Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00281-0
Yongcheng He, Haojun Liu, Jiajia Luo, Nuo Li, Lihua Li, Puxian Xiong, Jiulin Gan, Zhongmin Yang
Reprogrammable soft matter brings flexibility to soft robots so that they can display various motions, which is flourishing in soft robotics. However, the reprogramming of photoresponsive materials used in soft robots is time-consuming using existing methods. In this study, we promote a strategy for rapid reprogramming via switchable photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE). The liquid crystalline elastomers doped with semiconductor bismuth compounds (Bi-LCE) used in this work exhibited large photothermal actuation with over 35% shrinkage in 5 s at high PCE state, which demonstrated little deformation at low PCE state. Furthermore, the material was capable of being reprogrammed up to 10 times, with only 20 min required for one PCE reversible switch. Based on this switchable PCE effect, the same Bi-LCE film displayed various shape changes through different programmable pattern. Additionally, a reprogrammable hollow tube made of PCE reprogrammable materials could tune the diameter, cross-section configuration, and surface morphology, which was crucial for microfluidics field. Reprogrammable materials provide endless possibilities for reusability and sustainability in robotics.
{"title":"Switchable photothermal conversion efficiency for reprogrammable actuation","authors":"Yongcheng He, Haojun Liu, Jiajia Luo, Nuo Li, Lihua Li, Puxian Xiong, Jiulin Gan, Zhongmin Yang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00281-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00281-0","url":null,"abstract":"Reprogrammable soft matter brings flexibility to soft robots so that they can display various motions, which is flourishing in soft robotics. However, the reprogramming of photoresponsive materials used in soft robots is time-consuming using existing methods. In this study, we promote a strategy for rapid reprogramming via switchable photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE). The liquid crystalline elastomers doped with semiconductor bismuth compounds (Bi-LCE) used in this work exhibited large photothermal actuation with over 35% shrinkage in 5 s at high PCE state, which demonstrated little deformation at low PCE state. Furthermore, the material was capable of being reprogrammed up to 10 times, with only 20 min required for one PCE reversible switch. Based on this switchable PCE effect, the same Bi-LCE film displayed various shape changes through different programmable pattern. Additionally, a reprogrammable hollow tube made of PCE reprogrammable materials could tune the diameter, cross-section configuration, and surface morphology, which was crucial for microfluidics field. Reprogrammable materials provide endless possibilities for reusability and sustainability in robotics.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00281-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electromyography (EMG) signal is the electrical potential generated by contracting muscle cells. Long-term and accurate EMG monitoring is desirable for neuromuscular function assessment in clinical and the human–computer interfaces. Herein, we report a skin-integrated, biocompatible, and stretchable silicon microneedle electrode (SSME) inspired by the plant thorns. The silicon microneedles are half encapsulated by the polyimide (PI) to enhance the adaptability to deformation and resistance to fatigue. Thorn-like SSME is realized by the semi-additive method with a stretchability of not less than 36%. The biocompatibility of SSME has been verified using cytotoxicity tests. EMG monitoring in motion and long-term has been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the SSME, which is compared with a commercial wet electrode. Hopefully, the strategies reported here can lead to accurate and long-term EMG monitoring, facilitating an effective and reliable human–computer interface.
{"title":"Skin-integrated, biocompatible, and stretchable silicon microneedle electrode for long-term EMG monitoring in motion scenario","authors":"Huawei Ji, Mingyu Wang, Yutong Wang, Zhouheng Wang, Yinji Ma, Lanlan Liu, Honglei Zhou, Ze Xu, Xian Wang, Ying Chen, Xue Feng","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00279-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00279-8","url":null,"abstract":"Electromyography (EMG) signal is the electrical potential generated by contracting muscle cells. Long-term and accurate EMG monitoring is desirable for neuromuscular function assessment in clinical and the human–computer interfaces. Herein, we report a skin-integrated, biocompatible, and stretchable silicon microneedle electrode (SSME) inspired by the plant thorns. The silicon microneedles are half encapsulated by the polyimide (PI) to enhance the adaptability to deformation and resistance to fatigue. Thorn-like SSME is realized by the semi-additive method with a stretchability of not less than 36%. The biocompatibility of SSME has been verified using cytotoxicity tests. EMG monitoring in motion and long-term has been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the SSME, which is compared with a commercial wet electrode. Hopefully, the strategies reported here can lead to accurate and long-term EMG monitoring, facilitating an effective and reliable human–computer interface.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00279-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flexible loudspeakers that can be easily distributed in the surrounding environment are essential for creating immersive experiences in human-machine interactions, as these devices can transmit acoustic information conveniently. In this paper, we present a flexible electret loudspeaker that offers numerous benefits, such as eco-friendly, easy fabrication, flexible customization, strong durability, and excellent outputs. The output sound pressure level (SPL) and frequency response characteristic are optimized according to the simulation and experiment results. At a distance of 50 meters, a large-size loudspeaker (50 × 40 cm2) can produce an average SPL of 60 dB (normal SPL range of human voices is between 40 to 70 dB). The frequency response of our loudspeaker is high and relatively consistent up to 15 kHz, which covers the normal frequency range of human voices (<8 kHz). As demonstrated in this work, our loudspeakers can be used for scalable applications, such as being integrated with curtains or hung up like posters, offering a promising and practical solution for creating better human-machine interaction experiences.
{"title":"Scalable and eco-friendly flexible loudspeakers for distributed human-machine interactions","authors":"Yucong Pi, Qiutong Liu, Zhaoyang Li, Dazhe Zhao, Kaijun Zhang, Zhirui Liu, Bingpu Zhou, Iek Man Lei, Yuan Ma, Junwen Zhong","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00278-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00278-9","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible loudspeakers that can be easily distributed in the surrounding environment are essential for creating immersive experiences in human-machine interactions, as these devices can transmit acoustic information conveniently. In this paper, we present a flexible electret loudspeaker that offers numerous benefits, such as eco-friendly, easy fabrication, flexible customization, strong durability, and excellent outputs. The output sound pressure level (SPL) and frequency response characteristic are optimized according to the simulation and experiment results. At a distance of 50 meters, a large-size loudspeaker (50 × 40 cm2) can produce an average SPL of 60 dB (normal SPL range of human voices is between 40 to 70 dB). The frequency response of our loudspeaker is high and relatively consistent up to 15 kHz, which covers the normal frequency range of human voices (<8 kHz). As demonstrated in this work, our loudspeakers can be used for scalable applications, such as being integrated with curtains or hung up like posters, offering a promising and practical solution for creating better human-machine interaction experiences.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00278-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00275-y
Weiyi Liu, Huanyu Cheng, Xiufeng Wang
As sweat biomarker levels are continuously changing over metabolism and daily activities, pathological and physiological processes can be dynamically analyzed by wearable devices. The colorimetric skin-interfaced microfluidic devices that do not have external circuit modules exhibit enhanced deformability with a small footprint. However, it is difficult to achieve sampling over time and self-feedback for closed-loop systems. This review summarizes recent advances in microfluidic valves for biofluid management and chrono-sampling, as well as active triggers in microfluidics self-feedback. After enumerating the current limitations in temporal resolution and reliability, we further point out a few potential feasible strategies for future developments.
{"title":"Skin-interfaced colorimetric microfluidic devices for on-demand sweat analysis","authors":"Weiyi Liu, Huanyu Cheng, Xiufeng Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00275-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00275-y","url":null,"abstract":"As sweat biomarker levels are continuously changing over metabolism and daily activities, pathological and physiological processes can be dynamically analyzed by wearable devices. The colorimetric skin-interfaced microfluidic devices that do not have external circuit modules exhibit enhanced deformability with a small footprint. However, it is difficult to achieve sampling over time and self-feedback for closed-loop systems. This review summarizes recent advances in microfluidic valves for biofluid management and chrono-sampling, as well as active triggers in microfluidics self-feedback. After enumerating the current limitations in temporal resolution and reliability, we further point out a few potential feasible strategies for future developments.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00275-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48279818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By leveraging their high mobility and small size, insects have been combined with microcontrollers to build up cyborg insects for various practical applications. Unfortunately, all current cyborg insects rely on implanted electrodes to control their movement, which causes irreversible damage to their organs and muscles. Here, we develop a non-invasive method for cyborg insects to address above issues, using a conformal electrode with an in-situ polymerized ion-conducting layer and an electron-conducting layer. The neural and locomotion responses to the electrical inductions verify the efficient communication between insects and controllers by the non-invasive method. The precise “S” line following of the cyborg insect further demonstrates its potential in practical navigation. The conformal non-invasive electrodes keep the intactness of the insects while controlling their motion. With the antennae, important olfactory organs of insects preserved, the cyborg insect, in the future, may be endowed with abilities to detect the surrounding environment.
{"title":"Resilient conductive membrane synthesized by in-situ polymerisation for wearable non-invasive electronics on moving appendages of cyborg insect","authors":"Qifeng Lin, Rui Li, Feilong Zhang, Kazuki Kai, Zong Chen Ong, Xiaodong Chen, Hirotaka Sato","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00274-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00274-z","url":null,"abstract":"By leveraging their high mobility and small size, insects have been combined with microcontrollers to build up cyborg insects for various practical applications. Unfortunately, all current cyborg insects rely on implanted electrodes to control their movement, which causes irreversible damage to their organs and muscles. Here, we develop a non-invasive method for cyborg insects to address above issues, using a conformal electrode with an in-situ polymerized ion-conducting layer and an electron-conducting layer. The neural and locomotion responses to the electrical inductions verify the efficient communication between insects and controllers by the non-invasive method. The precise “S” line following of the cyborg insect further demonstrates its potential in practical navigation. The conformal non-invasive electrodes keep the intactness of the insects while controlling their motion. With the antennae, important olfactory organs of insects preserved, the cyborg insect, in the future, may be endowed with abilities to detect the surrounding environment.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00274-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135048269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00276-x
Kiho Kim, In Sik Min, Tae Hee Kim, Do Hyeon Kim, Seungwon Hwang, Kyowon Kang, Kyubeen Kim, Sangun Park, Jongmin Lee, Young Uk Cho, Jung Woo Lee, Woon-Hong Yeo, Young Min Song, Youngmee Jung, Ki Jun Yu
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is attracting attention as a next-generation cancer treatment that can selectively destroy malignant tissues, exhibit fewer side effects, and lack pain during treatments. Implantable PDT systems have recently been developed to resolve the issues of bulky and expensive conventional PDT systems and to implement continuous and repetitive treatment. Existing implantable PDT systems, however, are not able to perform multiple functions simultaneously, such as modulating light intensity, measuring, and transmitting tumor-related data, resulting in the complexity of cancer treatment. Here, we introduce a flexible and fully implantable wireless optoelectronic system capable of continuous and effective cancer treatment by fusing PDT and hyperthermia and enabling tumor size monitoring in real-time. This system exploits micro inorganic light-emitting diodes (μ-LED) that emit light with a wavelength of 624 nm, designed not to affect surrounding normal tissues by utilizing a fully programmable light intensity of μ-LED and precisely monitoring the tumor size by Si phototransistor during a long-term implantation (2–3 weeks). The superiority of simultaneous cancer treatment and tumor size monitoring capabilities of our system operated by wireless power and data transmissions with a cell phone was confirmed through in vitro experiments, ray-tracing simulation results, and a tumor xenograft mouse model in vivo. This all-in-one single system for cancer treatment offers opportunities to not only enable effective treatment of tumors located deep in the tissue but also enable precise and continuous monitoring of tumor size in real-time.
{"title":"Fully implantable and battery-free wireless optoelectronic system for modulable cancer therapy and real-time monitoring","authors":"Kiho Kim, In Sik Min, Tae Hee Kim, Do Hyeon Kim, Seungwon Hwang, Kyowon Kang, Kyubeen Kim, Sangun Park, Jongmin Lee, Young Uk Cho, Jung Woo Lee, Woon-Hong Yeo, Young Min Song, Youngmee Jung, Ki Jun Yu","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00276-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00276-x","url":null,"abstract":"Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is attracting attention as a next-generation cancer treatment that can selectively destroy malignant tissues, exhibit fewer side effects, and lack pain during treatments. Implantable PDT systems have recently been developed to resolve the issues of bulky and expensive conventional PDT systems and to implement continuous and repetitive treatment. Existing implantable PDT systems, however, are not able to perform multiple functions simultaneously, such as modulating light intensity, measuring, and transmitting tumor-related data, resulting in the complexity of cancer treatment. Here, we introduce a flexible and fully implantable wireless optoelectronic system capable of continuous and effective cancer treatment by fusing PDT and hyperthermia and enabling tumor size monitoring in real-time. This system exploits micro inorganic light-emitting diodes (μ-LED) that emit light with a wavelength of 624 nm, designed not to affect surrounding normal tissues by utilizing a fully programmable light intensity of μ-LED and precisely monitoring the tumor size by Si phototransistor during a long-term implantation (2–3 weeks). The superiority of simultaneous cancer treatment and tumor size monitoring capabilities of our system operated by wireless power and data transmissions with a cell phone was confirmed through in vitro experiments, ray-tracing simulation results, and a tumor xenograft mouse model in vivo. This all-in-one single system for cancer treatment offers opportunities to not only enable effective treatment of tumors located deep in the tissue but also enable precise and continuous monitoring of tumor size in real-time.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00276-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46801477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00271-2
Kyung Jin Seo, Mackenna Hill, Jaehyeon Ryu, Chia-Han Chiang, Iakov Rachinskiy, Yi Qiang, Dongyeol Jang, Michael Trumpis, Charles Wang, Jonathan Viventi, Hui Fang
Techniques to study brain activities have evolved dramatically, yet tremendous challenges remain in acquiring high-throughput electrophysiological recordings minimally invasively. Here, we develop an integrated neuroelectronic array that is filamentary, high-density and flexible. Specifically, with a design of single-transistor multiplexing and current sensing, the total 256 neuroelectrodes achieve only a 2.3 × 0.3 mm2 area, unprecedentedly on a flexible substrate. A single-transistor multiplexing acquisition circuit further reduces noise from the electrodes, decreases the footprint of each pixel, and potentially increases the device’s lifetime. The filamentary neuroelectronic array also integrates with a rollable contact pad design, allowing the device to be injected through a syringe, enabling potential minimally invasive array delivery. Successful acute auditory experiments in rats validate the ability of the array to record neural signals with high tone decoding accuracy. Together, these results establish soft, high-density neuroelectronic arrays as promising devices for neuroscience research and clinical applications.
{"title":"A soft, high-density neuroelectronic array","authors":"Kyung Jin Seo, Mackenna Hill, Jaehyeon Ryu, Chia-Han Chiang, Iakov Rachinskiy, Yi Qiang, Dongyeol Jang, Michael Trumpis, Charles Wang, Jonathan Viventi, Hui Fang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00271-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00271-2","url":null,"abstract":"Techniques to study brain activities have evolved dramatically, yet tremendous challenges remain in acquiring high-throughput electrophysiological recordings minimally invasively. Here, we develop an integrated neuroelectronic array that is filamentary, high-density and flexible. Specifically, with a design of single-transistor multiplexing and current sensing, the total 256 neuroelectrodes achieve only a 2.3 × 0.3 mm2 area, unprecedentedly on a flexible substrate. A single-transistor multiplexing acquisition circuit further reduces noise from the electrodes, decreases the footprint of each pixel, and potentially increases the device’s lifetime. The filamentary neuroelectronic array also integrates with a rollable contact pad design, allowing the device to be injected through a syringe, enabling potential minimally invasive array delivery. Successful acute auditory experiments in rats validate the ability of the array to record neural signals with high tone decoding accuracy. Together, these results establish soft, high-density neuroelectronic arrays as promising devices for neuroscience research and clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10487278/pdf/nihms-1926792.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10605698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00273-0
Lian Cheng, Jun Li, Aiying Guo, Jianhua Zhang
Surface electromyography (sEMG) is used to detect and analyze human muscle biopotential. Recently, flexible noninvasive electrodes (FNEs) have emerged to extract bioelectrical signals from individual bodies. For FNEs to be deployed as a central component of physiological signal acquisition, the quest for elevated signal-to-noise ratio and density is compelling owing to the small amplitude of sEMG. Herein, we review recent progress in FNEs for sEMG acquisition. We summarize the needed properties of FNEs, compare the differences between passive electrodes and active electrodes and exemplify applications of FNEs. We also conclude the current challenges and future opportunities in sEMG acquisition.
{"title":"Recent advances in flexible noninvasive electrodes for surface electromyography acquisition","authors":"Lian Cheng, Jun Li, Aiying Guo, Jianhua Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00273-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00273-0","url":null,"abstract":"Surface electromyography (sEMG) is used to detect and analyze human muscle biopotential. Recently, flexible noninvasive electrodes (FNEs) have emerged to extract bioelectrical signals from individual bodies. For FNEs to be deployed as a central component of physiological signal acquisition, the quest for elevated signal-to-noise ratio and density is compelling owing to the small amplitude of sEMG. Herein, we review recent progress in FNEs for sEMG acquisition. We summarize the needed properties of FNEs, compare the differences between passive electrodes and active electrodes and exemplify applications of FNEs. We also conclude the current challenges and future opportunities in sEMG acquisition.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00273-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45722090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-11DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00267-y
Mohammad Javad Mirshojaeian Hosseini, Yi Yang, Walter Kruger, Tomoyuki Yokota, Sunghoon Lee, Takao Someya, Robert A. Nawrocki
Lightweight, flexible, and conformal bioelectronics are essential for wearable technologies. This paper introduces 270 nm thin organic electronics amplifying circuits that are self-adhesive, skin conformal, and long-term air-stable. This report studies the effect of total device thickness, namely 3 μm and 270 nm devices, on the characterization of organic devices before and after buckling, the longevity of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) over 5 years, and the lamination of OFETs on the human skin. A single-stage organic complementary inverter and a pseudo-complementary amplifier are fabricated to compare their electrical characteristics, with amplification gains of 10 and 64, respectively. Finally, the study demonstrates a five-stage organic complementary inverter can successfully amplify artificial electromyogram and electrocardiogram signals with gains of 1000 and 1088, respectively.
{"title":"270 nm ultra-thin self-adhesive conformable and long-term air-stable complimentary organic transistors and amplifiers","authors":"Mohammad Javad Mirshojaeian Hosseini, Yi Yang, Walter Kruger, Tomoyuki Yokota, Sunghoon Lee, Takao Someya, Robert A. Nawrocki","doi":"10.1038/s41528-023-00267-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-023-00267-y","url":null,"abstract":"Lightweight, flexible, and conformal bioelectronics are essential for wearable technologies. This paper introduces 270 nm thin organic electronics amplifying circuits that are self-adhesive, skin conformal, and long-term air-stable. This report studies the effect of total device thickness, namely 3 μm and 270 nm devices, on the characterization of organic devices before and after buckling, the longevity of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) over 5 years, and the lamination of OFETs on the human skin. A single-stage organic complementary inverter and a pseudo-complementary amplifier are fabricated to compare their electrical characteristics, with amplification gains of 10 and 64, respectively. Finally, the study demonstrates a five-stage organic complementary inverter can successfully amplify artificial electromyogram and electrocardiogram signals with gains of 1000 and 1088, respectively.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-023-00267-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45033899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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