 60 dB (normal SPL range of human voices is between 40 to 70 dB). The frequency response of our loudspeaker is high and relatively consistent up to 15 kHz, which covers the normal frequency range of human voices (<8 kHz). As demonstrated in this work, our loudspeakers can be used for scalable applications, such as being integrated with curtains or hung up like posters, offering a promising and practical solution for creating better human-machine interaction experiences.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00278-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00275-y
Weiyi Liu, Huanyu Cheng, Xiufeng Wang
As sweat biomarker levels are continuously changing over metabolism and daily activities, pathological and physiological processes can be dynamically analyzed by wearable devices. The colorimetric skin-interfaced microfluidic devices that do not have external circuit modules exhibit enhanced deformability with a small footprint. However, it is difficult to achieve sampling over time and self-feedback for closed-loop systems. This review summarizes recent advances in microfluidic valves for biofluid management and chrono-sampling, as well as active triggers in microfluidics self-feedback. After enumerating the current limitations in temporal resolution and reliability, we further point out a few potential feasible strategies for future developments.
{"title":"Skin-interfaced colorimetric microfluidic devices for on-demand sweat analysis","authors":"Weiyi Liu, Huanyu Cheng, Xiufeng Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00275-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00275-y","url":null,"abstract":"As sweat biomarker levels are continuously changing over metabolism and daily activities, pathological and physiological processes can be dynamically analyzed by wearable devices. The colorimetric skin-interfaced microfluidic devices that do not have external circuit modules exhibit enhanced deformability with a small footprint. However, it is difficult to achieve sampling over time and self-feedback for closed-loop systems. This review summarizes recent advances in microfluidic valves for biofluid management and chrono-sampling, as well as active triggers in microfluidics self-feedback. After enumerating the current limitations in temporal resolution and reliability, we further point out a few potential feasible strategies for future developments.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00275-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48279818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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